Biochemistry

Biochemistry is the study of the structure, composition, and chemical reactions of substances in living systems

Biochemistry is applied to medicine, dentistry, and veterinary medicine. In food science, biochemists research ways to develop abundant and inexpensive sources of nutritious foods, determine the chemical composition of foods, develop methods to extract nutrients from waste products, or invent ways to prolong the shelf life food products. In agriculture, biochemists study the interaction of herbicides with plants

What is Biochemistry ? Biochemistry is the application of chemistry to the study of biological processes at the cellular and molecular level.

It emerged as a distinct discipline around the beginning of the 20th century when scientists combined chemistry, physiology and biology to investigate the chemistry of living systems by:

Studying the structure and behavior of the complex molecules found in biological material and

the ways these molecules interact to form cells, tissues and whole organism

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Principles of Biochemistry Cells (basic structural units of living organisms) are highly organized and constant source of energy is required to maintain the ordered state.

Living processes contain thousands of chemical pathways. Precise regulation and integration of these pathways are required to maintain life

Certain important pathways e.g. Glycolysis is found in almost all organisms.

All organisms use the same type of molecules: carbohydrates, proteins, lipids & nucleic acids.

Instructions for growth, reproduction and developments for each organism is encoded in their DNA

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CellsBasic building blocks of life

Smallest living unit of an organism

Grow, reproduce, use energy, adapt, respond to their environment

Many cannot be seen with the naked eye

A cell may be an entire organism or it may be one of billions of cells that make up the organism

Basis Types of Cells

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Molecular Organisation of a cell*

*WaterAbout 60-90 percent of an organism is waterWater is used in most reactions in the bodyWater is called the universal solvent

II. Water ChemistryA. ________ is the most abundant chemical in the body.B. Water has many characteristics that make it vital to our bodies.1. _____water is a very small molecule, so it moves fast and can squeeze into tiny crevasses between other molecules.WaterSize

II. Water ChemistryB. Water has many characteristics that make it vital to our bodies.2. _________--Hydrogen has a slightly positive charge while oxygen has a slightly negative charge. This makes it easy for water to pry apart other charged molecules, dissolving them. Called a __________________.PolarityUniversal Solvent

II. Water ChemistryB. Water has many characteristics that make it vital to our bodies.3. _______________--Due to polarity, water forms a crystal structure that is less dense than liquid water. Crystal structure

II. Water ChemistryB. Water has many characteristics that make it vital to our bodies.4. _____________--water absorbs and releases heat energy slowly, and can hold a great deal of heat energy. This helps organisms maintain their body temperature in the safe range.Heat capacity

II. Water ChemistryB. Water has many characteristics that make it vital to our bodies.5. __________________--Polarity allows water to stick to itself (cohesion) and to any charged material (adhesion). Water can glue materials together.Cohesion & Adhesion

II. Water ChemistryB. Water has many characteristics that make it vital to our bodies.6. _______--Water can act as either an acid or a base, maintaining a stable pH in our bodies.Buffer

III. MacromoleculesA. What are they?1. _________________________________________________________________________2. Made of smaller pieces called __________ that can be assembled like legos to form a variety of structures. A large chain of monomers is called a _________.Very large molecules that make most of the structure of the bodymonomerspolymer

III. MacromoleculesB. Carbohydrates1. Monomer: ____________________2. Polymer: _____________________3. Structure:______________________________________________________4. Uses: ___________________5. Examples: ________________monosaccharide (sugar)polysaccharide (starch)rings of carbon with oxygen and hydrogen attached; CH2Oenergy, plant structuresucrose, cellullose

Examples of Carbohydrates

III. MacromoleculesC. Lipids1. Monomer: __________2. Polymer: ___________3. Structure:______________________________________________________4. Uses: ________________________5. Examples: ____________________

fatty acidlipid or fat3 long chains of carbon hydrogen on a glycerol moleculeenergy, structure, warmthfat, oil, cholesterol

Examples of Lipids

III. MacromoleculesD. Protein1. Monomer: _______________2. Polymer: _____________________3. Structure:______________________________________________________4. Uses: ________________________5. Examples: ____________________

amino acid (20)protein or polypeptidecentral carbon atom withhydrogen, amine, carboxyl, & R groupsstructure, emergency energyskin, insulin, enzymes

Examples of Proteins

III. MacromoleculesE. Nucleic Acids1. Monomer: _______________2. Polymer: ___________3. Structure:______________________________________________________4. Uses: ___________________5. Examples: _______________

nucleotide (5)nucleic acid5-carbon sugar attached to nitrogen base and phosphate groupstores genetic codeDNA and RNA

Examples of Nucleic Acids

IV. ATPA. ATP stands for _____________________B. Cells use ATP as a __________________C. Made of adenine with ___ phosphatesD. Lots of energy is stored in the bond between _____________________________E. When this bond is broken, tremendous energy is released.F. The pieces are then reassembled, storing more energy for another use. adenosine triphosphatethe second and third phosphates3rechargeable battery

Examples of ATP

V. EnzymesA. Special proteins that speed chemical reactions1. Chemical reactions require a certain _______________ to get started.2. Enzymes decrease this energy, making reactions occur faster.activation energy

V. EnzymesB. Lock-and-Key Model1. Enzymes are not used up by the reaction, but each can only work on one reaction (________________).2. This is called the lock-and-key model of enzymes. An enzyme is like a _____ which can open exactly one _____. If you want to unlock another reaction, you need a different enzyme.enzyme specificitykeylock

V. Enzymes

V. EnzymesC. Factors which affect enzymes1. _____________--enzymes, like all proteins, change shape when exposed to heat or cold. Each has an optimal temperature range.2. ____--all enzymes have an optimal range of pH. Example: stomach3. _____________--having more enzymes makes the reaction faster.TemperaturepHConcentration

Images used in this presentation were obtained from:Atom: PowerPoint clipartWater molecule and Water attraction: stainsfile.info/StainsFile/jindex.htmlBohr water molecule: ghs.gresham.k12.or.usSpoon on nose: statweb.calpoly.edupH scale: bcn.boulder.co.usGlucose and Cellulose: www.greenspirit.org.ukSucrose: encarta.msn.com

*Biochemistry has become the foundation for understanding all biological processes. It has provided explanations for the causes of many diseases in humans, animals and plants."