bio met ha nation of solid waste

7/31/2019 Bio Met Ha Nation of Solid Waste

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BIOMETHANATION

OF

MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE

Presented by,

Salin Kumar Sasi


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URBAN WASTE SCENARIO

Urban India generates about 1.4 lakh MT/day of MSW

Requires 1750 acres of land for land filling/year

Courtesy-MNRE


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PHASES

PHASE IMSW SCENARIO IN INDIA

PHASE IIBIOMETHANATION

PHASE IIIFACTORS AFFECTING

BIOMETHANATION

PHASE IVBIOMETHANATION PROCESS

PHASE VBIOMETHANATION OF MSW IN INDIA

PHASE VIBIOMETHANATION PLANT INABROAD AND INDIA

PHASE VIIRESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS


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PHASE I

MSW SCENARIO IN INDIA


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Courtesy-MNRE


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TECHNOLOGICAL OPTIONS FOR

ENERGY RECOVERY FROM URBAN WASTES


7/70Courtesy-MNRE


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POTENTIAL OF ENERGY FROM

URBAN WASTES

2007 2017

MSW

(lakh tpd)

1.48 2.15 3.03

MW 2550 3670 5200

MLW

(mcd) 17.75 20.70 24.75

MW 330 390 460

2012

Courtesy-MNRE


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INDIAN SCENARIO

As per MSW Rule 2000, biodegradable material

should not be deposited in the sanitary landfill

Therefore there is almost no scope of generation of

biogas in the form of landfill gas from new sanitarylandfills

However, there is a huge potential of trapping the

landfill gas generated in the old dump-sites across

the country, particularly the large ones with morethan 5 meter thickness (height plus depth)

Courtesy-MNES


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Courtesy-NEERI


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WTE TECHNOLOGIES

Bio-methanation

Incineration

RDF Gasification

Integrated systems


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MERITS OF BIOMETHANATION

Reduction in land requirement for MSW disposal.

Preservation of environmental quality.

Production of stabilized sludge can be used assoil conditioner in the agricultural field.

Energy generation which will reduce operational

cost.

Supplement national actions to achieve real, long

term, measurable and cost effective GHGs

reductions in accordance with Kyoto Protocol.


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PHASE II

BIOMETHANATION


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Courtesy-MNRE


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PRINCIPLES

Complex process leading to generation of methaneand carbon dioxide.

Process involves three steps (Barlaz et al 1990)

Hydrolysis Acidification Methanogenesis

Process can be carried out in Single step Two step


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HYDROLYSIS

Anaerobic bacteria breakdown complex organicmolecules (proteins, cellulose, lignin and lipids)into soluble monomer molecules such as aminoacids, glucose, fatty acids and glycerol.

Monomers are available to the next group ofbacteria. Hydrolysis of complex molecules is catalyzed by

extra cellular enzymes (cellulose, proteases andlipases).

Hydrolytic phase is relatively slow ,can belimiting in anaerobic digestion.


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ACIDOGENESIS

Acidogenic bacteria converts sugar, aminoacids andfatty acids to organic acids (acetic, propionic, formic,lactic, butyric acids), alcohols and ketones (ethanol,methanol, glycerol and acetone), acetate, CO2and H2.

Acetate is the main product of carbohydratefermentation.

The products formed vary with type of bacteria aswell as with the culture conditions (temperature, pHetc).


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ACETOGENESIS

Acetogenic bacteria converts fatty acids andalcohols into acetate, hydrogen and carbon dioxide .

Acetogenic bacteria requires low hydrogen for fattyacids conversion .

Under relatively high hydrogen partial pressure,acetate formation is reduced and the substrate isconverted to propionic acid, butyric acid and ethanolrather than methane.


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METHANOGENESIS

Methanogenesis in microbes is a form of anaerobicrespiration.

Methanogens do not use oxygen to breathe, oxygeninhibits the growth of methanogens.

Terminal electron acceptor in methanogenesis iscarbon.

