bio poli meri

7/30/2019 Bio Poli Meri

1/56

Material Biopolymers

Biopolymers are polymers that are

generated from renewable naturalsources, are often biodegradable, andnot toxic to produce.

They can be produced by biologicalsystems (i.e. micro-organisms, plantsand animals), or chemically synthesizedfrom biological starting materials (e.g.sugars, starch, natural fats or oils, etc.).

Biopolymers are an alternative topetroleum-based polymers (traditionalplastics).(Bio)polyesters have properties similarto traditional polyesters.

Starch-based polymers are often a blendof starch and other plastics (e.g PE),which allows for enhancedenvironmental properties.

PolyestersBiopolymer type

Price(DKK/kg)

Density(kg/liter)

Aliphatic-aromatic

copolymer - -

Aliphatic polyesters - -

CPLA 25-50 1.25

PCL - -

PHA 15-60 1.25

PLA 30-70 1.26


2/56

Starch-based

polymers Biopolymer type Price (DKK/kg)Density(kg/liter)

10 % Starch - -

50 % Starch - -

90 % Starch 20-40 -Foamed starch - -

OthersBiopolymer type

Price(DKK/kg)

Density(kg/liter)

Casein

formaldehyde- 1.33

Celluose acetate - -

Horn - -

Environ-

mentals

notes

Some polymers degrade in only a few weeks, whileothers take several months.Biodegradability and other plastic propertiesstrongly depend on the polymer structure. By

changing the structure, these properties can bealtered.

Price The above-mentioned prices are from December1997.The price of biopolymers is still fairly highcompared to oil-based polymers. This is due tolower production-volumes than petroleum-basedpolymers.However, the growing environmental

consciousness and the application of life-cycleevaluations in the material circuit may helpbiomass-based raw materials to becomemass-produced and cheaper, replacing traditionalplastics in a number of applications.Significant price reductions can be expected withinthe next two years.


3/56

References Links:Biodegradable Polymers and Plastics in Japan

DTI, Centre for Product Development

GBF - Enviromental Biochemical Engineering

Proterra - International Centre for Agro-based

MaterialsHow green are green plastics?

Companies:Biotec GmbH

National Starch & Chemical

Books, Magazines & Papers:

Biopolymers (journal)Biopolymers (paper)

Photo Thomas Nissen (Computer graphics)

Copyright 1997-2001 Torben LenauThis page is part ofDesign inSite


4/56

Horn

Return tomaterials description


5/56

Material Aliphatic-aromatic copolymer

This copolymer combines the excellentmaterial properties of aromatic PET, andthe biodegradability of aliphaticpolyesters. It is soft, pliable (producinglow noise) and has a good touch.Melting-points are high for a degradablematerial (around 200C).

Depending on the application, up to three

aliphatic monomers are incorporated intothe PET structure. The monomers createweak spots in the polymeric chains,thereby making them susceptible todegradation through hydrolysis.

Applications include disposal bags,

diapers and eating utensils. It can be usedto create geo-textiles and plant pots, andit is suitable for thermoformed blownbottles and injection moulded objects.

Category Biopolymers

Processes Blow mouldingInjection moulding

Extrusion

References DupontGBF - Enviromental Biochemical Engineering

Price It is only marginally more expensive to produce thanPET itself because it can be manufactured withexisting equipment using existing bulk monomers.Currently available degradable materials can cost

twice as much.


6/56

Environmen-

tal notes

Disposal: It can be recycled, incinerated or landfilled,but is intended mainly for disposal composting andin-soil degradation. If properly disposed, it degradesin eight weeks.The large polymer molecules are cleaved by moisture

into smaller molecules, which are then consumed bynaturally occurring microbes and converted to carbondioxide and water.




7/56

Material Aliphatic polyesters

Aliphatic polyesters have propertiessimilar to those of PE and PP. They areodorless and can be used for trash bags,diapers, and cosmetic and beveragebottles.

They can be processed on conventionalprocessing equipment at 140-260 C, inblown and extruded films, foams, and

injection moulded products.

