biochemical basis for environmental management of aircraft deicing fluid waste using vegetation...
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Biochemical Basis for Environmental Management of Aircraft Deicing Fluid Waste Using Vegetation
Sigifredo Castro(1), Lawrence C. Davis(2), Larry E. Erickson(1)
(1)Department of Chemical Engineering and (2)Department of Biochemistry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS
Phytoremediation can be employed as a natural and feasible
strategy for treating the waste generated by aircraft deicing
operations. The environmental concern is due to the high oxygen
demand of ethylene glycol (EG) and propylene glycol (PG) and
the toxicity associated with corrosion inhibitors, such as
benzotriazole (BT) and methyl-benzotriazole (MBT). Land
application of this waste can take advantage of vegetation by two
mechanisms: enhancement of EG and PG biodegradation by the
rhizosphere effect and transformation of BTs by plant enzymatic
activities. This study focused on the uptake of BTs in hydroponic
culture of sunflowers (Helianthus annuus L.).
Introduction
• Find toxicity thresholds for plants to EG and BTs
• Estimate kinetic parameters for phytotransformation of different BTs
• Establish the rate-controlling mechanism by comparing rates of phytotransformation under different environmental conditions
• Determine whether phytotransformation is linked to photosynthesis and /or plant metabolism
• Evaluate effect of temperature and estimate activation energy
• Confirm observations on uptake and fate of BTs in plants by experimenting with 14C-MBT
Objectives
1.89 -1.36(Log KOW)
1.561.29Theoretical Oxygen demand, mgO2/mg
71.6SolubleSolubility in methanol, g / L (at 25°C)
5.5SolubleSolubility in water, g / L (at 25°C)
0.030.09Vapor pressure, mm Hg (at 20°C)
Methyl Benzotriazole
(MBT)
Ethylene Glycol (EG)
Property
N
4
53
7
61
2
N
N
H
Benzotriazole (BT) LogKOW = 1.4
N
4
53
7
61
2
N
N
H
CH3
5-Methyl-benzotriazole (MBT) LogKOW = 1.9
Chemical Properties
1-Hydroxy-benzotriazole (HBT) LogKOW = 0.1
N
4
53
7
61
2N
OH
N
1.89 -1.36(Log KOW)
1.561.29Theoretical Oxygen demand, mgO2/mg
71.6SolubleSolubility in methanol, g / L (at 25°C)
5.5SolubleSolubility in water, g / L (at 25°C)
0.030.09Vapor pressure, mm Hg (at 20°C)
Methyl Benzotriazole
(MBT)
Ethylene Glycol (EG)
Property
N
4
53
7
61
2
N
N
H
N
4
53
7
61
2
N
N
H
Benzotriazole (BT) LogKOW = 1.4
N
4
53
7
61
2
N
N
H
CH3
N
4
53
7
61
2
N
N
H
CH3
5-Methyl-benzotriazole (MBT) LogKOW = 1.9
Chemical Properties
1-Hydroxy-benzotriazole (HBT) LogKOW = 0.1
N
4
53
7
61
2N
OH
N
N
4
53
7
61
2N
OH
N
For benzotriazoles:Detector: UV ( 275 nm)Eluent: methanol/water Column: Polymeric Reverse Phase
EG: Indirect analysis by oxidation Detector: UV (260 nm) Eluent: Acidified sodium periodateReaction: 4 min, 65°C, on high- density polyethylene tubing
Aqueous solutions analyzed by HPLC:
Analytical Methods
Effect of lighting period
Experimental methodology
Plant: Sunflower Artificial lighting: 40-watt cool
white fluorescent lightMedia:- Sandy top soil mixed with
vermiculite- Hydroponics in Hoagland’s
solution
reduce water uptake during dark
12h 12h
Effect of temperature
T = 18°C
Cooling Circulator Heating
pump
T = 24°C T = 31°C
Effect of induced convection
Magnetic Stirrers
Reduce mass transfer resistance
Determination of activation energy for transformation
Toxicity Thresholds
Ethylene and propylene glycol:Healthy plant growth for aerobic conditions: EG concentration < 2 g/L in soil solution, drip irrigation, Hoagland’s 1X solution supplied. No accumulation of EG in soil and possible plant uptake leading to accumulation in leaves.Benzotriazoles:Healthy plant growth for concentrations < 100 mg/L in soil solutionHoagland’s 1X solution supplied
Concentration decreased with time. For continuous feeding, plants reached a “steady-state” condition, lower than dose concentration.
Loss of benzotriazole was greater than water uptake disappearance due to an active uptake process
Insignificant recovery of MBT from plant material by methanol extraction irreversibly binding and/or change in chemical structure
Triazole concentration
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Elapsed time (days)
Tri
azol
e co
ncen
trat
ion
(mg/
L)
BT HBT TT MBT MBT12
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Elapsed time (days)
Tri
azol
e co
ncen
trat
ion
(mg/
L)
BT HBT TT MBT
Linear
Michaelis-Menten
Experimental data
-20
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 550
Average triazole concentration (μmol / L)
Infl
ux (
μmol
/ kg
.hr)
(a) MBT Phase 1Imax = 384 μmol / hr.kgKM = 503 μmol / L
R2 = 0.930
During dark period, evapo-transpiration was reduced but triazole uptake did not stop phytotransformation in/on the roots and not directly linked to photosynthesis.
Apparent kinetics fitted a Michaelis-Menten model. Large variation in parameters (KM, Imax) among treatments and stages of plant growth. Normalizing the rates by plant fresh weight was not successful.
Phytotransformation Kinetics and Photoperiod
01
234
567
89
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Elapsed time (days)
Tot
al m
g tr
iazo
le lo
st /
mg
tria
zole
lost
by
wat
er u
ptak
e
BT TT MBT MBT12
Estimated activation energy ranged from 24 to 69 kJ/mol (18 to 30 °C) process is kinetically limited. Decrease in activation energy with plant age and plant size.
Stirring improved growth better aeration and nutrient uptake, higher temperature (23°C vs. 26°C). Phytotransformation rates normalized to plant fresh weight were similar.
Effect of Stirring and Temperature
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
Elapsed time (days)
BT
con
cent
rati
on (
mg
/ L)
Unstirred Stirred
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
36 60 84 108 132 156 168
Elapsed time (hr)
Ea
(kJ
/ mol
)
Method 1 Method 2
Methanol soluble by-products, more polar than the MBT, corresponded to 77% of the recovered material. Remaining 23 % irreversibly bound to the plant structure, with the majority (85 %) located in the roots.
Phytotransformation confirmed with 14C-MBT. About 46% of estimated losses were recovered.
Preliminary Study with 14C-MBT
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
Residence time in HPLC (min)
Nor
mal
ized
pea
k he
ight
HPLC spiked non-treated root extract Scintillation treated root
When enough nutrients are supplied and at concentrations less than 100 mg/L, BTs are phytotransformed into a soluble fraction and a bound fraction located mostly in the roots. Phytotransformation followed Michaelis-Menten kinetics, occurred on the roots, was not directly linked to the photosynthetic activity or plant transpiration, and was not diffusion-limited. Phytotransformation of BTs is the most promising biological treatment technology since microbial degradation in waste water treatment has not been demonstrated.
Main Findings
Castro, S., L. Davis, and L. Erickson, “Plant-enhanced remediation of glycol-based aircraft deicing fluids,” Practice Periodical of Hazardous, Toxic, and Radioactive Waste Management, 5, 3, 141-152, 2001.Castro, S., L. Davis, and L. Erickson, “Phytotransformation of benzotriazoles,” International Journal of Phytoremediation, 5, 3, 245-265, 2003.
References