biochemistry of hormones 2. particular endocrinologygsmu.by/file/kafedra...
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GOMEL STATE MEDICAL UNIVERSITY
DEPARTMENT OF GENERAL, BIOORGANIC, AND BIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY
Biochemistry of hormones – 2.
Particular endocrinology Studying material for students’ self-education during the quarantine.
M.V. Gromyko
Translated by A.N. Koval, M.Ye. Mazanik
Gomel, 2020
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Hormones are considered according to the following plan:
1. Classification;
2. Hierarchy;
3. Synthesis, secretion, transport and catabolism;
4. Receptor and its effect(s);
5. Hyper/hypofunction.
TSH, Т3, Т4
1. Classification
Task 1 – Describe hormones, filling out the table 1.
Table 1 –TSH, Т3, Т4 classification
Hormone TSH Т3, Т4
1 By chemical nature
2 Solubility
3 By receptor localization
4 By biological functions
5 At the place of synthesis
6 By the mechanism of signal
transmission inside the cell
7 By signal stimulating hormone
secretion
2. Hierarchy
Task 2 – Complete the following tasks:
A) Sign hormones A, B, C in Figure 1;
B) Indicate the endocrine gland;
C) Indicate the forward and feedback positive and negative relationships.
Figure 1 - Hierarchy of TSH, T3, T4
3. Synthesis and secretion of TSH, T3, T4
Task 3 – Describe the synthesis and secretion of TSH as an example of protein hormones:
explain the concepts of "preprohormone", "prohormone", "leader (signal) sequence of amino
acids."
Task 4 – Describe the synthesis and secretion of T3 and T4 according to the scheme in Fig. 2.
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Figure 2 - Synthesis of TSH
Task 5 – Write the chemical reaction of the synthesis of T3 and T4, according to the scheme
of Figure 3.
Figure 3 - Synthesis of T3 and T4
4. Receptor and its effect(s)
Task 6 - Redraw the figure 5 and complete the following tasks:
A) Indicate the type of receptor for TSH;
B) Explain the regulation mechanism;
C) Indicate the effects.
Figure 5 - TSH receptor
Task 7 – Redraw the figure 6 and complete the following tasks:
A) Indicate the type of receptor for T3 and T4;
B) Indicate the stages (A-E) of the interaction of T3 and T4 with the receptor;
C) Indicate the effects of T3, T4.
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Figure 6 - T3, T4 receptor
Task 8 – Redraw the figure 7 and complete the following tasks:
A) Complete the drawing scheme (A, B, C and D);
B) Explain the role of TSH in the mechanism of blood glucose level regulation.
Figure 7 - Constant mechanism of blood glucose level regulation
3. Hyper/hypofunction
Task 9 – Complete the table 2
Table 2 –Clinical manifestations of hypo- and hyperfunction of the thyroid gland
Hypofunction Hyperfunction
Disease name
Cause
Clinical manifestations
ACTH, cortisol
1. Classification
Task 1 – Describe hormones, filling out the table 3.
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Table 3 – ACTH and cortisol classification
Hormone ACTH Cortisol
1 By chemical nature
2 Solubility
3 By receptor localization
4 By biological functions
5 At the place of synthesis
6 By the mechanism of signal
transmission inside the cell
7 By signal stimulating hormone
secretion
2. Hierarchy
Task 2 – Complete the following tasks:
A) Sign hormones A, B, C in Figure 1;
B) Indicate the endocrine gland;
C) Indicate the forward and feedback positive and negative relationships, explain the
regulation mechanism.
Figure 1 - Hierarchy of ACTH and cortisol
3. Synthesis and secretion
Task 3 - Describe the synthesis and secretion of ACTH as a representative of protein
hormones: explain the concepts of “preprohormone”, “prohormone”, “leader (signal) amino
acid sequence”.
Task 4 - Redraw the figure 2 and explain the mechanism of cortisol synthesis.
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Figure 2 - Scheme of the cortisol synthesis Task 5 - Redraw the figure 3 and name the enzymes of reactions B, indicate their classes.
Figure 3 - Synthesis of cortisol
4. Receptor and its effect(s)
Task 6 - Redraw the figure 4 and complete the following tasks:
A) Indicate the type of receptor for ACTH;
B) Explain the regulation mechanism;
C) Indicate the effects of ACTH.