Aliphatic polyesters are biodegradablebut often lack in good thermal andmechanical properties. Vice versa,aromatic polyesters, like PET, haveexcellent material properties, but are

resistant to microbial attack.Category Biopolymers

Products Pot for plants


Extrusion

Similar

materials

PET (aromatic polyester)

References Showa Highpolymer Co. Ltd. (Bionolle)


8/56

Environmen-

tal notes

Creation: Made from polycondensation reaction ofglycol and aliphatic dicarboxylic acids. Bothcomponents can be obtained from renewableresources (e.g. glycol from glycerol by fermentation).

Disposal: It biodegrades to water and carbon dioxidein soil as well as fresh and ocean water areas.The rate of degradation depends on grade, shape ofthe product, and level of microbiological activity.Typically, degradation of a 0.04 mm thick film takestwo months.When coated with coconut-shell powder, and buriedin soil, it decomposes within five days. In fact,coconut-shell powder absorbs water and swells,

helping microorganisms to live on the biodegradablefilm.




9/56

Material CPLA - Polylactide aliphatic copolymer

Biodegradable CPLA is a mixture oflactide and aliphatic polyesters. It can beeither a hard plastic (similar to PS) or asoft flexible one (similar to PP)depending on the amount of aliphaticpolyester present in the mixture.

Possible applications will includecompost bags, cushioning materials, food

wrapping materials, fishing nets, etc.It is easy to process with stability up to200 C.


Processes Most conventional plastic processes like:Blow moulding

Injection moulding

Extrusion

Vacuum forming

Fibre spinning

Similar

materials

Aliphatic polyesters

References Dainippon Ink and Chemicals Inc. (DIC)

Price DIC plans to produce several tons per year at a priceranging from 25 to 50 DKK/kg.

Environmen-

tal notes

Creation: CPLA is made by copolymerising lactide(made by fermenting cornstarch, cheese whey, etc.)with aliphatic polyester (e.g dicarboxylic acid orglycol made from fermentation of glycerol). All arerenewable resources.

Disposal: If incinerated, no toxic substances aregenerated.The heating value and carbon dioxide generatedduring combustion are lower, by almost half thelevel, of that generated by PE or PS.

Although CPLA has a high molecular weight and


10/56

high melting-point, it begins breaking down into alow-molecular weight polymer, in naturalenvironments, after 5-6 months. Completedecomposition after 12 months.When composted with food garbage, it beginsbreaking down into a low-molecular weight after 2weeks.

Additional

Info

CPLA does not dissolve in alcoholic solvents, oils,and diluted solution of strong acids. It does dissolvein aromatic hydrocarbon, concentrated acids, andcaustic soda.




11/56

Material PCL - Polycaprolactone

Polycaprolactone is a biodegradablethermoplastic polymer derived from thechemical synthesis of crude oil. Althoughnot produced from renewable rawmaterials, it is fully biodegradable.

Polycaprolactone has good water, oil,solvent and chlorine resistance. It has alow melting-point (58-60 C) and low

viscosity, and it is easy to process.

It is used mainly in thermoplasticpolyurethanes, resins for surface coatings,adhesives and synthetic leather andfabrics. It also serves to make stiffenersfor shoes and orthopedic splints, and fully

biodegradable compostable bags, sutures,and fibres.


References Solvay Caprolactones (CAPA)Union Carbide Corp. (Tone)

Environmen-

tal notes

Disposal: Fully biodegradable.

The low melting-point makes the material suited forcomposting as a means of disposal, due to thetemperature obtained during composting routinelyexceeding 60 C.

Degradation time is very short. In Sweden there hasbeen an attempt to produce PCL bags, but theydegraded before reaching the customers.

Additional

Info

Polycaprolactone is often mixed with starch to obtain

a good biodegradable material at a low price (~20DKK/kg lower than other aliphatic polyesters).The mix has been successefully used for making trashbags in Korea (Yukong Company).