Two best described pathways involve the use ofcarbon dioxide and acetic acid as terminal electronacceptors:

CO2+ 4 H2 CH4 + 2H2O

CH3COOH CH4 + CO2


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Acetate

Short chain fatty acids

Lipase, protease, pectinase

cellulase, amylase produced

by hydrolytic microorganisms

Stage 1 Hydrolysis

Organic matter

(Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins etc)

Stage 2 Acidogenesis

(mainly acetic and formic acid)Stage 3 Acetogenesis

Acetate CO2 and H2

Methane +CO2

-oxidation, glycolysis

deamination, ring reduction

and ring cleavage

Carboxylic volatile acids, keto acids,

hyroxy acids, ketones, alcohols,

simple sugars, amino aicds,H2 and CO2

Stage 4 Methanogenesis

Courtesy-Kashyap .D.R et al ,2003


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PHASE - III

FACTORS AFFECTINGBIOMETHANATION

Co rtes MNRE


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Courtesy-MNRE


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NUTRIENTS

Lower nutrient requirement compared to aerobicbacteria.

COD:N range is 700:5.

N used in synthesis of Enzymes, RNA, DNA.

Concentration of various nutrients (Speece et. al,1996)

N : 50 mg/lP : 10 mg/lS : 5 mg/l


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pH

Most important process control parameter.

Optimum pH between 6.7 & 7.4 range formethanogenic bacteria (Zehnder et. al. 1982).

Excess alkalinity or ability to control pH must bepresent to guard against the accumulation of excessvolatile acids.

The three major sources of the alkalinity are lime,Sodium bicarbonate and sodium hydroxide.


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TEMPERATURE

Constant and Uniform temperature maintenance. Three temperature range

Psychrophilic range ; < 200 C.

Mesopholic range ; 200 C to 400C.

Thermophilic range ; >400 C.

Rates of methane production double for each 100Ctemperature change in the mesophilic range .

Loading rates must decrease as temperature decreasesto maintain the same extent of treatment.

Operation in the thermophilic range is not practicalbecause of the high heating energy requirement

(Ronald L. Drostle1997)


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Study of temperature variation (Alvarez Rene et al 2007).

Forced square-wave temperature variations

(i) 11 0 C and 25 0 C,

(ii) 15 0 C and 29 0 C,

(iii) 19 0 C and 32 0C.

Large cyclic variations in the rate of gas productionand the methane content.

The values for volumetric biogas production rate and

methane yield increased at higher temperatures. The average volumetric biogas production rate for

cyclic operation between 11 and 25 0C was 0.22 L d -1 L -

1 with a yield of 0.07 m 3CH 4kg-1 VS added (VSadd)


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Between 15 and 29 0C the volumetric biogas

production rate increased by 25% (to 0.27 L d -1L-1with

a yield of 0.08 m 3CH 4 kg -1 VSadd). Between 19 and 32 0C, 7% in biogas production was

found and the methane yield was 0.089 m3 CH4 kg-1

VSadd.

Digester showed an immediate response when the

temperature was elevated, which indicates a well-

maintained metabolic capacity of the methanogenic

bacteria during the period of low temperature. Periodic temperature variations appear to give less

decrease in process performance than as prior

anticipated.


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Courtesy- Alvarez Rene et al 2007

SOLID RETENTION TIME (SRT) AND


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SOLID RETENTION TIME (SRT) AND

HYDRAULIC RETENTION TIME(HRT)

SRT is defined as the average time the solid particles

remains in the reactor.

The anaerobic digestion is typically performed in

Continuously Stirred Tank Reactor (CSTR). The performance of CSTR is dependent on hydraulic

retention time (HRT) of the substrate and the degree of

contact between the incoming substrate and a viable

bacterial population (Karim et al.,2005).

An increase or decrease in SRT results in an increase or

decrease of the reaction extent.


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MIXING

Mixing creates a homogeneous substrate preventing

stratification and formation of a surface crust, and

ensures solids remain in suspension.

Mixing enables heat transfer and particle size reductionas digestion progresses .