Figure 4 - ACTH receptor
Task 7 - Redraw the figure 5 and complete the following tasks:
A) Indicate the type of receptor for cortisol;
B) Indicate the stages (A-E) of the interaction of cortisol with the receptor;
B) Indicate the effects of cortisol.
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Figure 5 - Cortisol Receptor
Task 8 - Redraw the figure 6 and complete the following tasks:
A) Complete the drawing scheme (A, B, C and D);
B) Explain the role of ACTH in the mechanism of regulation of blood glucose.
Figure 6 - Constant mechanism of blood glucose level regulation
Task 9 - Redraw the figure 7 and insert the following words or phrases instead of numbers:
amenorrhea, increased blood pressure, atherosclerosis, decreased potency, thrombosis,
diabetes, decreased immunity.
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Figure 7 - Effects of cortisol
5. Hyper and hypofunction
Task 10 – Complete the table 4
Table 4 - Clinical manifestations of hypo- and hyperfunction of the adrenal cortex.
Hypofunction Hyperfunction
Disease name
Cause
Clinical manifestations
ACTH, aldosterone
1. Classification
Task 1 – Describe hormones by filling out table 5.
Table 5 – ACTH and aldosterone classification
Hormone ACTH Aldosterone
1 By chemical nature
2 In terms of solubility
3 By localizing the receptor
4 By biological function
5 At the synthesis site
6 By the mechanism of signal
transmission inside the cell
7 On a signal that stimulates hormone
secretion...
2. Hierarchy Task 2 – Complete the following tasks:
A) Sign hormones A, B, C in Figure 1;
B) Indicate the endocrine gland;
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C) Indicate the forward and feedback positive and negative relationships, explain the
regulation mechanism.
Figure 1 - Hierarchy
3. Synthesis and secretion
Task 3 – Describe the synthesis and secretion of ACTH as a representative of protein
hormones: explain the concepts of “preprohormone”, “prohormone”, “leader (signal)
amino acid sequence”.
Task 4 – Redraw the figure 2 and explain the mechanism of aldosterone synthesis.
Figure 2 – Scheme of the aldosterone synthesis
Task 5 – Redraw the figure 3 and name the enzymes of reactions B, indicate their classes.
Figure 3 - Synthesis of aldosterone
Task 6 – Explain the participation of several factors (K+ and Na+ ions, angiotensin-
aldosterone system, ACTH) in the mechanisms of regulation of aldosterone excretion.
4. Receptor and its effect (s)
Task 7 – Redraw the figure 4 and complete the following tasks:
A) Indicate the type of receptor for ACTH;
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B) Explain the regulation mechanism;
C) Indicate the effects of ACTH.
Figure 4 – ACTH receptor
Task 8 – Redraw the figure 5 and complete the following tasks:
A) Sign in the figure the parts of the nephron, indicated by the numbers 1-4;
B) Write in the diagram the effects of angiotensin II, indicated by the letters A-D (narrowing,
thirst, production of aldosterone, sodium reabsorption);
C) Explain the diagram of the figure 5.
Figure 5– Renin-angiotensin system
Task 9 – Redraw the figure 6 and complete the following tasks:
A) Indicate the type of receptor for aldosterone;
B) Indicate the stages (A-E) of the interaction of aldosterone with the receptor;
B) Indicate the effects of aldosterone.
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Figure 6 – Aldosterone receptor
Task 10 – Redraw the figure 7 and complete the following tasks: A) Sign in the figure ____________________, indicated by the letters A-C; B) Explain the mechanism of Na+ reabsorption.
Figure 7 – Na+ reabsorption
5. Hyper/hypofunction Task 11 – Fill in the table 6. Table 6 – Clinical manifestations of hypo- and hyperfunction of the adrenal cortex.
Hypofunction Hyperfunction
Disease name
Cause
Clinical manifestations
STH (GH)
1. Classification Task 1 – Describe the hormone by filling out the table 7. Table 7 – STH classification
Hormone STH
1 By chemical nature
2 Solubility
3 By receptor localization
4 By biological functions
5 At the place of synthesis
6 By the mechanism of signal transmission inside the cell
7 By signal stimulating hormone secretion
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2. Hierarchy Task 2 – Complete the following tasks:
A) Sign hormones A, B, C in Figure 1;
B) Explain the role of insulin-like growth factors (IGF 1 and IGF 2);
C) Indicate the forward and feedback positive and negative relationships, explain the
regulation mechanism;
D) Indicate additional factors that activate the synthesis of STH.
