biochemistry ch.2-3 & 3. (2-3) water structure o is -, while the h’s are + –uneven...
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Biochemistry
Ch.2-3 & 3
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(2-3) Water Structure
• O is -, while the H’s are +– Uneven distribution of charge
O
H H
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Polar vs. Nonpolar
• Polar: 1 end is + & other is –– “Like dissolves like”– Charges help break apart other cmpds
• Nonpolar: even distribution of charge
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Hydrogen Bond
• Weak force of attraction b/w a H atom in 1 molecule & a negatively charged atom in a 2nd molecule
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Properties of Water
• Cohesion: attractive force b/w like particles– Ex: water attracts to itself & forms “skin”
• Adhesion: attractive force b/w unlike substances– Ex: water clinging to edges of a glass
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Capillarity
• Rxn of a liquid surface w/ a solid– Combine adhesion & cohesion
• Allows water to creep up the interior of a narrow vessel– Ex: water flows up a flower’s
stem
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Temp. Moderation
• Water must gain or lose a large amt. of E for its temp. to change
• Helps cells maintain homeostasis
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(3-1) Carbon Compounds
• Organic cmpds: contain C atoms bonded to other elements such as H, O, & N
• Functional groups: influence properties of a molecule– Ex: -NH2 for amino acids
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Building Blocks
• Molecules are made up of smaller parts called monomers
• 2 = dimer
• 3 or more = polymer
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Making a Macromolecule
• Condensation rxn: formation of larger molecules by removing a H+ from 1 monomer & a OH- from the other monomer
• H+ & OH- combine to form H2O
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Breaking a Macromolecule
• Hydrolysis rxn: the use of water to break polymers back into monomers– Reverse of condensation rxn
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E Currency
• Life requires a constant supply of E
• ATP (adenosine triphosphate)– Releases E when broken down
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(3-2) Molecules of Life
• Carbohydrates - monosaccharides
• Proteins – amino acids
• Lipids – fatty acids
• Nucleic Acids - nucleotides
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Nutrition Facts
• Lipids
• Sugars
• Amino acids
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1. Carbohydrates
• Monosaccharide = monomer– Glucose
• Disaccharide = 2 monomers– Table sugar
• Polysaccharide = 3+ monomers– Starch, cellulose, glycogen
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2. Protein
• Amino Acid = monomer– 20 different types
• Peptide bond holds amino acids together
• Dipeptide & Polypeptide = chains of amino acids
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Most Diverse Group of Molecules
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Enzymes
• Most are proteins– ase ending
• Protease (digests proteins)
• Catalysts– Speed up rxns by reducing activation E
(essential for cell function)
• Reduce efficiency if change in T or pH– Active site changes shape (lock & key)
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pH
• Acids: inc. the H+ conc. • Bases: inc. the OH- conc. • pH = -log[H+]
– As [H+] inc., pH dec. (10 fold)
• pH scale: 1-14– Acidic = <7– Neutral = 7– Basic = >7
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3. Lipids
• Fatty acids = monomer– Hydrophilic (water loving): polar head– Hydrophobic (water fearing): nonpolar tail
• Store the most E
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Complex Lipids
• Fats: triglycerides– Saturated – bad– Unsaturated – good
• Phospholipids: cell barrier– Waxes: protective covering
• Steroids: cholesterol, hormones
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4. Nucleic Acids
• Nucleotide = monomer
• Store impt. info in the cell & make proteins– DNA & RNA