Biochemistry

BiologyBiology

I. Basics of Chemistry

A. The AtomA. The Atom1. ______________________________1. ______________________________2. Made of a __________________ 2. Made of a __________________

surrounded by a cloud of negative surrounded by a cloud of negative particles called ____________.particles called ____________.

3. All elements are listed on the 3. All elements are listed on the _____________._____________.Periodic Periodic TableTable

positive positive nucleusnucleus

electronselectrons

Smallest unit of any Smallest unit of any elementelement

I. Basics of Chemistry A. The AtomA. The Atom

4. Elements in the 4. Elements in the body:body:

Oxygen (65%)Oxygen (65%) Carbon (18%)Carbon (18%) Hydrogen (10%)Hydrogen (10%) Nitrogen (3%)Nitrogen (3%) Calcium (1.5%)Calcium (1.5%) Phosphorus (1.0%)Phosphorus (1.0%) Potassium (0.35%)Potassium (0.35%) Sulfur (0.25%)Sulfur (0.25%) Sodium (0.15%)Sodium (0.15%) Magnesium (0.05%)Magnesium (0.05%)

Copper, Zinc, Copper, Zinc, Selenium, Selenium, Molybdenum, Fluorine, Molybdenum, Fluorine, Chlorine, Iodine, Chlorine, Iodine, Manganese, Cobalt, Manganese, Cobalt, Iron (0.70%)Iron (0.70%)

Lithium, Strontium, Lithium, Strontium, Aluminum, Silicon, Aluminum, Silicon, Lead, Vanadium, Lead, Vanadium, Arsenic, Bromine (trace Arsenic, Bromine (trace amounts)amounts)

Reference: H. A. Harper, V. Reference: H. A. Harper, V. W. Rodwell, P. A. Mayes, W. Rodwell, P. A. Mayes, Review of Physiological Review of Physiological Chemistry, 16th ed., Lange Chemistry, 16th ed., Lange Medical Publications, Los Medical Publications, Los Altos, California 1977.Altos, California 1977.

I. Basics of Chemistry

B. MoleculesB. Molecules1. When two or more atoms join 1. When two or more atoms join

together, they form a ___________.together, they form a ___________.2. These are called _______________, 2. These are called _______________,

and are based on interactions and are based on interactions between the _________.between the _________.

3. If a bond joins different elements, 3. If a bond joins different elements, the new substance is a __________.the new substance is a __________.

moleculmoleculeechemical chemical

bondsbondselectroelectronsns

compouncompoundd

I. Basics of Chemistry

C. Types of BondsC. Types of Bonds1. _____________1. _____________

a. Electrons move from one a. Electrons move from one atom to the other.atom to the other.

b. Atoms become positively or b. Atoms become positively or negatively charged; called ____.negatively charged; called ____.

c. Charges attract or repel.c. Charges attract or repel.d. Good for __________________.d. Good for __________________.

Ionic Ionic bondsbonds

ionsions

conducting conducting electricityelectricity

I. Basics of Chemistry

C. Types of BondsC. Types of Bonds2. _______________2. _______________

a. Electrons are shared between a. Electrons are shared between two atoms.two atoms.

b. Atoms must remain togetherb. Atoms must remain togetherc. Bonds are flexiblec. Bonds are flexibled. Good for ________________.d. Good for ________________.

Covalent Covalent bondsbonds

large structureslarge structures

I. Basics of Chemistry

C. Types of BondsC. Types of Bonds3. _______________3. _______________

a. Hydrogen holds electrons weaklya. Hydrogen holds electrons weaklyb. Has a slightly positive charge, b. Has a slightly positive charge, attracted to anything negative.attracted to anything negative.

c. Creates weak bonds that help hold c. Creates weak bonds that help hold structures but can be broken easily.structures but can be broken easily.

d. Examples: _________________d. Examples: _________________

Hydrogen Hydrogen bondsbonds

DNA, hair, DNA, hair, waterwater

I. Basics of Chemistry

D. Molecules and EnergyD. Molecules and Energy1. Energy is stored in the bonds 1. Energy is stored in the bonds

between atoms. Energy is required between atoms. Energy is required to ______________ bonds.to ______________ bonds.