Figure 1 – Hierarchy of STH
2. Synthesis and secretion
Task 3 – Describe the synthesis and secretion of STH as a representative of protein
hormones: explain the concepts of "preprohormone", "prohormone", "leader (signal)
sequence of amino acids."
3. Receptor and its effect (s)
Task 4 – Redraw the figure 2 and complete the following tasks:
A) Indicate the type of receptor for STH;
B) Indicate the extracellular domain (recognizing) and the intracellular domain (catalytic);
C) Explain the regulation mechanism.
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Figure 2 – STH receptor
Task 4 – Redraw the figure 3 and indicate the effects of STH indicated by numbers 1-3
(activation of lipolysis and an increase in blood FA concentration, activation of TAG synthesis,
activation of AA transport into the cell, activation of glucose uptake by tissues, decrease in
glucose uptake by tissues, GNG, growth of muscle, bone, and cartilage).
Figure 3 – Effects of STH
Task 5 – Redraw the figure 4 and complete the following tasks:
A) Indicate the type of IGF receptor;
B) Indicate the extracellular domain (recognizing) and the intracellular domain (catalytic);
C) Indicate the reason for the activation of IGF synthesis;
D) Indicate the mechanism of IGF action, indicated by the numbers 3,4,5 (paracrine,
autocrine, endocrine);
E) Indicate the effects of IGF.
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Figure 4 – IGF action
Task 6 – Redraw the figure 5 and complete the following tasks:
A) Complete the diagram of the figure (A, B, and C);
B) Explain the role of STH in the mechanism of blood glucose level regulation.
Figure 5 –The constant mechanism of blood glucose level regulation
5. Hyper/hypofunction
Task 7 – Fill the table 7
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Table 7 – Clinical manifestations of STH hypofunction.
Disease name 1. Pituitary dwarfism;
2. Laron-type dwarfism;
3. The dwarfism of African pygmies
Cause 1.
2.
3.
Clinical manifestations 1.
2.
3.
Increase or decrease in GH and IGF 1.
2.
3.
Task 8 – Fill the table 7
Table 8 – Clinical manifestations of STH hyperfunction.
Disease name 1. Gigantism
2. Acromegaly
Cause 1.
2.
Clinical picture 1.
2.
Disease manifestation 1.
2.
FSH, LH, oestrogens
1 Classification
Task 1 - Describe hormones by completing the table 8.
Table 9 - Classification of FSH, LH, oestrogens
Hormone FSH, LH estrogens
1 By chemical nature
2 In terms of solubility
3 By localizing the receptor
4 By biological function
5 At the synthesis site
6 By the mechanism of signal
transmission inside the cell
7 On a signal that stimulates hormone
secretion...
2 Hierarchy Task 2 - Perform the following tasks:
A) In the figure 1 sign hormones A, B, C and D;
B) Specify the endocrine gland (E);
C) Specify the name of follicular development phases;
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D) Explain the forward and backward positive and negative connections (numbers 1- 4).
Figure 1 - Hierarchy of FSH, LH, oestrogen
3 Synthesis and Secretion
Activity 3 - Describe the synthesis and secretion of FSH and LH as representatives of protein
hormones: explain the concepts of "preprohormone", "prohormone", "leader (signal)
sequence of amino acids."
Task 4 - Redraw the figure 2 and explain estradiol synthesis mechanism.
Figure 2 – Estradiol synthesis.
4 Receptor and its effect(s)
Task 5 - Redraw the figure 3 and perform the following tasks:
A) Specify receptor type for FSH and LH;
B) Explain the regulation mechanism;
C) Specify the effects of FSH;
D) Draw a similar to Figure 3 diagram for LH receptor and indicate its effects.
Hypothalamus
Pituitary
Endocrine gland
ECorpus
luteum
D
A
B
C
ovulation
+
+
-
-
+
-
phase I
phase II
1
1
2
2
3
4
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Figure 3 - FSH receptor Task 6 – Redraw the figure 4 and perform the following tasks: A) Specify the type of receptor for estradiol; B) Specify the stages (A-E) of the estradiol-receptor interaction; C) Specify the effects of estradiol.
Figure 4 - Estradiol receptor.
5 Hyper- and hypofunction Task 7 - Fill in the table 10 Table 10 - Clinical manifestations of hypo- and hyperfunction of estrogens.