Mixing can be performed in two different ways(Kaparaju

P et al,2007):

Continuous mixingSRT is equal to HRT

Non-continuous mixingSRT is more than HRT


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The effect of continuous , minimal (mixing for 10 minprior to extraction / feeding) and intermittent mixing

(withholding mixing for 2 hr prior to extraction/feeding)

on methane production was investigated in lab-scale

CSTR (kaparaju P. et. al ,2007) . On comparison to continuous mixing, intermittent and

minimal mixing strategies improved methane

productions by 1.3% and 12.5%, respectively.


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ALKALINITY

Calcium, magnesium, and ammonium

bicarbonate are examples of buffering substances

found in a digester .

A well established digester has a total alkalinity

of 2000 to 5000 mg/L.

The principal consumer of alkalinity in a reactor

is carbon dioxide .


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TOXICITY

Toxicity depends upon the nature of the substance

, concentration and acclimatization .

NH 4-N concentration of 1500-3000 mg/L at 200C

and pH 7.4 and above is considered stimulatory .

Anaerobic process is highly sensitive to toxicants

due to slow growth rate.


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PHASE-IV

BIOMETHANATION PROCESS

Courtesy-MNRE


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C y N

BIOMETHANATION INCLUDES FOUR


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BIOMETHANATION INCLUDES FOUR

MAJOR ELEMENTS

1. Pretreatment.

2. Digestion.

3. Gas purification

4. Residue treatment.


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PRETREATMENT

Separate out inorganic matter and materials whichdisrupt mechanical operation of the digester

Increase the biodegradability of the substrate.

Classification of the refuse by either wet or dry

separation processes

Provides the feedstock with a high concentration ofdigestible matter, relatively free of metals, glass and grit

Dry separation processes offer the advantage offlexibility in selecting the desired water content

Wet separation processes operate at low solidsconcentrations, and have the disadvantage of requiring a

dewatering step


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DIGESTION

Organic feedstock is mixed with nutrients and controlchemicals.

Lime and ferrous salts are added for pH and hydrogensulfide control.

Digester operates at mesophilic conditions ( 370C ).

The conversion occurs in two steps firstly solids aresolubilized or digested by enzymic action, secondly the

soluble products are fermented in a series of reactionsresulting in the production of methane and carbondioxide.


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PRODUCTS OF DIGESTION

Consist of two streams

The gas stream is composed of approximately equal

volumes of methane and carbon dioxide.

The slurry stream is composed of an aqueoussuspension of undigested organic matter.

SINGLE-STAGE HIGH RATE


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SINGLE STAGE HIGH RATE

DIGESTION

Process done in single digester

Uniform feed is very important

Digester fed on daily cycle of 8 or 24 hours.

Digester tank may have fixed roof or floating

roof.


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TWO-STAGE DIGESTION

Seldom used in modern digester design.

High rate digester coupled with second tank in

series.

Second tank not provided with mixing

contraption.

Less than 10% of the gas generated comes from

second tank


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GAS TREATMENT AND HANDLING

Gas from digester contains methane, carbon dioxide andtrace quantities of hydrogen sulfide.

CO2 and H2S must be removed if the methane gas is tobe pumped for combustion purpose.

Standard method of removing acid gases from naturalgas is by absorption with monoethanolamine (MEA), theMEA is then regenerated and recirculated.

Methane must also be dried, accomplished by a glycoldehydration process in which the moisture is absorbed indry glycol, which is also regenerated and recirculated.