2. The amount of energy varies 2. The amount of energy varies with the type of bond. Some bonds with the type of bond. Some bonds (hydrogen) are easily broken while (hydrogen) are easily broken while others (triple covalent) are very others (triple covalent) are very hard.hard.

make or break

II. Water Chemistry

A. ________ is the most abundant A. ________ is the most abundant chemical in the body.chemical in the body.

B. Water has many characteristics B. Water has many characteristics that make it vital to our bodies.that make it vital to our bodies.1. _____—water is a very small 1. _____—water is a very small

molecule, so it moves fast and can molecule, so it moves fast and can squeeze into tiny crevasses squeeze into tiny crevasses between other molecules.between other molecules.

Water

Size

II. Water Chemistry B. Water has many B. Water has many

characteristics that make characteristics that make it vital to our bodies.it vital to our bodies.2. _________--Hydrogen 2. _________--Hydrogen

has a slightly positive has a slightly positive charge while oxygen charge while oxygen has a slightly negative has a slightly negative charge. This makes it charge. This makes it easy for water to pry easy for water to pry apart other charged apart other charged molecules, dissolving molecules, dissolving them. Called a them. Called a __________________.__________________.

Polarity

Universal Solvent

II. Water Chemistry

B. Water has many characteristics B. Water has many characteristics that make it vital to our bodies.that make it vital to our bodies.3. _______________--Due to polarity, 3. _______________--Due to polarity,

water forms a crystal structure that water forms a crystal structure that is less dense than liquid water. is less dense than liquid water.

Crystal structure

II. Water Chemistry

B. Water has many characteristics B. Water has many characteristics that make it vital to our bodies.that make it vital to our bodies.4. _____________--water absorbs 4. _____________--water absorbs

and releases heat energy slowly, and releases heat energy slowly, and can hold a great deal of heat and can hold a great deal of heat energy. This helps organisms energy. This helps organisms maintain their body temperature in maintain their body temperature in the safe range.the safe range.

Heat capacity

II. Water Chemistry

B. Water has many B. Water has many characteristics that make characteristics that make it vital to our bodies.it vital to our bodies.5. __________________--5. __________________--

Polarity allows water to Polarity allows water to stick to itself (cohesion) stick to itself (cohesion) and to any charged and to any charged material (adhesion). material (adhesion). Water can glue Water can glue materials together.materials together.

Cohesion & Adhesion

II. Water Chemistry

B. Water has many B. Water has many characteristics that characteristics that make it vital to our make it vital to our bodies.bodies.6. _______--Water 6. _______--Water

can act as either an can act as either an acid or a base, acid or a base, maintaining a maintaining a stable pH in our stable pH in our bodies.bodies.

Buffer

III. Macromolecules

A. What are they?A. What are they?1. 1. ____________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________2. Made of smaller pieces called 2. Made of smaller pieces called

__________ that can be assembled __________ that can be assembled like legos to form a variety of like legos to form a variety of structures. A large chain of structures. A large chain of monomers is called a _________.monomers is called a _________.

Very large molecules that Very large molecules that make most of the structure of make most of the structure of the bodythe body

monomers

polymer

III. Macromolecules

B. CarbohydratesB. Carbohydrates1. Monomer: ____________________1. Monomer: ____________________2. Polymer: _____________________2. Polymer: _____________________3. Structure:______________________3. Structure:______________________

________________________________________________________________4. Uses: ___________________4. Uses: ___________________5. Examples: ________________5. Examples: ________________

monosaccharide (sugar)polysaccharide (starch)rings of carbon

with oxygen and hydrogen attached; CH2O energy, plant

structuresucrose, cellullose

Examples of Carbohydrates

III. Macromolecules

C. LipidsC. Lipids1. Monomer: __________1. Monomer: __________2. Polymer: ___________2. Polymer: ___________3. Structure:______________________3. Structure:______________________

________________________________________________________________4. Uses: ________________________4. Uses: ________________________5. Examples: ____________________5. Examples: ____________________

fatty acid

lipid or fat3 long chains of carbon hydrogen on a glycerol

moleculeenergy, structure, warmthfat, oil,

cholesterol

Examples of Lipids

III. Macromolecules

D. ProteinD. Protein1. Monomer: _______________1. Monomer: _______________2. Polymer: _____________________2. Polymer: _____________________3. Structure:______________________3. Structure:______________________

________________________________________________________________4. Uses: ________________________4. Uses: ________________________5. Examples: ____________________5. Examples: ____________________

amino acid (20)protein or

polypeptidecentral carbon atom withhydrogen, amine, carboxyl, & R

groups structure, emergency energyskin, insulin,

enzymes

Examples of Proteins

III. Macromolecules

E. Nucleic AcidsE. Nucleic Acids1. Monomer: _______________1. Monomer: _______________2. Polymer: ___________2. Polymer: ___________3. Structure:______________________3. Structure:______________________

