biochemistry ch. 6 biology a. the atoms, elements and molecules chapter 6
DESCRIPTION
3 Atomic Structure All matter is composed of atoms. Atoms are the building blocks of matter.TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Biochemistry Ch. 6 Biology A. The Atoms, Elements and Molecules Chapter 6](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022012914/5a4d1acd7f8b9ab05996ffc9/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
BiochemistryCh. 6
Biology A
![Page 2: Biochemistry Ch. 6 Biology A. The Atoms, Elements and Molecules Chapter 6](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022012914/5a4d1acd7f8b9ab05996ffc9/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
The Atoms, Elements and Molecules
Chapter 6
![Page 3: Biochemistry Ch. 6 Biology A. The Atoms, Elements and Molecules Chapter 6](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022012914/5a4d1acd7f8b9ab05996ffc9/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
3
Atomic Structure
All matter is composed of atoms.
Atoms are the building blocks of matter.
![Page 4: Biochemistry Ch. 6 Biology A. The Atoms, Elements and Molecules Chapter 6](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022012914/5a4d1acd7f8b9ab05996ffc9/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
4
Atomic Structure
Atoms are composed of-protons – positively charged particles-neutrons – neutral particles-electrons – negatively charged particles
Protons and neutrons are located in the nucleus. Electrons are found in orbitals surrounding the nucleus.
![Page 5: Biochemistry Ch. 6 Biology A. The Atoms, Elements and Molecules Chapter 6](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022012914/5a4d1acd7f8b9ab05996ffc9/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
5
Atomic Structure
![Page 6: Biochemistry Ch. 6 Biology A. The Atoms, Elements and Molecules Chapter 6](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022012914/5a4d1acd7f8b9ab05996ffc9/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
6
Atomic Structure
Every different atom has a characteristic number of protons in the nucleus.
atomic number = number of protons Valence electrons are the electrons in the
outermost energy level of an atom.These electrons are what allow atoms to join to
make molecules and compounds.
![Page 7: Biochemistry Ch. 6 Biology A. The Atoms, Elements and Molecules Chapter 6](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022012914/5a4d1acd7f8b9ab05996ffc9/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
7
Atomic Structure
Each proton and neutron has a mass of approximately 1 dalton.
The sum of protons and neutrons is the atom’s atomic mass.
Isotopes – atoms of the same element that have different atomic mass numbers due to different numbers of neutrons.
![Page 8: Biochemistry Ch. 6 Biology A. The Atoms, Elements and Molecules Chapter 6](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022012914/5a4d1acd7f8b9ab05996ffc9/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
8
Atomic Structure
![Page 9: Biochemistry Ch. 6 Biology A. The Atoms, Elements and Molecules Chapter 6](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022012914/5a4d1acd7f8b9ab05996ffc9/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
9
Elements
Atoms with the same atomic number have the same chemical properties and belong to the same element.
Elements are made up of the same type of atoms.
An element’s chemical properties depend on interactions between valence electrons of different atoms.
![Page 10: Biochemistry Ch. 6 Biology A. The Atoms, Elements and Molecules Chapter 6](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022012914/5a4d1acd7f8b9ab05996ffc9/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
10
Elements
The Periodic Table arranges all elements according to their atomic number.
The table identifies elements with similar chemical properties.
There are 92 Naturally occurring Elements.
![Page 11: Biochemistry Ch. 6 Biology A. The Atoms, Elements and Molecules Chapter 6](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022012914/5a4d1acd7f8b9ab05996ffc9/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
11
Periodic Table of the Elements
![Page 12: Biochemistry Ch. 6 Biology A. The Atoms, Elements and Molecules Chapter 6](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022012914/5a4d1acd7f8b9ab05996ffc9/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
12
Elements
Of the 92 naturally occurring elements.
Only 12 elements are found in living organisms in substantial amounts.
Four elements make up 96.3% of human body weight:- carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen
![Page 13: Biochemistry Ch. 6 Biology A. The Atoms, Elements and Molecules Chapter 6](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022012914/5a4d1acd7f8b9ab05996ffc9/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
13
Chemical Bonds
Molecules are groups of atoms held together in a stable association.
Compounds are molecules containing more than one type of element.
Atoms are held together in molecules or compounds by chemical bonds.