Hypofunction Hyperfunction Reason
Clinical manifestations FSH, LH, androgens
1 Classification Task 1 - Describe hormones by completing table 1. Table 1 - Classification of FSH, LH, androgens
Hormone FSH, LH androgens 1 By chemical nature 2 In terms of solubility 3 By receptor localization 4 By biological functions 5 At the synthesis site 6 By the mechanism of signal
transduction into the cell
7 By the signal that stimulates the hormone secretion
2 Hierarchy Task 2 - Perform the following tasks:
A) Sign in Figure 1 hormones A, B, C;
B) Specify the endocrine glands;
C) Specify the forward and backward positive and negative connections.
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Figure 1 - Hierarchy
3 Synthesis and Secretion
Task 3 - Describe the synthesis and secretion of FSH and LH as members of protein
hormones: Explain the concepts of "preprohormone", "prohormone", "leader (signal)
sequence of amino acids."
Task 4 - Redraw the figure 2 and explain testosterone synthesis scheme.
Figure 2 - Testosterone synthesis scheme
Task 5 - Redraw the figure 3 and explain the testosterone synthesizing mechanism.
Figure 3 - Testosterone synthesis reactions
4 Receptor and its effect (s)
Task 6 - Redraw the figure 4 and do the following tasks:
A) Select the type of receptor for FSH and LH;
B) Explain the mechanism of regulation;
C) Specify the effects of FSH and LH.
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Figure 4 - FSH and LH receptors
Task 7 - Redraw the figure 5 and perform the following tasks:
A) Select the type of receptor for testosterone;
B) Specify the steps (A-E) of the testosterone receptor interaction;
C) Specify the effects of testosterone.
Figure 5 - Testosterone receptor.
5 Hyper- and hypofunction
Task 7 – Fill in the table 2.
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Table 2 – Clinical manifestations of hypo- and hyperfunction of testosterone.
hypofunction hyperfunction
Cause
Clinical manifestations
Hormones of the pancreas
A) Insulin
1. Classification
Task 1 - Describe the hormone by completing the table 1.
Table 1 – Insulin classification
Hormone Insulin
1 By chemical nature.
2 In terms of solubility
3 By localizing the receptor
4 By biological function
5 At the synthesis site
6 By the mechanism of signal transduction
into the cell
7 On a signal that stimulates hormone
secretion...
2. Hierarchy
Task 2 - Explain whether there insulin has a hormonal hierarchy? What regulates the
production of insulin?
3. Synthesis and Secretion
Task 3 - Redraw figure 1 and complete the following tasks:
A) Explain which process leads to insulin synthesis (total or limited proteolysis);
B) Explain physiological importance of prohormone into hormone conversion;
C) Sign the cellular localization of each stage in the figure;
D) Indicate the number of amino acids in the peptide at each of the stages, and the number
of amino acids in the A and B chains of insulin.
Figure 1 – Insulin synthesis
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4. Receptor and its effect(s)
Task 4 - Redraw figure 2 and complete the following tasks:
A) Specify the type of insulin receptor;
B) Mark in the figure α- and β- receptor subunits;
C) Explain the regulatory mechanism (IRS – insulin receptor substrate);
D) Fill in insulin effects scheme indicated by the letters A-G (lipid synthesis, gene
transcription, DNA replication, protein synthesis, cell growth and proliferation, glycogen
synthesis, glucose uptake).
Figure 2 - Insulin receptor
Task 5 - Redraw figure 3 and perform the following tasks:
A) Explain the metabolic processes indicated by the numbers 1- 4 in the scheme;
B) Fill the end products of glucose metabolism, as indicated in the scheme by the letters A-
D.
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Figure 3 - The metabolic effects of insulin action
Task 6 - Redraw figure 4 and perform the following tasks:
A) Mark the adenylate cyclase mechanism components, indicated by the letters A-E in the
scheme;
B) Highlight the enzymes for glycogen synthesis and mobilization in different colours;
C) Mark the metabolic pathways of muscles and liver (F, G);
D) Insulin activates the enzyme phosphodiesterase and phosphatase. Specify the localization
of these enzymes in the diagram and write the reactions catalyzed by these enzymes;
E) Make a general conclusion about the metabolic mechanisms triggered by the action of
epinephrine and insulin.
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Figure 4 - Intracellular regulation of glycogen synthesis and mobilization by insulin
and epinephrine
5. Hyper- and hypofunction
Task 7 - Fill in the table 2.
