BiochemistryBiochemistry

Biology

EOC Goal 2

Umm…why are we learning Umm…why are we learning about chemistry in biology?about chemistry in biology?Umm…why are we learning Umm…why are we learning about chemistry in biology?about chemistry in biology?

BECAUSE…..BECAUSE…..BECAUSE…..BECAUSE…..

Every biological process is part of a chemical reaction!

All of the energy we need depends on chemical reactions!

Why are we learning about Why are we learning about Chemistry???Chemistry???

Why are we learning about Why are we learning about Chemistry???Chemistry???

6 elements make up over 90% of your body!

C, H, N, O, P, S

(Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen, Oxygen, Phosphorous, Sulfur)

Basic ChemistryBasic Chemistry

Basic Chemistry REMINDERS…Basic Chemistry REMINDERS…Basic Chemistry REMINDERS…Basic Chemistry REMINDERS…

• Chemical symbols are used to represent each element.– Found on the Periodic Table

Basic Chemistry REMINDERS…Basic Chemistry REMINDERS…Basic Chemistry REMINDERS…Basic Chemistry REMINDERS…

• Compounds are combinations of 2 or more elements.

pH Scale Reminder…pH Scale Reminder…pH Scale Reminder…pH Scale Reminder…

BiochemistryBiochemistry

BiochemistryBiochemistryBiochemistryBiochemistry

• Study of the chemicals necessary for living things.• Also called Organic

Chemistry.–Involves the element

carbon (C)

BiochemistryBiochemistryBiochemistryBiochemistry

• Terms to Know:– Monomer – the smallest unit of a substance• Example: like one Lego block

– Polymer – many monomers linked together to make a large structure; also called macromolecules• Example: Lego blocks put together

to make a Lego house

BiochemistryBiochemistryBiochemistryBiochemistry

• Types of Organic Molecules (Macromolecules)1. Carbohydrates2. Lipids3. Proteins4. Nucleic Acids

CarbohydratesCarbohydrates

CarbohydratesCarbohydratesCarbohydratesCarbohydrates

• Also called sugars and starches• Composed of carbon, hydrogen, and

oxygen in a 1:2:1 ratio (Example: C6H12O6)

• Typically end in –ose (Example: glucose)• Function: to store and release quick

energy (but if not used, these are stored as fat)

CarbohydratesCarbohydratesCarbohydratesCarbohydrates

• One unit of sugar (monomer ) monosaccharide– Example: glucose, fructose

• Two units of sugar Disaccharide– Example: sucrose, lactose

• Many units of sugars (polymer) Polysaccharide

CarbohydratesCarbohydratesCarbohydratesCarbohydrates

• Examples of Polysaccharides–Starch sugars in plants–Glycogen energy storage in

animal muscle –Cellulose found in plant cell

walls; animals can not digest

LipidsLipids

LipidsLipidsLipidsLipids

• Commonly called fats, oils, and waxes• Composed of carbon, hydrogen, and

oxygen in a non-specific ratio (Example: C21H17O43)

• Functions: – Quick energy (twice as much as carbs)– Cell membranes– Insulation– Body padding

LipidsLipidsLipidsLipids

• Monomer glycerol and 3 fatty acids

LipidsLipidsLipidsLipids

• Types of Lipids (Fats)– Saturated – bonds in molecule are

unbendable; tend to clog arteries; typically from animals (fats, butter, lard)

– Unsaturated – some bonds in molecule bend; better, but can still clog arteries; typically from plants (oils)

– Polyunsaturated – many bonds in molecule bend; best type of fat to eat; typically from plants (oils)

ProteinsProteins

ProteinsProteinsProteinsProteins

• Composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen

• Monomer amino acids• Polymer polypeptide

ProteinsProteinsProteinsProteins

• Functions of Proteins– Cell movement – Fibers in bone, tendons, ligaments, and

cartilage– Homeostasis regulation (hormones and

enzymes)– Defense against disease (antibodies)

ProteinsProteinsProteinsProteins

• Enzymes are special proteins that speed up chemical reactions in the body.

More Detail on Enzymes…More Detail on Enzymes…More Detail on Enzymes…More Detail on Enzymes…

• Enzymes are important proteins found in living things

• Definition of an Enzyme: Protein that changes the rate of a chemical reaction. – Speed reactions in food digestion– Activity of an enzyme depends on

temperature, ionic conditions, and pH of the surroundings.

Creating Optimum ConditionsCreating Optimum ConditionsCreating Optimum ConditionsCreating Optimum Conditions

• Determined by:–Temperature–pH–Concentration

of enzyme/substrate/ coenzyme

Nucleic AcidsNucleic Acids

Nucleic AcidsNucleic AcidsNucleic AcidsNucleic Acids

• Made of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur

• Function control genetic information• Monomer nucleic acid• Polymers– DNA deoxyribonucleic acid– RNA ribonucleic acid