12/56



13/56

Material PHAs - Polyhydroxyalkanoates

PHAs are linear polyesters produced innature by bacterial fermentation of sugaror lipids.More than 100 different monomers canbe combined within this family to givematerials with extremely differentproperties.

They can be either thermoplastic or

elastomeric materials, withmelting-points ranging from 40 to 180C.The most common type of PHAs is PHB(poly-beta-hydroxybutyrate). PHB hasproperties similar to those of PP, howeverit is stiffer and more brittle.

A PHB copolymer called PHBV(polyhydroxybutyrate-valerate) is lessstiff and tougher, and it is used aspackaging material.


Products Bone plateRazor, biodegradable (PHA)

Shampoo bottle, biodegradable (PHBV)

Surgical sutures


Extrusion

Keywords PHBPHBV

References Monsanto Company (BiopolTM)PHB production


14/56

Price The price (1997: 15-60 DKK/kg) is very highcompared to other oil-derived polymers.Prices are thus falling down (1993: 100-140 DKK/kg)and, in a couple of years they could reach a levelwhich would enable mass-production (2-6 DKK/kg).

Environmen-

tal notes

Creation: Made from renewable natural sources likesugar.

Use: It is biocompatible and therefore can beimplanted in the body without causing inflammations.The producer claims that is not toxic.

Disposal: It biodegrades in microbially activeenvironments in 5-6 weeks.

The action of some enzymes produced by microbssolubilises PHB which is then absorbed through thecell wall and metabolised.

PHB is normally broken down to carbon dioxide andwater when degraded in aerobic conditions. Inabsence of oxygen the degradation is faster, andmethane is also produced.PHB is not degraded in biologically inactive systemssuch as sanitary landfills.




15/56

Material PLA - Polylactide

PLA is a biodegradable thermoplasticderived from lactic acid.

It resembles clear polystyrene, providesgood aesthetics (gloss and clarity), but itis stiff and brittle and needs modificationsfor most practical applications (i.e.plasticizers increase its flexibility).

It can be processed like mostthermoplastics into fibres, films,thermoformed or injection moulded.Used for compost bags, plant pots,diapers and packaging.


Products Compostable bag


Injection moulding

Extrusion

Vacuum forming

Fibre spinning

References Neste Corporate TechnologyCargill Dow Polymers LLC

Price Current prices (1997) are between 40 and 70DKK/kg.


16/56

Environmen-

tal notes

Creation: Lactic acid can be obtained on the basis ofrenewable starch containing resources (e.g. corn,wheat or sugar beat) by fermentation, or by chemicalsynthesis of non-renewable resources.

Disposal: If composted properly it takes 3-4 weeksfor complete degradation.The first stage of degradation (two weeks) is ahydrolisis to water soluble oligomers and lactic acid.The latter, as a naturally occurring substance, is arapid metabolisation into CO2, water and biomass bya variety of micro-organisms.

Additional

Info

The future tendency is towards a sharp decrease ofthe price, thanks to the introduction of plants capable

to mass-produce the material. Future prices areexpected to fall to few times the price of PP (15-20DKK/kg).




17/56

Material 10 % Starch

Starch can be used as biodegradableadditive or replacement material intraditional oil-based commodity plastics.

If starch is added to petroleum derivedpolymers (e.g. PE), it allowsdisintegration of the blend, but not itsbiodegradability.

CategoryBiopolymers

Products Compostable bags

Environmen-

tal notes

Disposal: Starch can in theory accelerate thedisintegration or fragmentation of the syntheticpolymer chains.Microbial action consumes the starch, therebycreating pores in the material, which weaken it andenable it to break apart.

Disintegration of starch-plastic blends is not the sameas biodegradation.Their breakdown, also under optimal conditions, isquite slow. Starch content needs to exceed 60%before significant material breakdown occurs.

Additional

Info

In 1993 LDPE-starch blends were commercializedunder the trade name Ecostar




18/56


Also called plastified starch materials.They exhibit mechanical propertiessimilar to conventional plastics such asPP, and are generally resistant to oils andalcohols, however, they degrade whenexposed to hot water.