________________________________________________________________4. Uses: ___________________4. Uses: ___________________5. Examples: _______________5. Examples: _______________

nucleotide (5)

nucleic acid5-carbon sugar attached to nitrogen base and phosphate

group stores genetic code

DNA and RNA

Examples of Nucleic Acids

IV. ATP

A. ATP stands for _____________________A. ATP stands for _____________________B. Cells use ATP as a __________________B. Cells use ATP as a __________________C. Made of adenine with ___ phosphatesC. Made of adenine with ___ phosphatesD. Lots of energy is stored in the bond D. Lots of energy is stored in the bond

between _____________________________between _____________________________E. When this bond is broken, E. When this bond is broken,

tremendous energy is released.tremendous energy is released.F. The pieces are then reassembled, F. The pieces are then reassembled,

storing more energy for another use. storing more energy for another use.

adenosine triphosphate

the second and third phosphates

3rechargeable battery

Examples of ATP

V. EnzymesA. Special proteins that A. Special proteins that

speed chemical speed chemical reactionsreactions1. Chemical reactions 1. Chemical reactions

require a certain require a certain _______________ to get _______________ to get started.started.

2. Enzymes decrease 2. Enzymes decrease this energy, making this energy, making reactions occur faster.reactions occur faster.

activation energy

V. Enzymes

B. Lock-and-Key ModelB. Lock-and-Key Model1. Enzymes are not used up by the 1. Enzymes are not used up by the

reaction, but each can only work on reaction, but each can only work on one reaction (________________).one reaction (________________).

2. This is called the lock-and-key 2. This is called the lock-and-key model of enzymes. An enzyme is model of enzymes. An enzyme is like a _____ which can open exactly like a _____ which can open exactly one _____. If you want to “unlock” one _____. If you want to “unlock” another reaction, you need a another reaction, you need a different enzyme.different enzyme.

enzyme specificity

keylock

V. Enzymes

V. Enzymes

C. Factors which affect enzymesC. Factors which affect enzymes1. _____________--enzymes, like all 1. _____________--enzymes, like all

proteins, change shape when proteins, change shape when exposed to heat or cold. Each has exposed to heat or cold. Each has an optimal temperature range.an optimal temperature range.

2. ____--all enzymes have an 2. ____--all enzymes have an optimal range of pH. Example: optimal range of pH. Example: stomachstomach

3. _____________--having more 3. _____________--having more enzymes makes the reaction faster.enzymes makes the reaction faster.

Temperature

pH

Concentration

Images used in this presentation were obtained

from: Atom: PowerPoint clipartAtom: PowerPoint clipart Water molecule and Water attraction: Water molecule and Water attraction:

stainsfile.info/StainsFile/jindex.htmlstainsfile.info/StainsFile/jindex.html Bohr water molecule: ghs.gresham.k12.or.usBohr water molecule: ghs.gresham.k12.or.us Spoon on nose: statweb.calpoly.eduSpoon on nose: statweb.calpoly.edu pH scale: bcn.boulder.co.uspH scale: bcn.boulder.co.us Glucose and Cellulose: Glucose and Cellulose:

www.greenspirit.org.ukwww.greenspirit.org.uk Sucrose: encarta.msn.comSucrose: encarta.msn.com

Images, continued Saturated and unsaturated fatty acids, cis Saturated and unsaturated fatty acids, cis

and trans fat, and lipid molecule: and trans fat, and lipid molecule: biology.clc.uc.edubiology.clc.uc.edu

Generic Amino acid: ffden-2.phys.uaf.eduGeneric Amino acid: ffden-2.phys.uaf.edu Peptide bond: www.rothamsted.bbsrc.ac.ukPeptide bond: www.rothamsted.bbsrc.ac.uk Nucleotide: faculty.uca.eduNucleotide: faculty.uca.edu DNA helix: www.biologycorner.comDNA helix: www.biologycorner.com ATP: textbookofbacteriology.netATP: textbookofbacteriology.net Activation energy: faculty.clintocc.suny.eduActivation energy: faculty.clintocc.suny.edu Enzyme lock-and-key: www.celltech.comEnzyme lock-and-key: www.celltech.com