bio sem final pp
TRANSCRIPT
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Omega-3 Fatty Acids and solutions to meet an increasing demandDANTE MORONI – SPRING 2015
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The Big Picture• Health benefits now widely accepted
• Recommendations for consumption• 2 servings of fatty fish per week or at least 500mg/day EPA and
DHA• Most Americans get ~ 100mg/day• AHA: Coronary heart disease = 1g/day or more
• Main source is from fish and seafood
• Fisheries already at or above maximum output
•Alternative sources for omega-3 PUFAs are necessary
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Associated health benefits / applications•Cardiovascular health and cardiovascular disease prevention
• Lowering of triglycerides (2-4 g/day)
• CHD mortality (lowers death risk)
• Anti-arythmatic
• Helpful with those who may have high blood pressure or cholesterol
• Reduced risk of clots (associated prostaglandins)
• Lowers risk of depression, and can alleviate some symptoms
• The list keeps on growing • Asthma, alzhimers, dementia, cancer, arthritis, stroke
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Dietary Fat• Saturated fats – no CC double bonds• Ex: Meat and dairy products
•Monounsaturated fats – one CC double bond• Ex: Olive oil, Avacados
• Polyunsaturated fats - one CC double bond• Omega-6 or Omega-3 family (both essential)• USDA and AHA don’t distinguish
Figure 1. Nutrition information of an avocado. Note the different types of fat
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Dietary Fat• Saturated fats – no CC double bonds• Ex: Meat and dairy products
•Monounsaturated fats – one CC double bond• Ex: Olive oil, Avacados
• Polyunsaturated fats - one CC double bond• Omega-6 or Omega-3 family (both essential)• USDA and AHA don’t distinguish
Figure 2. Basic saturated fat molecule consisting of 3 fatty acid tails plus 1 glycerol molecule
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Chemistry of Omega-3s•ALA (short chain): Substrate for EPA and DHA synthesis
•EPA (long chain): Incorporated into cell membranes (phospholipids and red blood cells)• associated with cardiovascular health • Cellular communication
• DHA (long chain): Highly concentrated in brain, retinal, and nervous tissues. • Important for both postnatal and prenatal
•Omega-3s are prone to oxidation• Double bonds• Light, heat, and oxygen
•Several intermediates Figure 3. The three main omega-3 fatty acids (Source: Cargill website)
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Biosynthesis of EPA and DHA• Eicosapentaenoic and Docosahexaenoic acids can be derived from α-linolenic acid via ∆ 6-desaturase enzyme
• Inefficient: ~8% to EPA, DHA 0.05% to 4%*
• Sources for EPA and DHA limited
• Competition with omega-6 fatty acids
• Higher conversion rate in women• 2.5X for EPA and 200X for DHA• Fetus requires ~400mg DHA/week (3rd)
trimester
Figure 4. Metabolic conversion pathway in humans (Source: Burdge and Calder, 2005)
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Dietary sourcesPLANT* SOURCES = ALPHA LINOLENIC ACID (ALA)
• Concentrated in seed oils• Flax, Canola
• Varying levels in nuts• Walnuts
• Dark green leafy vegetables• Purslane, Kale, Spinach, etc.
ANIMAL* SOURCES = EICOSAPENTANOIC AND DOCAHEXANOIC ACIDS (EPA + DHA)• High levels in fatty fish• Salmon, Sardines, Herring, etc.
•Low levels in land animals• Potential for increased levels through
feed changes
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Natural Fisheries and Aquaculture (fish farming)• > 70% exploited, overfished, or collapsed
• Aquaculture has provided another source for fish
• Fishmeal/oil sourced from open waters• 90% of fish oil stocks
•Need alternative fishmeal sources
Figure 5. Timeline showing change from underexploited fisheries to those more exploited fisheries in recent times (Source: Sea Around Us Project)
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Algae oil as a supplement• Costly, option for vegans/vegetarians
• Infant formula• Purity
•Examples of uses• DHA oil supplement from Crypthecodinium• DHA for animal feed from Schizochytrium
Figure 7. One example of a biophotoreactor, used in mass production of algae. Many different configurations are used in the industry.