Properties of these materials can bevaried as the content of starch and other

materials changes.They are fully biodegradable andcompostable, and they can replacetraditional plastics in food service, foodpackaging, personal health care, etc.

Their basic content (40-80%) is corn

starch, a renewable natural material. Therest is performance-enhancing additivesand other biodegradable materials.


Products Pen, biodegradableGolf teesTrash bags


Injection moulding

Extrusion

Thermoforming

References Novamont S.p.A. (Mater-Bi)


19/56

Environmen-

tal notes

Creation: Made of renewable natural sources(starch).

Disposal: When disposed in biologically activeenvironments such as composte facilities and

wastewater treatments systems, they displaydegradation characteristics similar to leaves, woodchips and paper.




20/56


Usually referred to as thermoplasticstarch.They are stable in oils and fats, however,depending on the type, they can varyfrom stable to unstable in hot/cold water.They can be processed by traditionaltechniques for plastics.

These materials consist mainly (>90%) of

starch obtained from renewable naturalsources. Colouring and flame retardantadditives are possible.


Products Starch-based tubeDegradable compost bagsAgricultural mulch filmGolf tees


Injection moulding

Extrusion

Thermoforming

References Biotec GmbH (Bioplast)

NOVON International (NOVON)

Price Prices vary from 20 to 40 DKK/kg

Environmen-

tal notes

Creation: Made of renewable natural sources.

Disposal: Depending on the grade, thermoplasticstarch can degrade completely within five days inaqueous aerobic testing and in 45 days in a controlled

compost, or can even decompose in water.




21/56

Material Foamed starch

Starch can be environmentally friendlyblown into a foamed material using watersteam.

Foamed starch is antistatic, insulating andshock absorbing, therefore a goodreplacement for polystyrene foam.

It can be used as packaging material or

can be pressed into starch-based sheet forthin-walled products, such as trays,disposable dishes etc.


Products Loose-fillDisposable cup

Processes Water steam foamingExtrusion

Cutting

Moulding

Similar

materials

Foamed PS

References Biotec GmbH (Biopur)

National Starch & Chemical (Eco-Foam)Norel (EnvirofillTM)

Environmen-

tal notes

Creation: Foamed starch is 99% starch, which is arenewable resource found in corn, wheat, rice,potatoes, etc.Foaming is performed using water steam instead ofhydrocarbon-based blowing agents used for blowingPS.

Disposal: It dissolves when soaked with waterleaving just a dilute corn starch solution. The solutionis not toxic and is consumed by microbial life inabout ten days, leaving only carbon dioxide andwater.


22/56

It can also be re-used, recycled, incinerated, orcomposted along with other organic materials, sinceit decomposes very quickly.




23/56

Material Casein formaldehyde

Casein formaldehyde is a plastic ofnatural protein origin, made from organicsubstances such as milk, horn orvegetable products such as soy beans,wheat, etc.

It can be made to look like celluloid,ivory, or artificial horn.It is odourless, insoluble in water, and

only with difficulty inflammable.

In the first decades of this century, caseinformaldehyde was used to make buttons,pins, cigarette-cases, fountain pens,umbrella handles and radio cabinets.


Products Button for clothesGramophone box

References Plastic museum

Environmen-

tal notes

Creation: Made from chemical modification ofcasein, which is a natural renewable resource.

AdditionalInfo

Casein formaldehyde was commercialised under thetrade names Galalith and Erinoid.




24/56

Material CA - cellulose acetate

Cellulose acetate (CA) is used fortransparent, translucent and opaqueobjects (e.g. typewriter keys, calculators,switches, car wheel coverings).

Furthermore, it is especially suitable forcoatings applications requiring highmelting-point, toughness, clarity, andgood resistance to ultraviolet light,

chemicals, oils, and greases.

Cellulose acetate is an amorphousthermoplastic material belonging to thecellulosic resin family. It is obtained byintroducing the acetyl radical of aceticacid into cellulose (as cotton or wood

fibres) to produce a tough plasticmaterial.