Table 2 - Clinical manifestations of insulin hypo- and hyperfunction.
hypofunction hyperfunction
Name of the disease -
Cause
Age of manifestation -
Body mass -
Clinical manifestations
Treatment
Task 8 - Redraw the figure 5 and do the following tasks:
A) Mark the metabolic pathways for different tissues in different colours indicated by
numbers 1-5;
B) Explain each metabolic pathway;
C) Make a general conclusion, due to processes which rises in blood glucose concentration
when insular effects are not sufficient.
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Figure 5 - Metabolic effects in insular insufficiency
Task 9 - Redraw the figure 6 and perform the following tasks:
A) Fill in the scheme the pathways for AA, Glycerol and FA;
B) Explain the cause of ketoacidosis when insular effects are not sufficient.
Figure 6 - Ketoacidosis at insufficiency insular effects
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B) Glucagon
1. Classification
Task 1 - Describe the hormone by filling in the table 14.
Table 1 - Classification glucagon
Hormone glucagon
1 By chemical nature.
2 In terms of solubility
3 By localizing the receptor
4 By biological function
5 At the synthesis site
6 By the mechanism of signal transmission
inside the cell
7 On a signal that stimulates hormone
secretion...
2. Hierarchy
Task 2 - Explain whether there is a hierarchy for the glucagon hormone? What regulates
glucagon production?
3. Synthesis and secretion
Task 3 – Describe the synthesis and secretion of glucagon as a representative of protein
hormones: Explain the concepts of "prohormone", "leader (signal) sequence of amino
acids."
Task 4 - Redraw the figure 1 and explain the mechanism of glucagon synthesis regulation
(figures 1- 4).
Figure 1 - Regulation of glucagon synthesis
4. Receptor and its effect(s)
Task 5 - Redraw the figure 2 and perform the following tasks:
A) Mark the adenylate cyclase mechanism components, indicated by the letters A-D in the
scheme;
B) Indicate the tissues, marked by the letters E, F, and G, where the processes in the
diagram take place.
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Figure 2 - Effects of glucagon
Task 6 - Redraw the figure 3 and perform the following tasks:
A) Specify which type of receptor the glucagon receptor belongs to;
B) Mark the adenylate cyclase mechanism components indicated by the letters A-E in the
scheme;
C) Highlight the enzymes for glycogen synthesis and mobilization in different colours;
D) Explain the mechanism of glycogen mobilization regulation by glucagon;
E) Insulin activates the enzymes phosphodiesterase and phosphatase. Specify the localization
of these enzymes in the diagram and write the reactions catalyzed by these enzymes;
F) Make a general conclusion about metabolic mechanisms triggered by glucagon and
insulin in the liver.
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Figure 3 - Intracellular regulation of glycogen synthesis and mobilization by insulin
and glucagon
Task 7 - Redraw the figure 4 and perform the following tasks:
A) Specify the adenylate cyclase mechanism components in the scheme, indicated by the
letters A-D;
B) Highlight the enzymes of TAG synthesis and mobilization in different colours;
C) Write down the glycogen mobilization reaction equation;
D) Insulin activates the enzyme phosphodiesterase and phosphatase. Specify the localization
of these enzymes in the diagram and write the reactions catalyzed by these enzymes;
E) Make a general conclusion about metabolic mechanisms triggered by glucagon and
insulin in adipose tissue.
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Figure 4 - Intracellular regulation of fat mobilization by glucagon
5. Hyper- and hypofunction
Task 8 - Fill in the table 2
Table 2 - Clinical manifestations of hypo- and hyperfunction of glucagon
hypofunction hyperfunction
Cause
Clinical manifestations
Catecholamines
1. Classification
Task 1 - Describe hormones by filling in the table 1.
Table 1 - Classification of catecholamines
Hormone catecholamines
1 By chemical nature.
2 In terms of solubility
3 By localizing the receptor
4 By biological function
5 At the synthesis site
6 By the mechanism of signal transmission
inside the cell
7 On a signal that stimulates hormone
secretion...
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2. Hierarchy Task 2 - Redraw the figure 1 specifying the missing component of the hierarchy designated by the letters A and B.
Figure 1 - Hierarchy of catecholamines
3. Catecholamines synthesis and secretion
Task 3 - Perform the following tasks: A) Write catecholamine synthesis reaction chemical symbols; B) Insert the missing substance; C) What are the enzymes (1-4) and specify their classes; D) Sign the obtained compound (A-E);
Figure 2 - Synthesis of catecholamines
Task 4 - Redraw the figure 3 and explain the mechanism of catecholamines secretion.
