bio psychology of emotion

8/6/2019 Bio Psychology of Emotion

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Biopsychology of

Emotion:Several Early Discoveries

Role of Autonomic Nervous

System

Facial Expression


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Early Landmarks in the Biopsychological

Investigation of Emotion

PHINEAS GAGE

Damage to Gagesbrain affected both

medial prefrontal

lobes, the lobes

involved in

planning and

emotion.


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1872 publication of Darwins book The

Expression of Emotions in Man and Animals

Particular emotional responses tend to

accompany the same emotional states in all

members of a species

Expressions of emotion are products of

evolution

Darwins Theory of the Evolution

of Emotion


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The first physiological theory of emotion was

proposed independently by James and Lange in

1884.

James-Lange and Cannon-Bard Theories


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Cannon-Bard Theory (1915)

Emotional stimuli have two independent

excitatory effects: They excite both the feeling of

emotion in the brain and the expression of

emotion in the ANS and SNS.

Emotional experience and emotional expressionare parallel processes that have no direct casual

relation.

James-Lange and Cannon-Bard Theories


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SHAM RAGE (1920) the exaggerated, poorly directed aggressive

responses of decorticate animals

Sham rage can be elicited in

cats whose cerebral

hemispheres have been

removed down to but notincluding the hypothalamus.

The hypothalamus is critical

for the expression of

aggressive responses.

CORTEX inhibits and

directs aggressive responses


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1937 Papez proposed that emotional expression iscontrolled by several interconnected neural structuresthat he referred to as the limbic system.

Limbic System and Emotion


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Discovered in monkeys whose anteriortemporallobes had been removed.

It includes the following behaviors: Consumption of almost anything edible

Increased sexual activity often directed atinappropriate objects

Tendency to repeatedly investigate familiar objects Tendency to investigate objects with the mouth

Lack of fear

Kluver-Bucy Syndrome (1939)


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Emotions and the

Autonomic Nervous System


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Experimental evidence suggests that thespecificity of ANS reactions lies somewhere

between the extremes of total specificity and totalgenerality (Levenson, 1994).

Not all emotions are associated with the same

pattern of ANS activity; however, there isinsufficient evidence to make a strong case for theview that each emotion is characterized by adifferent pattern of ANS activity.

Emotional Specificity of the ANS


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A method of interrogation that employs ANS indexes

of emotion to infer the truthfulness of the subjects

responses.

Polygraphy


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MOCK-CRIME PROCEDURE

Interrogation method is the control-question

technique in which the physiological response tothe target question is compared with the

physiological responses to control questions

whose answers are known.

Polygraphy


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Guilty-Knowledge Technique

Polygrapher must have a piece of information

concerning the crime that would be known only to

the guilty person. The polygrapher simply assesses

the suspects reaction to a list of actual and

contrived details of the crime.

Polygraphy


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Emotions and Facial Expression

Ekman and his colleagues have

been preeminent in the study offacial expression. They began by

analyzing hundreds of films and

photographs of people

experiencing various real emotions.

From these, they compiled an atlas

of the facial expressions that arenormally associated with different

emotions.


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Several empirical studies showed that people

of different cultures do indeed make similar

facial expressions in similar situations and that

they can correctly identify the emotional

significance of facial expressions displayed by

people from cultures other than their own.

Universality of Facial Expression


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Ekman and Friesen concluded that the facial

expressions of the following six emotions are

primary: surprise,anger,sadness,disgust,

fearandhappiness.

All other facial expressions of genuineemotion are composed of predictable

mixtures of these 6 primaries.

Primary Facial Expressions


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Facial Feedback Hypothesis

The hypothesis that our facial expressionsinfluence our emotional experience.


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It is possible to inhibit true facial expressions

and to substitute false ones.

TWO ways of distinguishing true expressions

from false ones: 1) microexpressions (brief

facial expressions) and 2) detection between

genuine facial expressions and false ones byskilled observers

Voluntary Control of Facial Expression


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Duchenne French anatomist

The smile of enjoyment could be distinguished

from deliberately produced smiles by

consideration of the two facial muscles that are

contracted during genuine smiles: orbicularis

oculiand zygomaticusmajor.

Duchennesmile

Voluntary Control of Facial Expression


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Video recordings provide almost unlimited

access to natural facial expressions made in

real time in response to real-life situations.

It is now clear that Ekmans 6 primary facial

expressions of emotion rarely occur in pure

form they are ideals with many varioussubtle expressions.

Facial Expressions: Current Perspectives


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The existence of other primaries has been

recognized. There is evidence for adding

contempt and embarrassment to the original

6.

Imbalance in emotional valence.

Facial Expressions: Current Perspectives

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