Danish Name CA - celluloseacetat


Products Knife-handleShoe-heel

Lamp shadePenUmbrella handle

References Plast og gummi stbi

Environmen-

tal notes

Creation: Made from chemical modification ofcellulose, which is one of the most diffuse organicsubstances in nature.

Use: Cellulose acetate is inflammable and burns witha yellowish flame producing a smelling smoke.Additive are often used to decrease its inflammabilityand to give the material self-estinguishing properties.


25/56

Additional

Info

First plastic to be injection moulded.Cellulose acetate becomes brittle at temperatureunder the freezing point.It is an insulator material and shows only a littletendency to electrostatic charging.




26/56

Material Horn

It is an organic material containing 80%keratin. It is thermoplastic and can beworked after dry heating or immersion inboiling water or alkaline solutions.

After softening it can be pressedobtaining objects and various laminas,such as tobacco containers, boxes,buttons, pens and combs. It was

successfully applied, especially inEngland, before the advent of plastics.

Danish Name Horn


Environmen-

tal notes

Creation: Horn is natural organic material.




27/56

Aliphatic-aromatic copoly



28/56

Aliphatic polyesters



29/56

CPLA - Polylactide aliphacopolymer



30/56

PCL - Polycaprolactone



31/56

PHAs - Polyhydroxyalkan



32/56

PLA - Polylactide



33/56

Starch-based biopolymers% starch)



34/56

Starch-based biopolymers(40-80 % starch)



35/56

Starch-based biopolymers% starch)



36/56

Foamed starch



37/56

Casein formaldehyde



38/56

CA - cellulose acetate



39/56

Biopolymers are usuallyproduced from plants andoften biodegradable.

Back


40/56

Products Compostable bag

This compostable lawn and leaf bag ismade of PLA.It is designed expressly for collecting yardwaste as part of municipal compostingprogrammes, and offers an alternative tokraft paper collection bags.

Like kraft paper lawn and leafs bags, thebiopolymer bags eliminate the need to

separate bags from their contents atcompost sites. Both degrade and are easyto print on.

Compared to paper bags advantages are:improved wet strength, better punctureresistance, visibility of content, ease of

handling and closing, as well ascompactness which minimises storagerequirements.

Category Outdoor equipment

Materials PLA

Processes Blow moulding

References Cargill Dow Polymers LLC

Keywords BiopolymerBiodegradableCompostingTransparent

Price Competitive with the price of paper bags.

Environ-mental

notes

Use: Bags designed only for degradation throughcomposting, and only for carrying leaves, grass etc.They should not be used for waste such as ashes etc.

Disposal: The bag biodegrades along with the leaves,grass and wood chips inside it to create a rich, organichumus that can be used as a soil nutrient.


41/56

Similar

products

Pot for plants

Copyright 1998 Torben Lenau


42/56

Process Blow moulding

Used for hollow parts of all sizes. A tube ofmolten plastics is extruded into an openmould.The mould closes and thereby the bottomof the part welds.

Hot air is blown into the tube and it is blown upuntil it fills out the mould cavity.

Parts can be produced in small and large

quantities, since setup cost is low andtools/moulds are often made of aluminium andcheap.

Danish

Name

Blsestbning

Category Mass conserving processes, Plastic moulding

Materials PS ABS SAN PVC PC PE PP

Typical

products

Bottle for motor oil

Bottle for organic solvents

Tubing for a car

Competing

processes

Injection blow moulding

References Dudek Plast A/SGravenhorst Plast A/SKornerup Plast Trading ApSRosti A/S

Price

notes

Moulds can be produced at a relative low price. Setup times arelow.


Copyright 1997, 1998 Torben Lenau


43/56

Process Injection moulding

For parts of all sizes which require accurate andcomplex geometry.Granular plastic or pellets are melted by frictionwith a rotating screw and actual heating, and theninjected into the mould.

Normally, the process is reserved tothermoplastics, but it can be used for shapingfibre reinforced thermoplastics or thermosettings.