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PHASE V

BIOMETHANATION OF MSW IN

INDIA

Courtesy-MNRE


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Project for generation of 5 MW power from Municipal Solid

Waste at Lucknow (Courtesy MNRE)


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ENERGY RECOVERY POTENTIAL

Courtesy-Ambulkar.A.R et al 2003

ENERGY GENERATION/CONSUMPTION IN


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Energy ResourcesMaterial Resources

Commercial

sources

Non-conventional

sources

Industrial

Utilization

Agricultural

Consumption

HumanConsumption

Waste Generation

Manure

Biomethanation

TechnologyBiogas

Processing

of waste

Degradable

organic matterInerts

Municipal

Solid waste

Energy Generation-Consumption in System

Role of Biomethanation Technology

in the system

Energy ResourcesEnergy ResourcesMaterial ResourcesMaterial Resources

Commercial

sources

Commercial

sources

Non-conventional

sources

Non-conventional

sources

Industrial

Utilization

Industrial

Utilization

Agricultural

Consumption

Agricultural

Consumption

HumanConsumption

HumanConsumption

Waste GenerationWaste Generation

ManureManure

Biomethanation

Technology

Biomethanation

TechnologyBiogasBiogas

Processing

of waste

Processing

of waste

Degradable

organic matter

Degradable

organic matterInertsInerts

Municipal

Solid waste

Municipal

Solid waste

Energy Generation-Consumption in System

Role of Biomethanation Technology

in the system

ENERGY GENERATION/CONSUMPTION IN

SYSTEM


PARAMETERS RESPONSIBLE FOR TECHNICAL


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Parameters related with Technical

Feasibility

Need for obtaining waste

with desired composition

addressing the following

issues:

Annual seasonal

variation in waste

composition.

Identification of

points for collection

of waste.

Source specific

collection of waste.

Ensuring process kinetics

to be fast enough for

implementation at plant

scale addressing the

following parameters with

optimum conditions:

pH

Digester Temperature

(Thermophilic,

mesophilic conditions)

Carbon to Nitrogen ratio

Maintenance of

COD/BOD values of the

reactor feed.

Ensuring the

conditioning of waste

at processing site with

respect to the

following points:

Removal of non-

biodegradables

Removal of

binders like soil

particles, stones,

etc.

Adjustment of

water content in

the feed to the

reactor.


Feasibility


Feasibility




issues:

Annual seasonal

variation in waste

composition.

Identification of


of waste.

Source specific





issues:

Annual seasonal

variation in waste

composition.

Identification of


of waste.

Source specific







optimum conditions:

pH


(Thermophilic,



Maintenance of


reactor feed.






optimum conditions:

pH


(Thermophilic,



Maintenance of


reactor feed.

Ensuring the



respect to the

following points:

Removal of non-

biodegradables

Removal of

binders like soil

particles, stones,

etc.

Adjustment of

water content in

the feed to the

reactor.

Ensuring the



respect to the

following points:

Removal of non-

biodegradables

Removal of

binders like soil

particles, stones,

etc.

Adjustment of

water content in

the feed to the

reactor.

PARAMETERS RESPONSIBLE FOR TECHNICAL

FEASIBILITY OF BIOMETHANATION PLANT


PARAMETERS AFFECTING THE COMMERCIAL


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Factors affecting the

economy of plant

Compromise with the

quality of raw material as

energy generationsource

MSW being a

heterogeneous

mixture has a

remarkable seasonal

variation whichhampers the quality

of product

Energy inefficiency associated

with the plant

Biological processing is a time

consuming process and hence

energy generation rates are

low.

Net energy generation rate is

low as it involves the

efficiencies associated withboth biogas generation and

biogas combustion.

The calorific value of biogas is

comparatively less as it

contains about 50% CO2 along

with methane.

Costs associated with

Pre- and Post- treatment

of the feed Raw material being a

heterogeneous

mixture with

considerable amount

of inerts and needs

pre-treatment. Large amount of

wastewater is

generated with

needs an efficient

method for treatment.

Problems associated with

marketing of products

Uncertainty in marketsfor the digestate

represents a

commercial risk, which

impacts on the

technologys costs.

Other energygeneration sources

will have to competitive

edge over the biogas.

