Bio-Inspired DesignWb2436-05

Paul Breedveld

Lecture 5

Biomotion – Biopropulsion(Microscale)

Wb2436-05, Lecture 5, Paul Breedveld, February 18, 2008

LocomotionMethod

Single-CelledOrganism

Overview

ResultingTechnology

Bacteria

Protista

Swimming

Sliding

Swimming

Shape Change

?

Wb2436-05, Lecture 5, Paul Breedveld, February 18, 2008

Bac-Swim Bac-Slide Prot-Swim Prot-Shape

ReynoldNumber

speed x width obstacle x density fluid

viscosity fluid=

=inertia forces

viscous forcesR

Living at very low Reynold numbers

Wb2436-05, Lecture 5, Paul Breedveld, February 18, 2008

=inertia forces

viscous forcesR

Inertia plays no roleViscosity completely dominant

Single-celled organisms: R very low, around 10-4

Scaling down: Volume3, Surface2

Movements must be irreversible!

Swimming through very thick sirop

Living at very low Reynold numbers

Bac-SlideBac-Swim Prot-Swim Prot-Shape

Wb2436-05, Lecture 5, Paul Breedveld, February 18, 2008

Movements must be irreversible!

Bac-SlideBac-Swim Prot-Swim Prot-Shape

Wb2436-05, Lecture 5, Paul Breedveld, February 18, 2008

Bac-SlideBac-Swim Prot-Swim Prot-Shape

Wb2436-05, Lecture 5, Paul Breedveld, February 18, 2008

Bacteria:• Very small (0.1–40μm)• No specialized organs

Protista:• Quite large (max 2mm)• Specialized organs (nucleus, organellas)

Bac-SlideBac-Swim Prot-Swim Prot-Shape

Wb2436-05, Lecture 5, Paul Breedveld, February 18, 2008

Bac-Swim Bac-Slide Prot-Swim Prot-Shape

Bacteria:• Very small (0.1–40μm)• No specialized organs

Flagellum:• Hollow fibre, • 20nm thick• Performs• rotating motion• Sharp bend near• cell membrane

Wb2436-05, Lecture 5, Paul Breedveld, February 18, 2008

“Hook”

Double Bearing

Rotary Engine

Bac-Swim Bac-Slide Prot-Swim Prot-Shape

Wb2436-05, Lecture 5, Paul Breedveld, February 18, 2008

Bac-Swim Bac-Slide Prot-Swim Prot-Shape

Wb2436-05, Lecture 5, Paul Breedveld, February 18, 2008

Bac-Swim Bac-Slide Prot-Swim Prot-Shape

Wb2436-05, Lecture 5, Paul Breedveld, February 18, 2008

H+ concentrationoutside cell alwayslarger

H+ ions move along rotor

Rotor is chargedalong slanting lines

Angle slope definesspeed (200-1000rpm)

H+H+

Bac-Swim Bac-Slide Prot-Swim Prot-Shape

Wb2436-05, Lecture 5, Paul Breedveld, February 18, 2008

H+ concentrationoutside cell alwayslarger

H+ ions move along rotor

Rotor is chargedalong slanting lines

Agle slope definesspeed (200-1000rpm)

Bac-Swim Bac-Slide Prot-Swim Prot-Shape

Wb2436-05, Lecture 5, Paul Breedveld, February 18, 2008

Bacterial FlagellumArrangements

Bac-Swim Bac-Slide Prot-Swim Prot-Shape

Wb2436-05, Lecture 5, Paul Breedveld, February 18, 2008

Effect of rotationwith more flagella

Counter Clockwise:• Structured motion• Forward locomotion

Clockwise:• Messy motion• Re-orientation

Bac-Swim Bac-Slide Prot-Swim Prot-Shape

Wb2436-05, Lecture 5, Paul Breedveld, February 18, 2008

Effect of rotationwith more flagella

Concentration food < when moving forward

Clockwise to changeorientation

Concentration food > when moving forward

Counter clockwise

Bac-Swim Bac-Slide Prot-Swim Prot-Shape

Wb2436-05, Lecture 5, Paul Breedveld, February 18, 2008

Fibers are wrapped around body

Spirochaete Bacteria

Bac-Swim Bac-Slide Prot-Swim Prot-Shape

Wb2436-05, Lecture 5, Paul Breedveld, February 18, 2008

Motion theory:Fibers can shrink & relax (like muscles)

All fibers relaxed

Fibers successively shrink & relax

relax

shrink

Bac-Swim Bac-Slide Prot-Swim Prot-Shape

Wb2436-05, Lecture 5, Paul Breedveld, February 18, 2008

New motion theory:Fibers are connected to rotary engine

Reaction torque makes body rotate (?)