When shaping composites, parts with goodmechanical properties cannot be produced as thecontent of fibres must be limited.Production volumes are medium to large, and thecycle time per part is very short.

Danish

Name

Sprjtestbning

Category Mass conserving processes, Plastic injection moulding

Materials PlasticsComposites

Typical

products

Disposable drinking glass

Hedge cutter

MilestoneRazor, biodegradable

Razor, ordinary

Shaver, rechargeable

Spoon, clasp type

Satellite box

Washing machine drum

Gear

Hinge for gramophone lidVideo front-panel

Competing

processes

Extrusion

Gas assisted injection moulding


44/56

References A. Johnsen Industri A/SHelarco

Jotun Danmark A/S

Molytex A/S

Pricenotes

The injection machine and the shaping mould are veryexpensive.

Additional

info

Possible to achieve good dimensional accuracy and surfacefinish.




45/56

Process Extrusion

Profiles of all shapes can be produced. In anextruder the material is heated and continuoslypushed by a rotating screw through a die with theshape of the profile. After the die, the profile iscooled by air or water and cut into desiredlengths.

Production volumes are normally high.

DanishName

Ekstrudering

Category Mass conserving processes, 2d plastic processes

Materials Most plastics

Typical

products

Garden hoseTubesMetal sheet edge protection

RailingsIce cube plastic bag

Potholder

Competing

processes

Injection moulding

Blow moulding

Pultrusion

Calandering

References DKI Plast A/SVestfos Plast A/SGlim Plastic Industri ApS




46/56

Products Pot for plants

This pot for plants is made of aliphaticpolyesters (Bionolle)

Its biodegradability allows the plant to beplanted in soil with no need to extract itfrom its pot.

Category Outdoor equipment

Materials Aliphatic polyesters

References Showa Highpolymer Co. Ltd.

Keywords BiopolymerBiodegradableOutdoorRenewable resources

Environ-

mental

notes

See aliphatic polyesters

Similar

products

Compostable bag

Photo Showa Highpolymer Co. Ltd.



47/56

Process Vacuum forming

Well suited for larger plastic parts since toolsinvestments are low. Also used for high volumeproduction of e.g. disposable cups and chocolatepackaging. The surface facing the mould has thebest quality. Material thickness is difficult tocontrol.

A sheet of thermoplastic material is heated to thesoftening point. The sheet is positioned over a

mould with small air canals, and a vacuum pullsthe sheet into the mould.

Vacuum is normally sufficient due to the lowstrength in the material being formed, but for amore complex geometry, additional air ormechanical pressure can be applied.

Danish

Name

Vacuum formning

Category Mass conserving processes, Plastic shaping

Materials Most thermoplastics e.g. ABS PC PP PS PE

Typical

products

Dolphin, bicycle trailer base part

KimBox suitcase

Appliance housingDisposable cupsCommercial signShaped packagingRefrigerator inside panels

Competing

processes

Rotation moulding

Blow moulding

Injection moulding

References Bramstoft & Wassmann ApSCretex A/SHelge Buch's Eftf. ApS

Price

notes

Low tooling costs


48/56

Additional

info

Difficult to produce small details


Copyright 1996, 97, 98 Torben Lenau


49/56

Products Razor, biodegradable

A double-bladed razor with replaceablehead. Handle and razor heads are made ofbiodegradable plastic.

Danish

Name

Barberhvl, bionedbrydelig

CategoryPersonal items, Personal care

Materials PHA (handle and razor head)Stainless steel (blades)PS and paper (packaging)

Processes Injection moulding (handle)Insert moulding (razor head)

Packaging:Extrusion

Vacuum forming

References Kay Razor

Keywords Personal accessoriesCutting functionShaveBiodegradablePlastic

Price Retail price, for 1 handle with 5 razor heads (9/95)DKK 30,-.

Environ-

mental

notes

Materials / Production: The plastic is made frmrenewable resources.Use / Transport: The razor it self does not use energy,but use require water, soap and energy for heatingwater.Disposal: putrification or inceneration.