![Page 14: Biochemistry Ch. 6 Biology A. The Atoms, Elements and Molecules Chapter 6](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022012914/5a4d1acd7f8b9ab05996ffc9/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
14
Chemical Bonds
Ionic bonds are formed by the attraction of oppositely charged ions.
![Page 15: Biochemistry Ch. 6 Biology A. The Atoms, Elements and Molecules Chapter 6](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022012914/5a4d1acd7f8b9ab05996ffc9/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
15
Chemical Bonds
Covalent bonds form when atoms share 2 or more valence electrons.
Covalent bond strength depends on the number of electron pairs shared by the atoms.
single bond
doublebond
triplebond< <
![Page 16: Biochemistry Ch. 6 Biology A. The Atoms, Elements and Molecules Chapter 6](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022012914/5a4d1acd7f8b9ab05996ffc9/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
16
Chemical Bonds
![Page 17: Biochemistry Ch. 6 Biology A. The Atoms, Elements and Molecules Chapter 6](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022012914/5a4d1acd7f8b9ab05996ffc9/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
17
Chemical Bonds
Electronegativity is an atom’s affinity for electrons.Van der Waals Forces
Differences in electronegativity dictate how electrons are distributed in covalent bonds.
- nonpolar covalent bonds = equal sharing of electrons
- polar covalent bonds = unequal sharing of electrons
![Page 18: Biochemistry Ch. 6 Biology A. The Atoms, Elements and Molecules Chapter 6](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022012914/5a4d1acd7f8b9ab05996ffc9/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
18
Chemical BondsCh 6.2
Chemical reactions involve the formation or breaking of chemical bonds.
Whether a chemical reaction occurs is influenced by-temperature-concentration of reactants and products-availability of a catalyst (see energy reactions)
![Page 19: Biochemistry Ch. 6 Biology A. The Atoms, Elements and Molecules Chapter 6](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022012914/5a4d1acd7f8b9ab05996ffc9/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
19
Chemical Bonds
Chemical reactions are written with the reactants first, followed by the products.
6H2O + 6CO2 C6H12O6 + 6O2
reactants products
Chemical reactions are often reversible.C6H12O6 + 6O2 6H2O + 6CO2
![Page 20: Biochemistry Ch. 6 Biology A. The Atoms, Elements and Molecules Chapter 6](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022012914/5a4d1acd7f8b9ab05996ffc9/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Energy Of Reactions
• Activation Energy: The minimum amount of energy needed to start a reaction.
![Page 21: Biochemistry Ch. 6 Biology A. The Atoms, Elements and Molecules Chapter 6](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022012914/5a4d1acd7f8b9ab05996ffc9/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Energy of Reactions
![Page 22: Biochemistry Ch. 6 Biology A. The Atoms, Elements and Molecules Chapter 6](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022012914/5a4d1acd7f8b9ab05996ffc9/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Energy of Reactions
• Catalyst is a substance that lowers the activation energy needed to run a reaction.
• Catalysts speed up the reaction, sometimes by a thousand times, but do not change the outcome of the reaction and do not become part of the reaction.
• The Catalyst is not used up It may be reused.• The amount of product stays the same.• The amount of reactant stays the same.
![Page 23: Biochemistry Ch. 6 Biology A. The Atoms, Elements and Molecules Chapter 6](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022012914/5a4d1acd7f8b9ab05996ffc9/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Energy of Reactions
• Enzymes: Special Proteins that function as Biological catalysts.
• Most enzymes are specific to one reaction. • Amylase and digestion. Found in saliva.• Helps breakdown the digestion of amylose a
component of starch.
![Page 24: Biochemistry Ch. 6 Biology A. The Atoms, Elements and Molecules Chapter 6](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022012914/5a4d1acd7f8b9ab05996ffc9/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
![Page 25: Biochemistry Ch. 6 Biology A. The Atoms, Elements and Molecules Chapter 6](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022012914/5a4d1acd7f8b9ab05996ffc9/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
25
Water Chemistry
All living organisms are dependent on water.
The structure of water is the basis for its unique properties.
The most important property of water is the ability to form hydrogen bonds.
![Page 26: Biochemistry Ch. 6 Biology A. The Atoms, Elements and Molecules Chapter 6](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022012914/5a4d1acd7f8b9ab05996ffc9/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
26
Water Chemistry
Within a water molecule, the bonds between oxygen and hydrogen are highly polar.
