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What is Chemistry?
Chemistry is the science concerned with the composition, structure, and properties of matter, as well as the changes it undergoes during chemical reactions
How does chemistry relate to Biology?
SB1- Relationship between Structure and Function in Cells
Elements
Chemistry in Biology
An element is a pure substance that cannot be broken down
There are over 100 known elements, 92 of which occur naturally.
Each element has a unique name and symbol.
6.1 Atoms, Elements, and Compounds
Chapter 6
SB1- Relationship between Structure and Function in Cells
The Periodic Table of Elements
Chemistry in Biology
Horizontal rows are called periods.
Vertical columns are called groups. Organized by number of protons, and therefore also
organized by properties (groups)
6.1 Atoms, Elements, and Compounds
Chapter 6
SB1- Relationship between Structure and Function in Cells
Chemistry = study of matter.
6.1 Atoms, Elements, and Compounds
Atoms are the building blocks of matter.
Chapter 6 Chemistry in Biology
Neutrons and protons are located at the nucleus of the atom.
Protons are positively charged particles.
Neutrons are particles that have no charge.
SB1- Relationship between Structure and Function in Cells
Electrons are negatively charged particles that are located outside the nucleus.
Chemistry in Biology
6.1 Atoms, Elements, and Compounds
Chapter 6
SB1- Relationship between Structure and Function in Cells
• Atomic Number: number of protons in the nucleus of an element (atom). In a neutral atom, this is also the number of electrons.
6.1 Atoms, Elements, and Compounds
SB1- Relationship between Structure and Function in Cells
• Atomic Mass: the number of protons & neutrons in the nucleus of an element (atom).
• Find the neutrons only: • Atomic mass-atomic number=neutrons
• Ex: Carbon Picture
6.1 Atoms, Elements, and Compounds
SB1- Relationship between Structure and Function in Cells
Chemical Bonds hold atoms, molecules and compounds
together
Chemistry in Biology
Two types of chemical bonds: Covalent bonds
Electrons are shared evenly between atoms
Ionic bonds Atoms are oppositely charged and electrons are
therefore given to the “stronger” atom.
6.1 Atoms, Elements, and Compounds
Chapter 6
SB1- Relationship between Structure and Function in Cells
Chemistry in Biology
6.1 Atoms, Elements, and Compounds
Chapter 6
SB1- Relationship between Structure and Function in Cells
A molecule is formed when two or
more atoms join together
chemically.
A compound is a molecule that
contains at least two different
elements.
All compounds are molecules but not all molecules are compounds.
O2
H20
NaCl
N2
CO2
H2
Reactions
A physical reaction does not produce a new substance, but involves a change in the state of matter. Ex: crushing a can, melting
an ice cube. A chemical reaction is the
process by which atoms or groups of atoms in substances are reorganized into different substances. Ex: rusting, combustion
(burning), cooking an egg
6.2 Chemical Reactions
Chemistry in Biology
Chemical reaction
Physical reaction
Chapter 6
Chemical Equations
Chemistry in Biology
Chemical equations describe the substances in the reaction and arrows indicate the process of change.
Reactants are the starting substances, on the left side of the arrow.
Products are the substances formed during the reaction, on the right side of the arrow.
6.2 Chemical Reactions
Chapter 6
SB1- Relationship between Structure and Function in Cells
Example reaction: Glucose and oxygen react to form carbon
dioxide and water. Critical thinking: What biochemical process does
this chemical equation represent???
Chemistry in Biology
6.2 Chemical Reactions
Chapter 6
SB1- Relationship between Structure and Function in Cells
C6H12O6 + 6O2 6C02 + 6H20
Chemistry in Biology
Energy diagrams illustrate the progress and available energy of a chemical reaction. The activation energy
is the minimum amount of energy needed for reactants to form products in a chemical reaction.
Energy of Reactions 6.2 Chemical Reactions
Chapter 6
SB1- Relationship between Structure and Function in Cells
Chemistry in Biology
All chemical reactions either take in energy or release energy. Exothermic reactions:
release heat energy. Endothermic reactions:
absorbs heat energy.
Energy of Reactions
6.2 Chemical Reactions
Chapter 6
SB1- Relationship between Structure and Function in Cells
Chemistry in Biology
This reaction is exothermic and released heat energy.
The energy of the product is lower than the energy of the reactants.
6.2 Chemical Reactions
Chapter 6
SB1- Relationship between Structure and Function in Cells
Chemistry in Biology
This reaction is endothermic and absorbed heat energy.
The energy of the products is higher than the energy of the reactants.
6.2 Chemical Reactions
Chapter 6
SB1- Relationship between Structure and Function in Cells
Chemistry in Biology
Enzymes are special proteins that help to speed up chemical reactions by acting as catalyst and lessening the activation energy.
Enzymes
6.2 Chemical Reactions
Chapter 6
SB1- Relationship between Structure and Function in Cells
Chemistry in Biology
A catalyst is a substance that lowers the activation energy needed to start a chemical reaction.