Figure 3 - Secretion of catecholamines.
4. Receptors and their effect(s)
Task 5 - Redraw the figure 4 and indicate what type of receptors include 7TMS activating IP3 path 7TMS activating AC, and 7TMS blocking the active site.
Figure 4 - Types of adrenoreceptors.
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Task 6 - Redraw the figure 5 and perform the following tasks:
A) Specify the type(s) of adrenoreceptors;
B) Label the diagram components of adenylate cyclase mechanism, designated by the letters
A-D;
Figure 5 – β-adrenoreceptor.
Task 7 - Redraw the figure 6 and perform the following tasks:
A) Select the type of adrenoreceptor;
B) Explain the mechanism of regulation.
Figure 6 – α-adrenoreceptor.
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Task 8 - Redraw the figure 7 by writing epinephrine effects into the diagram indicated by the
letters A-G (contraction, dilation, glycogen mobilization, fat mobilization, increase of the
heart rate beating, glycolysis, ketogenesis).
Figure 7 - The effects of epinephrine.
Task 9 - Redraw the figure 8 and perform the following tasks:
A) Specify the components of adenylate cyclase mechanism in scheme, indicated by the
letters A-D;
B) Specify by different colors the enzymes of TAG synthesis and mobilization;
C) Write the reactions of glycogen mobilization;
D) Insulin activates the enzymes phosphodiesterase and phosphatase. Specify the location of
the enzymes in the diagram and write down the reactions catalyzed by these enzymes;
E) Make general conclusion about the metabolic mechanisms triggered by the action of
epinephrine and insulin in adipose tissue.
Figure 8 - The intracellular regulation of fat mobilization by epinephrine.
Task 10 - Redraw the figure 9 and perform the following tasks:
A) Specify the components of adenylate cyclase mechanism in the scheme, indicated by the
letters A-E;
B) Specify by different colors the enzymes of glycogen synthesis and mobilization;
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C) Write the pathways in the muscle and liver (F-G);
D) Insulin activates the enzymes phosphodiesterase and phosphatase. Specify the location of
the enzymes in the diagram and write down the reactions catalyzed by these enzymes;
E) Make general conclusion about the metabolic mechanisms triggered by the action of
epinephrine and insulin.
Figure 9 - Intracellular regulation of glycogen synthesis and mobilization by insulin
and epinephrine
5. Hyper- and hypofunction
Task 11 - Fill in the table 2.
Table 2 - Clinical manifestations of epinephrine hypo- and hyperfunction.
Hypofunction Hyperfunction
Cause
Clinical manifestations
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Stress
Task 1 - Complete the sentence: "Stress is ....".
Task 2 - Redraw the figure 1 and complete the following tasks:
A) Give definitions of stress types;
B) Name a stress scientist.
Figure 1 - Types of stress
Task 3 - Fill in the table 1.
Table 1 - Stages of stress
Stages of stress Duration Hormones Result
1 Anxiety
2 Resistance
3 Exhaustion - - -
Task 4 - Redraw the figure 2 and explain the epinephrine activation mechanism in the
anxiety phase.
Figure 2 – Anxiety stage (regulation)
Task 5 - Redraw the figure 3 and perform the following tasks:
A) Mark the adenylate cyclase mechanism components, indicated by the letters A-E in the
scheme;
B) Highlight the glycogen synthesis and mobilization enzymes in different colours;
C) Mark the metabolic pathways in muscles and liver (F-G);
D) Explain the role of epinephrine in the anxiety phase.
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Figure 3 - Anxiety stage (effect)
Task 6 - Redraw the figure 4 and perform the following tasks:
A) Mark the components designated by the letters A-E in the scheme;
B) Highlight the thyrotrophic, adrenocorticotropic and somatotropic stress axes in different
colours;
B) Explain the mechanism of organism resistance.
Figure 4 – Resistance stage
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Task 7 - Redraw the figure 5 and complete the scheme with the proposed options designated
by letters A-G: decreased sexual potency, decreased immunity, atherosclerosis, diabetes,
amenorrhea, hypertension, vascular thrombosis, and myocardial infarction.
Figure 5 - The negative impact of stress (adaptation disease)
Task 8 – Name the causes of the exhaustion stage.