Partial electrical charges develop:- oxygen is partially negative- hydrogen is partially positive
![Page 27: Biochemistry Ch. 6 Biology A. The Atoms, Elements and Molecules Chapter 6](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022012914/5a4d1acd7f8b9ab05996ffc9/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
27
Water Chemistry
![Page 28: Biochemistry Ch. 6 Biology A. The Atoms, Elements and Molecules Chapter 6](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022012914/5a4d1acd7f8b9ab05996ffc9/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
28
Water Chemistry
![Page 29: Biochemistry Ch. 6 Biology A. The Atoms, Elements and Molecules Chapter 6](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022012914/5a4d1acd7f8b9ab05996ffc9/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
29
Properties of Water
1. Solid water is less dense than liquid water.- Bodies of water freeze from the top down.
2. Water is a good solvent.- Water dissolves polar molecules and ions.
![Page 30: Biochemistry Ch. 6 Biology A. The Atoms, Elements and Molecules Chapter 6](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022012914/5a4d1acd7f8b9ab05996ffc9/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
30
Properties of Water
3. Water organizes nonpolar molecules.- hydrophilic: “water-loving”-hydrophobic: “water-fearing”- Water causes hydrophobic molecules to aggregate or assume specific shapes.
4. Water can form ions. H2O OH-1 + H+1
hydroxide ion hydrogen ion
![Page 31: Biochemistry Ch. 6 Biology A. The Atoms, Elements and Molecules Chapter 6](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022012914/5a4d1acd7f8b9ab05996ffc9/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
31
Acids and Bases
Hydrogen ion (H+1) is the basis of the pH scale.
Greater H+1 concentration --- lower pH (acidic)
Lower H+1 concentration --- higher pH (basic)
![Page 32: Biochemistry Ch. 6 Biology A. The Atoms, Elements and Molecules Chapter 6](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022012914/5a4d1acd7f8b9ab05996ffc9/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
32
Acids and Bases
![Page 33: Biochemistry Ch. 6 Biology A. The Atoms, Elements and Molecules Chapter 6](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022012914/5a4d1acd7f8b9ab05996ffc9/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
33
Acids and Bases
Acid: a chemical that releases H+1 ions.
Base: a chemical that accepts H+1 ions.
Buffer: a chemical that accepts/releases H+1 as necessary to keep pH constant
![Page 34: Biochemistry Ch. 6 Biology A. The Atoms, Elements and Molecules Chapter 6](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022012914/5a4d1acd7f8b9ab05996ffc9/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
34
Carbohydrates
Molecules with a 1:2:1 ratio of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen-empirical formula: (CH2O)n
-examples: sugars, starch, glucose
C – H covalent bonds hold much energyCarbohydrates are good energy storage
molecules.
![Page 35: Biochemistry Ch. 6 Biology A. The Atoms, Elements and Molecules Chapter 6](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022012914/5a4d1acd7f8b9ab05996ffc9/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
35
Carbohydrates
Glucose-a monosaccharide – single sugar-contains 6 carbons -very important in energy storage-fructose is a structural isomer of glucose-galactose is a stereoisomer of glucose
![Page 36: Biochemistry Ch. 6 Biology A. The Atoms, Elements and Molecules Chapter 6](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022012914/5a4d1acd7f8b9ab05996ffc9/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
36
Carbohydrates
![Page 37: Biochemistry Ch. 6 Biology A. The Atoms, Elements and Molecules Chapter 6](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022012914/5a4d1acd7f8b9ab05996ffc9/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
37
Carbohydrates
Disaccharides-2 monosaccharides linked together by dehydration synthesis-used for sugar transport or energy storage-examples: sucrose, lactose, maltose
![Page 38: Biochemistry Ch. 6 Biology A. The Atoms, Elements and Molecules Chapter 6](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022012914/5a4d1acd7f8b9ab05996ffc9/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
38
Carbohydrates
Polysaccharides-long chains of sugars-used for energy storage-plants use starch; animals use glycogen-used for structural support-plants use cellulose; animals use chitin
![Page 39: Biochemistry Ch. 6 Biology A. The Atoms, Elements and Molecules Chapter 6](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022012914/5a4d1acd7f8b9ab05996ffc9/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
39
Lipids
Lipids are a group of molecules that are insoluble in water.
A high proportion of nonpolar C – H bonds causes the molecule to be hydrophobic.