Enzymes are biological catalysts.
It does not increase how much product is made and it does not get used up in the reaction.
Enzymes
6.2 Chemical Reactions
Chapter 6
SB1- Relationship between Structure and Function in Cells
Chemistry in Biology
The substance acted upon by the enzyme is called the substrate.
The specific location where a substrate binds on an enzyme is called the active site.
6.2 Chemical Reactions- How do they Work???
Chapter 6
Fits together like a lock and key
SB1- Relationship between Structure and Function in Cells
Chemistry in Biology
Enzymes are biological catalysts that speed up reactions in living organisms. Enzymes used for: Photosynthesis Cell Respiration Growth Waste removal DNA replication Movement
Enzymes
6.2 Chemical Reactions
Chapter 6
SB1- Relationship between Structure and Function in Cells
Enzymes in Action
http://www.lpscience.fatcow.com/jwanamaker/animations/Enzyme%20activity.html
SB1- Relationship between Structure and Function in Cells
Organic Chemistry
The study of all compounds containing the element CARBON
6.4 The Building Blocks of Life
Chemistry in Biology Chapter 6
SB1- Relationship Between Structure and Function in Cells
Chemistry in Biology
Carbon compounds can be in the shape of straight chains, branched chains, and rings.
6.4 The Building Blocks of Life
Chapter 6
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What is a macromolecule?
A giant molecule made up of 100’s or 1000’s or smaller units called MONOMERS
Monomers link together to form large POLYMERS
SB1- Relationship Between Structure and Function in Cells
Macromolecules
Chemistry in Biology
Carbon atoms can be joined to form carbon molecules.
Macromolecules are large molecules formed by joining smaller organic molecules together.
Polymers are molecules made from repeating units of identical or nearly identical compounds linked together by a series of covalent bonds.
monomers + monomers + monomers = polymers
6.4 The Building Blocks of Life
Chapter 6
SB1- Relationship Between Structure and Function in Cells
The 4 types of macromolecules:
CARBOHYDRATES
LIPIDS
NUCLEIC ACIDS
PROTEINS
SB1- Relationship Between Structure and Function in Cells
CARBOHYDRATES Made up of C,H,O
Used as main source of energy
Two types:
Sugars: quick source of energy
Monosaccharide-simple sugar, disaccharide-2 sugars
Ex: glucose, lactose, fructose, sucrose
Starches: many sugars linked together, source of energy breaking down slower. Polysaccharides.
Used by plants for energy storage
Ex: potatoes, pasta, bread, grains SB1- Relationship Between Structure and
Function in Cells
Starch
Glucose
Section 2-3
Figure 2-13 A Starch
Go to Section:
SB1- Relationship Between Structure and Function in Cells
Carbohydrates can provide structure – such as cellulose!
Chemistry in Biology
Lipids
Made mostly of carbon and hydrogen No true monomers, but consist of glycerol and
fatty acids
A triglyceride is a fat if it is solid at room temperature and an oil if it is liquid at room temperature. Ex: fats, oils, waxes, phospholipids
6.4 The Building Blocks of Life
Chapter 6
SB1- Relationship Between Structure and Function in Cells
Chemistry in Biology
Lipids that have tail chains with only single bonds are called saturated fats.
Lipids that have at least one double bond in the tail chain are called unsaturated fats.
Fats with more than one double bond in the tail are called polyunsaturated fats.
6.4 The Building Blocks of Life
Chapter 6
SB1- Relationship Between Structure and Function in Cells
LIPIDS
Made up mainly of C & H
Used to store energy, insulation & protection
Usually not soluble in water
Saturated: has maximum number of H bonds, usually solid at room temperature
Unsaturated: at least one double bond, usually liquid
SB1- Relationship Between Structure and Function in Cells
Chemistry in Biology
Proteins
A compound made of small carbon compounds called amino acids
Amino acids are small compounds that are made of carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, hydrogen, and sometimes sulfur.
6.4 The Building Blocks of Life
Chapter 6
SB1- Relationship Between Structure and Function in Cells
Chemistry in Biology
The other three bonds are with an amino group (–NH2), a carboxyl group (–COOH), and a variable group (–R).
6.4 The Building Blocks of Life
Chapter 6
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PROTEINS Made up of C,H,O,N
Made up of groups called amino acids (20 in nature)
proteins have a large variety of sizes & shapes
If the shape changes, it becomes a new protein
Ex: when you boil an egg, the protein changes color, shape
Found in muscles, cell membrane SB1- Relationship Between Structure and
Function in Cells
Chemistry in Biology
Nucleic acids are complex macromolecules that store and transmit genetic information.
Nucleic acids are made of smaller repeating subunits called nucleotides, composed of sugar, phosphate and nitrogen base.
6.4 The Building Blocks of Life
Chapter 6
SB1- Relationship Between Structure and Function in Cells