Bac-Swim Bac-Slide Prot-Swim Prot-Shape

Wb2436-05, Lecture 5, Paul Breedveld, February 18, 2008

Bac-Swim Bac-Slide Prot-Swim Prot-Shape

Pili: “cables” that can beextended & retracted

Wb2436-05, Lecture 5, Paul Breedveld, February 18, 2008

Bac-Swim Bac-Slide Prot-Swim Prot-Shape

A bacteria uses pili to pull itself towards a colony

Wb2436-05, Lecture 5, Paul Breedveld, February 18, 2008

Bac-Swim Bac-Slide Prot-Swim Prot-Shape

Extending & retracting a pilus

Wb2436-05, Lecture 5, Paul Breedveld, February 18, 2008

Bac-Swim Bac-Slide Prot-Swim Prot-Shape

Volume displacement

Wb2436-05, Lecture 5, Paul Breedveld, February 18, 2008

Bac-Swim Bac-Slide Prot-Swim Prot-Shape

Volume displacement

Wb2436-05, Lecture 5, Paul Breedveld, February 18, 2008

soap

water

cardboardboat

Bac-Swim Bac-Slide Prot-Swim Prot-Shape

Sperm cell in 3 positions

Flagellum

Wb2436-05, Lecture 5, Paul Breedveld, February 18, 2008

Bac-Swim Bac-Slide Prot-Swim Prot-Shape

Cilia

Vorticella

Wb2436-05, Lecture 5, Paul Breedveld, February 18, 2008

Structure of flagellum & cilia (identical)

Bac-Swim Bac-Slide Prot-Swim Prot-Shape

Wb2436-05, Lecture 5, Paul Breedveld, February 18, 2008

Structure of flagellum & cilia (identical)

Bac-Swim Bac-Slide Prot-Swim Prot-Shape

Wb2436-05, Lecture 5, Paul Breedveld, February 18, 2008

Microtubuli(bendable tubes)

Radial Spokes(sliding distance holders)

“Nexine” Links(flexible tube-connectors)

“Dyneïne” Arms (linear motors)

Bac-Swim Bac-Slide Prot-Swim Prot-Shape

Wb2436-05, Lecture 5, Paul Breedveld, February 18, 2008

Microtubuli(bendable tubes)

“Nexine” Links(flexible tube-connectors)

“Dyneïne” Arms (linear motors)

Bac-Swim Bac-Slide Prot-Swim Prot-Shape

Wb2436-05, Lecture 5, Paul Breedveld, February 18, 2008

Flagellum configurations

Bac-Swim Bac-Slide Prot-Swim Prot-Shape

Wb2436-05, Lecture 5, Paul Breedveld, February 18, 2008

Bac-Swim Bac-Slide Prot-Swim Prot-Shape

Wb2436-05, Lecture 5, Paul Breedveld, February 18, 2008

Bac-Swim Bac-Slide Prot-Swim Prot-Shape

Wb2436-05, Lecture 5, Paul Breedveld, February 18, 2008

Bac-Swim Bac-Slide Prot-Swim Prot-Shape

Wb2436-05, Lecture 5, Paul Breedveld, February 18, 2008

Bac-Swim Bac-Slide Prot-Swim Prot-Shape

Wb2436-05, Lecture 5, Paul Breedveld, February 18, 2008

Bac-Swim Bac-Slide Prot-Swim Prot-Shape

Amoeba

Pseudopods

Wb2436-05, Lecture 5, Paul Breedveld, February 18, 2008

Amoeba

Ectoplasm: jelly-like, contains actine skeleton

Endoplasm: fluid

Pseudopod

Bac-Swim Bac-Slide Prot-Swim Prot-Shape

Wb2436-05, Lecture 5, Paul Breedveld, February 18, 2008

1. Anti-body activates receptor in cell membrane

2. Receptor makes actin skeleton fall apart in smallparticles.

Bac-Swim Bac-Slide Prot-Swim Prot-Shape

12

Wb2436-05, Lecture 5, Paul Breedveld, February 18, 2008

3. Particles initiate osmosis: water from endoplasmflows towards higher particle concentration, creating a pseudopod

12

Bac-Swim Bac-Slide Prot-Swim Prot-Shape

3

Wb2436-05, Lecture 5, Paul Breedveld, February 18, 2008

4. Receptor stops working, skeleton is constructedagain, fixing shape pseudopod & preventing water to flow back

Bac-Swim Bac-Slide Prot-Swim Prot-Shape

4

Wb2436-05, Lecture 5, Paul Breedveld, February 18, 2008

Bac-Swim Bac-Slide Prot-Swim Prot-Shape

Wb2436-05, Lecture 5, Paul Breedveld, February 18, 2008

Bac-Swim Bac-Slide Prot-Swim Prot-Shape

Wb2436-05, Lecture 5, Paul Breedveld, February 18, 2008

Bac-Swim Bac-Slide Prot-Swim Prot-Shape

Summary

Wb2436-05, Lecture 5, Paul Breedveld, February 18, 2008

Bac-Swim Bac-Slide Prot-Swim Prot-Shape

Wb2436-05, Lecture 5, Paul Breedveld, February 18, 2008

Bac-Swim Bac-Slide Prot-Swim Prot-Shape

Wb2436-05, Lecture 5, Paul Breedveld, February 18, 2008

Exploring BiomechanicsR. McNeill Alexander

The Scientific American Library, 1992

Interesting References

Voortbeweging bij EéncelligenP. Tjon Pon Fong, A. Smeele

Stage Rapport, 2004

Wb2436-05, Lecture 5, Paul Breedveld, February 18, 2008

Design Remarks

Wb2436-05, Lecture 5, Paul Breedveld, February 18, 2008

Reason! Explain why you did it, explain the reasoning behind your design.

Limit yourself: do not try to solve everything in 2 months, limit your assignment.

Focus on novel method/mechanism, not onstandard extra tools like camera’s etc.

Check Bio-Inspired Design_Assessment.doc!

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