Compost is not yet

established as a

product marketable.


economy of plant


economy of plant

Compromise with the



MSW being a

heterogeneous

mixture has a

remarkable seasonal


of product

Compromise with the



MSW being a

heterogeneous

mixture has a

remarkable seasonal


of product


with the plant




low.




biogas combustion.




with methane.


with the plant




low.




biogas combustion.




with methane.




heterogeneous

mixture with

considerable amount

of inerts and needs


wastewater is

generated with

needs an efficient





heterogeneous

mixture with

considerable amount

of inerts and needs


wastewater is

generated with

needs an efficient





represents a


impacts on the

technologys costs.




Compost is not yet

established as a

product marketable.




represents a


impacts on the

technologys costs.




Compost is not yet

established as a

product marketable.

PARAMETERS AFFECTING THE COMMERCIAL

VIABILITY OF BIOMETHANATION PLANT


PARAMETERS FAVORING THE COMMERCIAL


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Factors enhancing the

economy of plant

Reduction in costs

Reduction in rawmaterial transportation

cost.

The feed MSW is very

cheap and so less raw

material cost.

Financial Incentives from

government

Financial and fiscal

incentives offered by the

Ministry of Non

Conventional Energy

Sources.

Constitutional Amendment

Act and emphasis on

privatization has led to the

creation of this market in

India.


economy of plant


economy of plant

Reduction in costs


cost.



material cost.

Reduction in costs


cost.



material cost.


government



Ministry of Non

Conventional Energy

Sources.


Act and emphasis on



India.


government



Ministry of Non

Conventional Energy

Sources.


Act and emphasis on



India.

PARAMETERS FAVORING THE COMMERCIAL

VIABILITY OF BIOMETHANATION PLANT



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PHASE VI

BIOMETHANATION PLANT IN

ABROAD AND INDIA


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VALORGATM PLANT AT FRANCE

Principle

The Valorga process is an anaerobic biological treatmentprocess for waste organic fraction .

Advantages

Adapted to the treatment of organic municipal solid

waste

The process operates under anaerobic conditions with ahigh dry solid content of 25 - 35 %, owing to a specificprocess design.

Anaerobic digestion leads to the production of a highmethane content gas: the biogas.

Does not require a large land area.

VALORGATM PROCESS


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VALORGATM PROCESS


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SPRERI PLANT AT ANANDCourtesy- SPRERI


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SPRERI PLANT AT ANAND

SARDAR PATEL RENEWABLE ENERGY RESEARCH INSTITUTE

APPROPRIATE RURAL TECHNOLOGY


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APPROPRIATE RURAL TECHNOLOGY

INSTITUTE (ARTI), PUNE

Schematic description of the small ARTI compact

biogas plant. Courtesy-ARTI

APPROPRIATE RURAL TECHNOLOGY INSTITUTE


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APPROPRIATE RURAL TECHNOLOGY INSTITUTE

(ARTI), PUNE

Construction of an ARTI compactbiogas plant.

ARTI biogas plant for treatment ofkitchen waste at household level.

The design, has won theAshden Award for Sustainable Energy 2006


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Bhabha Atomic Research Centre (BARC), Mumbai

Courtesy-MNES


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Biogas Plant at Trombay

Courtesy-MNES

P f BARC h l


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Parameters of BARC technology

Courtesy-MNES


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The Energy and Resources Institute (TERI), New Delhi

Courtesy-TERI


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Waste is fed into the acidification module. UASB unit

The Energy and Resources Institute (TERI), New Delhi

Courtesy-TERI

PROJECTS INSTALLED FOR


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PROJECTS INSTALLED FOR

ENERGY FROM URBAN WASTES

6.6 MW project based on MSW at Hyderabad

6 MW project based on MSW at Vijayawada

5 MW project based on MSW at Lucknow

1 MW power from Cattle Dung at Ludhiana

150 kW plant for Veg. Market, sewage and

slaughterhouse waste at Vijayawada

250 kW power from Veg. Market wastes atChennai.


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PHASE VII

RESULTS ANS DISCUSSIONS


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SALIENT POINTS

ULTIMATE GOAL OF BIOMETHANATION

DEVELOPMENT OF NATIONAL POLICY

DEVELOPMENT OF APPROPRIATE TECHNOLOGY

IMPROVEMENTS IN COLLECTION ANDTRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS

MARKETING STRATEGY

ALLOCATION OF FUNDING

PUBLIC AWARENESS


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CONCLUSION

Considerable potential for enhancing the biogas

production from the present stock of MSW

generated in the country.