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Example of transgenic oleaginous plant: Camelina sativa e.g. false flax (Betancor et al. 2015)• Wild type oil 45% ALA
• 5 microalgal desaturase and elongase genes• 20% EPA in seed oil
• Experiment conducted to see difference in fish growth
• No difference between fish oil and transgenic Camelina oil diet
• Still didn’t have significant DHA in fish fleshFigure 6. Camelina sativa e.g. false flax, an oleaginous (oily) seed plant.
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Reliability of fish oil supplements (Albert et al. 2015)• Researchers analyzed 32 fish oil brands• On average: supplements contained
68% of level on label• 2/3 contained < 67% of level
• 50% exceeded international oxidation recommendations
• Not correlated with “best by” date
• Agreed with similar studies Figure 8. Actual omega-3 content (EPA and DHA) in fish oil supplements. Dotted line indicates amount listed on label. (Source: Albert et al. 2015.)
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ALA still important!• Still get ALA into your diet despite low conversion rate• Can obtain from a variety of
sources• Flax seeds, walnuts, canola oil,
soybean oil*, dark leafy greens
• Omega-3 enriched eggsFigure 9. Intake of ALA is correlated linearly with incorporation in body tissues. (Source: Burdge and Calder, 2005.)
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Conclusion• Omega-3s have several health benefits
• Recommendations are becoming more frequent
• Population is still growing
• Fisheries are strained
• Eating lower on the food chain and from a variety of sources
• Other alternatives include algae oil and ALA
• Aquaculture + transgenic oilseeds
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Sources Albert BB, Derraik JGB, Cameron-Smith D, Hofman PL, Tumanov S, Villas-Boas SG, Garg ML, Cutfield WS. 2015. Fish oil supplements in New Zealand are
highly oxidized and do not meet label content of n-3 PUFA. Scientific Reports 5 (7928). DOI:10.1038/srep07928
Allport S. The queen of fats, why omega-3s were removed from the western diet and what we can do to replace them. University of CA press, Berkeley and Los Angeles, CA. 2006. Pgs: 4, 6, 11, 42, 115, 128.
Apt KE, Behrens PW. 1999. Commercial developments in microalgal biotechnology. J Phycol. 35: 215-226.
Betancor MB, Sprague M, Usher S, Sayanova O, Campbell PJ, Napier JA, Tocher DR. 2014. A nutritionally-enhanced oil from transgenic Camelina sativa effectively replaces fish oil as a source of eicosapentaenoic acid for fish. Scientific Reports. 5 (8104). DOI:10.1038/srep08104
Burdge GC, Calder PC. 2005. Conversion of α-linolenic acid to longer-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids in human adults. J Reprod Nutr Dev. 45: 581-597.
Harriss WS, Pottala JV, Sands SA, Jones PG. 2007. Comparison of the effects of fish and fish-oil capsules on the n-3 fatty acid content of blood cells and plasma phospholipids. Am J Clin Nutr. 86: 1621-1625.
Kris-Etherton PM, Hill AM. 2008. N-3 fatty acids: food or supplements?. J Am Dietetic Assoc. 108: (7) 1125-1130.
Nichols PD, Petrie J, Singh S. 2010. Long-chain omega-3 oils – an update on sustainable sources. J Nutrients. 2: 572-585.
Simopoulos AP. 2002. The importance of the ratio of omega-6/omega-3 essential fatty acids. J Biomed Pharmacother. 56 (2002) 365-379.
Stoll AL, Severus E, Freeman MP, Rueter S, Zboyan HA, Diamond E, Cress KK, Marangell LB. 1999. Omega 3 fatty acids in bipolar disorder a preliminary double-blind placebo-controlled trial. J Gen Psych. 56: 407-412
Su KP, Huang SY, Chiu CC, Shen WW. 2003. Omega-3 fatty acids in major depressive disorder a preliminary double-blind placebo-controlled trial. J European Neuropsych. 13: 267-271
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Picture Sources 1 - http://www.californiaavocado.com/nutrition-and-health-2/
2 - http://sphweb.bumc.bu.edu/otlt/MPH-Modules/PH/PH709_BasicCellBiology/PH709_BasicCellBiology24.html
3 - http://www.cargillfoods.com/na/en/products/oils-shortenings/ingrevita/EPA-DHA/index.jsp
5 - http://www.kampachifarm.com/the-blue-horizon-imperative/
6 - http://www.agroatlas.ru/en/content/related/Camelina_sativa/
7 - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photobioreactor