biochemistry notes biochemistry bios-__________ chemistry-____________________...
TRANSCRIPT
Biochemistry Notes
Biochemistry
•bios-__________
•chemistry-____________________ ______________________________
History•Aristotle… the philosopher
•conclusion ____________________
•all things composed of four elements:
○ _______ ○_______
○ _______ ○ _______
Matter
•anything that has _____ and takes up _____…
•mass vs. weight
•four forms of matter
○ _______ ○ _______
○ _______ ○ _______
TYPE OF MATTER
SPACE BETWEEN
PARTICLES
AMOUNT OF MOVEMENT
TAKES SHAPE OF
CONTAINER
FILLS CONTAINER
LIQUID
SOLID
GAS
PLASMA
Atoms- ________________________ ____________________________…
Elements- ______________________ ____________________________…
Atomic Number- the number of ________________________________
○” _____________________”
○atomic number = ___
Atomic Mass- the mass of an atom…_________________________ …why?
○atomic mass = ______________
Atomic Charge- the charge of the atom __________________________…
○charge =_____________________ ……………………………………………….
If you change the number of :
1. protons you will get a(n)…???
2. neutrons you will get a(n)…???
3. electrons you will get a(n)…???
ION -_____________________
-gains e- = _______ charge
-loses e- = _______ charge
-the number of electrons lost or gained
is the type and quantity of charge
ex. lose 2 electrons = ___ charge
gain 3 electrons = ___ charge
biological uses
-_____________________
-_________________________________
ISOTOPE – a form of an atom with a different number of _______…different ______ and same “______________”
biological uses-______________-_____________________-C14 dating…__________________________…
-based on ______________- C14 decays (changes to something
else) at a regular rate…it loses half its mass every ______________
Amount of C14 Time (years)
10.0 g 0 (today)
5.0 g _______
2.5 g _______
1.25 g _______
.625 g _______
MOLECULE-___________________________________…ex. H2O, CO2, C6H12O6, Cl2, O2
COMPOUND-__________________________________…ex. H2O, CO2, C6H12O6
PHYSICAL CHANGE -___________________________ __________________________________________…
ex. -______________-______________-______________
CHEMICAL CHANGE -__________________________ __________________________________________…
ex. -_____________________-_____________________
ENERGY-_____________________________________…ex. light, sound, electricity
POTENTIAL ENERGY -_________________________…ex. -rock on a hill
-food that is eaten
KINETIC ENERGY -____________________________….ex -rock rolling down a hill
-jumping
ACTIVATION ENERGY -_________________________ ___________________________________…
ex. -pushing a rock down the hill-digesting food
What can we do to reduce the amount of activation energy needed? Why is this important to cells?
CHEMICAL REACTIONS -a summary what takes place during a chemical change of matter…the materials to the left of the arrow are the ___________ and the materials to the right of the arrow are the ___________
ex. __CO2+ __H2O → __C6H12O6+__O2
-the little numbers equal…______________-the big numbers equal…______________
1-What are the elements in the reactants?-______________ -______________ -______________2-What are the elements in the products?-______________ -______________ -______________3-How many atoms of each element are found in the
reactants?-______________ -______________ -______________4- How many atoms of each element are found in the
products?-______________ -______________ -______________
5-Is it balanced? ________
CHEMICAL BONDS -_______________ ________________________________…
IONIC BOND -_____________________…
formed by a giving and taking of _______…
ex. Na+1 with Cl-1 produces NaCl
each line represents a covalent bond… or where a pair of electrons is being shared between the
atoms…
COVALENT BOND -a bond between atoms where the ________________…in other words, the electrons travel around both atoms in the outer energy levels of each…ex.
H
H C H
H
HYDROGEN BOND
-a very weak bond between a hydrogen atom (which is already in a molecule…slightly positive and another atom (also already in another molecule…slightly negative)…an individual bond is very weak but many of them are very stable…
ex. DNA, RNA
ELEMENTS IN A COMPOUND• most elements will combine with other elements
except…________________________
• each element has a characteristic combining ability depending upon …________________________
• a compound exhibits different qualities than the elements that make up the compound…
ex. -Na and Cl in NaCl-C, H, and O in C6H12O6
MIXTURES- ____________________________ _____________________________________…
• their formation is a _____ change…
The qualities of a mixture are:• substances are associated _________________
______________________________________• substances may be separated by ________
________…ex…. ________________• proportions of the ingredients are ________…• the mixture ____________________________
_____________________________________…
SOLUTIONS, SUSPENSIONS and COLLOIDS
a solution is a ________________ mixture…• the dissolving medium is the ________...• the dissolved substance is the ________...
ex. sugar and water… Which is which??
a suspension is a solution in which the particles of the solute are large enough to be seen with the microscope…these particles will… ________________
a colloid is a special example of mixture somewhere between a suspension and solution…without any change in solvent content the colloid will change states of matter…
ex. jello, egg white, cell…
INORGANIC MOLECULES VS.
ORGANIC MOLECULES
• the biologist’s definition…________________
• the chemist’s definition…________________
WHICH IS CORRECT? WHY?
______________________________________
MONOMERS VS. POLYMERS…
MONOMER…is a small molecule that may become chemically bonded to other monomers to form a polymer
ex. ____________, ____________
POLYMER…a complex molecule composed of repeating molecules (monomers) that are connected by covalent bonds
ex. ____________, ____________
CARBOHYDRATES
• …________________
• …____ : ____ : ____…(CXH2XOX)
• …produced by _______ during _______
• …___ calories per gram (no matter the type)
• …should be 55-60% of your daily calories
Sugars
Monosaccharides -single 5C or 6C ringEx. -________ -_______ -________
Disaccharides -double ring of C Ex. -________ -_______ -________
Starches or polysaccharides -many sugars linked together
Ex. -________ -_______ -________ -________ -_______, etc.
LIPIDS• __________ and ____________________
• composed of __, __, and __ (ratio of H:O is greater than __________)
• lipids contain _______ than carbohydrates
• Contains ___ calories per gram
• saturated vs. unsaturated
A. Fats– __________ at room temperature– __________+ __________ (by __________
__________)– digested by __________– Examples…__________, __________
B. Oils– __________ at room temperature– Examples…__________, __________
C. Waxes– __________ at room temperature– Examples…__________, __________
D. Phospholipids -make up _________________E. Steroids -cholesterol, hormones
PROTEINS• ____________________of living material• used for growth, maintenance, repair• control chemical reactions (__________)• contain __, __, __, __• __ calories per gram• composed of _________________ (only
20 types but there are proteins …???)• amino acids joined together by peptide
bonds to form peptides …polypeptides…
Types of Proteins
•enzymes-control chemical reactions
•transport-in RBC…cell membranes
•structural-tendons, hair, horns, etc
•storage-store AA…egg white, milk
•hormonal-coordinate body activities
•receptors-detect chemical signals
•contractile-muscles, cilia, flagella
•defensive-antibodies
NUCLEIC ACIDS•most complex biological molecule•control _________________ controls life•__________ in all species•________ and ________ code that directs
all cells•DNA is __________ in each generation•RNA reads DNA and controls the synthesis of proteins