Two main categories:-fats (triglycerides)-phospholipids
![Page 40: Biochemistry Ch. 6 Biology A. The Atoms, Elements and Molecules Chapter 6](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022012914/5a4d1acd7f8b9ab05996ffc9/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
40
Lipids
Triglycerides (fats)-composed of 1 glycerol + 3 fatty acids
Fatty acids are long hydrocarbon chains which may be-saturated -unsaturated -polyunsaturated
![Page 41: Biochemistry Ch. 6 Biology A. The Atoms, Elements and Molecules Chapter 6](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022012914/5a4d1acd7f8b9ab05996ffc9/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
41
Lipids
Triglycerides-an excellent molecule for energy storage-store twice as much energy as carbohydrates-animal fats are usually saturated fats and are
solid at room temperature-plant fats (oils) are usually unsaturated and are
liquid at room temperature
![Page 42: Biochemistry Ch. 6 Biology A. The Atoms, Elements and Molecules Chapter 6](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022012914/5a4d1acd7f8b9ab05996ffc9/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
42
Lipids
Phospholipids -composed of:-1 glycerol-2 fatty acids-a phosphate group
Phospholipids contain polar “heads” and nonpolar “tails”.
![Page 43: Biochemistry Ch. 6 Biology A. The Atoms, Elements and Molecules Chapter 6](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022012914/5a4d1acd7f8b9ab05996ffc9/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
43
Lipids
![Page 44: Biochemistry Ch. 6 Biology A. The Atoms, Elements and Molecules Chapter 6](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022012914/5a4d1acd7f8b9ab05996ffc9/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
44
Lipids
Phospholipids spontaneously form micelles or lipid bilayers.
These structures cluster the hydrophobic regions of the phospholipid toward the inside and leave the hydrophilic regions exposed to the water environment.
Lipid bilayers are the basis of biological membranes.
![Page 45: Biochemistry Ch. 6 Biology A. The Atoms, Elements and Molecules Chapter 6](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022012914/5a4d1acd7f8b9ab05996ffc9/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
45
Lipids
![Page 46: Biochemistry Ch. 6 Biology A. The Atoms, Elements and Molecules Chapter 6](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022012914/5a4d1acd7f8b9ab05996ffc9/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
46
Proteins
Proteins are polymers of amino acids.
Amino acids-20 different amino acids-joined by dehydration synthesis-peptide bonds form between adjacent amino acids
![Page 47: Biochemistry Ch. 6 Biology A. The Atoms, Elements and Molecules Chapter 6](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022012914/5a4d1acd7f8b9ab05996ffc9/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
47
Proteins
Protein functions include:1. enzyme catalysts2. defense3. transport4. support5. motion6. regulation7. storage
![Page 48: Biochemistry Ch. 6 Biology A. The Atoms, Elements and Molecules Chapter 6](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022012914/5a4d1acd7f8b9ab05996ffc9/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
48
Proteins
![Page 49: Biochemistry Ch. 6 Biology A. The Atoms, Elements and Molecules Chapter 6](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022012914/5a4d1acd7f8b9ab05996ffc9/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
49
Nucleic Acids
Two types: DNA and RNA
Functions: specialized for the storage, transmission, and use of genetic information
![Page 50: Biochemistry Ch. 6 Biology A. The Atoms, Elements and Molecules Chapter 6](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022012914/5a4d1acd7f8b9ab05996ffc9/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
50
Nucleic Acids
![Page 51: Biochemistry Ch. 6 Biology A. The Atoms, Elements and Molecules Chapter 6](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022012914/5a4d1acd7f8b9ab05996ffc9/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
51
Nucleic Acids
Nucleic acids are polymers of nucleotides.-nucleotides: sugar + phosphate + nitrogenous base-sugar is deoxyribose in DNA
or ribose in RNA-Nitrogenous bases include
-purines: adenine and guanine-pyrimidines: thymine, cytosine, uracil
![Page 52: Biochemistry Ch. 6 Biology A. The Atoms, Elements and Molecules Chapter 6](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022012914/5a4d1acd7f8b9ab05996ffc9/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
52
Nucleic Acids
![Page 53: Biochemistry Ch. 6 Biology A. The Atoms, Elements and Molecules Chapter 6](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022012914/5a4d1acd7f8b9ab05996ffc9/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
53
Nucleic Acids
Other nucleotides-ATP: adenosine triphosphate
-primary energy currency of the cell