Similar

products

Razor, ordinary

Shaver, rechargeable



50/56

Products Shampoo bottle, biodegradable

This shampoo bottle is manufactured frombiodegradable PHBV plastic

(commercially named BiopolTM).

The biodegradable shampoo bottle is thefirst major product to be produced usingthis material.

The closure is injection moulded and the

bottle is blow moulded.

Category Personal items, Personal care

Materials PHBV

Processes Injection moulding (closure)Blow moulding (bottle)

ReferencesMonsanto Company

Wella

Keywords BottleBiodegradableBiopolymerPHBVBiopolTM

Price Approximately 4 DKK/bottle (retail, 1995)

Environ-

mental

notes

Creation: The plastic is made from renewableresources using traditional production methods.

Disposal: The bottle will degrade throughcomposting.

Similar

products

Razor, biodegradable

Photo Monsanto Company



51/56

Products Pen, biodegradable

This "green pen", with the exception ofthe ink refill, is made from the corn starchbased material Mater-Bi.

It is very similar to an ordinary plasticpen, but degrades when disposed in acomposting site or in natural environment.

Category Dwelling & office appliances, office equipment

Materials Starch-based biopolymer (Mater-Bi)

Processes Injection moulding

References Novamont S.p.A.Enpac

Keywords BiopolymerBiodegradablePen

Office equipment

Price Approximately 11 DKK (retail, 1997)

Environ-

mental

notes

Creation: The pen is made from renewable resourcesusing traditional production methods.

Disposal: The pen will disintegrate in about 12months after being disposed.



52/56

Products Starch-based tube

This tube is made of corn starch, isenvironment-friendly and is designed todecompose in water.

The tube is a direct alternative toconventional spiral-wound tubepackaging, including flexible plastics andcorrugated paper.The product can also be made in a variety

of vibrant colours.

Category Dwelling & office appliances, office equipment

Materials Thermoplastic starch

References American Excelsior Company

Keywords BiopolymerBiodegradableStarchPackagingWater-soluble

Environ-

mental

notes

Creation: The tube is made from renewable resourcesusing traditional production methods.

Disposal: The tube is designed to dissolve in waterafter use.



53/56

Products Loose-fill

This loose-fill for packaging industry ismade of foamed starch.

It offers numerous disposal alternativesand can be a good substitute ofCFCs-blown PS.

Category Packaging

Materials Foamed starch

Processes Water steam foaming

References National Starch & ChemicalAmerican Excelsior Company

Keywords BiopolymerBiodegradableStarchPackaging

Water-soluble

Environ-

mental

notes

Creation: Made from renewable materials.Environment-friendly foaming process.

Disposal: See foamed starch.



54/56

Products Disposable cup

The cup shown appears very similar tonormal PS disaposable cups, and diaplayssimilar characteristics as far as thermalinsulation and resistance to fluids areconcerned.

Category Food, Food equipment

Materials Foamed starch

Processes Water steam foamingPressing

References Biotec GbmH

Keywords BiopolymerBiodegradableStarchPackaging

Environ-mental

notes

Creation: Made from renewable materials.Environment-friendly foaming process.

Disposal: Once disregarded, the cup will completelydecompose into useful compost.



55/56

Products Button for clothes

This buttons are made of caseinformaldehyde.They show the different decorationpossibilities that this material can give.

Category Personal items, Clothes

Materials Casein formaldehyde

References Bottonificio Ontano

Keywords BiopolymerDecoration3D decorationClothes

Environ-

mental

notes

Creation: See casein formaldehyde.



56/56

Products Gramophone box

The box housing this gramophone iscoated with a layer of caseinformaldehyde.

The antique gramophone from 1950shows how casein formaldehyde can givea beautiful surface appearance.

Category Dwelling & office appliances, Home electronics

Materials Casein formaldehyde

References Plastic museum

Keywords BiopolymerDecorationHome electroniocs

Environ-

mentalnotes

Creation: See casein formaldehyde.


bio poli meri

Documents