Drastic reduction in the emission of CH4 andCO2, earning the country precious carbon credits.

Assist in implementation of KYOTO protocol.


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REFERENCES

Alvarez Rene and Liden Gunnar (2007), The effect of temperature variation on biomethanation, BioresourceTechnology 99 (2008) pp 7278- 7284.

Ambulkar A.R and Shekdar A.V (2003), Prospects of biomethanation technology in the Indian context: apragmatic approach, Resources Conservation and Recycling 40 (2004) pp 111-128.

Bhattacharyya J.K., Kumar S., Devotta S., (2008), Studies on acidification in two-phase biomethanationprocess of municipal solid waste, Waste Management 28 (1), 164-169. Bioresource Technology 77 (2000) pp612-623.

Dhussa A. K and Tiwari R.C (2000), Article on Waste-to-energy inIndia.http://www.undp.org.in/programme/GEF/march00/page 12-14.

Kaparaju P, Buendia I, Ellegaard L and Angelidakia I (2007), Effect of mixing on methane production duringThermophilic anaerobic digestion of manure: Lab-scale and pilot-scale studies, Bioresource Technology 99(2008) pp 4919-4928.

Karim K., Hoffmann R., Klasson K.T., Al-Dahhan M.H.,(2005), Anaerobic digestion of animal waste : effectof mixing, Science Technology 45, pp 3397-3606.

Kashyap. D.R, Dadhich. K. S, Sharma. S. K (2003), Biomethanation under psychrophilic conditions,Bioresource Technology 87 (2003) pp 147 - 153.

Kim I.S., Kim D.H., Hyun S.H.,(2002), Effect of particle size and sodium concentration on anaerobic

thermophilic food waste digestion, Science Technology 41,pp 61-73. Kumar D., Khare M., Alappat B.J.(2001), Leachate generation from municipal landfills in New Delhi,

India.27th WEDC Conference on People and Systems for Water, Sanitation and Health, Lusaka, Zambia.

Mahindrakar AB, Shekdar AV.(2000), Health risks from open dumps: a perspective, Bioresource Technology63 (2000) pp 281 - 293.

Muller Christian., (2007), Anaerobic digestion of biodegradable solid waste in Low and Middle incomecountries, Eawag Aquatic Research.

Municipal Solid Waste (Management and Handling) Rules,(2000), MNES, Govt of India, New Delhi.


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NEERI Report (2005), Assessment of Status of Municipal Solid Waste Management inMetro Cities, State Capitals, Class I Cities and Class II Towns.

Parkin G. F,Owen, William F, (1986)*, Fundamentals of anaerobic digestion ofwaste water sludges, J. Env. Engg. Div. ASCE, Vol. 112, No. 5, pp 867-920.

Ronald, L. Drostle, (1997)*, Theory and practice of water and waste water treatment,John Wiley and sons, Inc USA ( NewYork).

Sawyer, Clair N, Mc Carty, Perry L. and Gene F. Parkin (2003), Chemistry forEnvironmental Engineering and Sciences (Fifth Edition), Tata McGraw Hill BookCompany, pp 689-697.

Solid waste manual (2004), MNES, Govt of India.

Speece R.E. (1983)*, Anaerobic biotechnology for Industrial waste water treatment.Env. Sci.and Tech Vol.17, No.19, pp 416A.

Vavilin V.A., Angelidaki I., (2005), Anaerobic degradation of solid material:

Importance of initiation centers for methanogenesis, mixing intensity and 2D distributedmodel, Biotechnology, Bioengineering 89(1), 13-122.

Zehnder, A.J, K. Ingvorsen and T. Marti (1982)*, Microbiology of methanogenbacteria in anaerobic digestion, pp 45-68.

* - Papers not referred in original


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