biochemistry …the basics. chemistry of life matter and substance water and solutions carbon...
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Biochemistry…the basics
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Chemistry of Life
• Matter and Substance• Water and Solutions• Carbon Compounds• Energy and Metabolism
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Atoms
•Atom: smallest unit of matter that maintains chemical properties of the element• Electron (e-): negative (-) charge, no mass•Proton: positive (+) charge, has mass•Neutron: neutral (no) charge, has mass
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Elements
• Element- substance that cannot be separated or broken down into simpler substances by chemical means
• All molecules of the same element have the same number of protons (and usually electrons)• Atomic Number –number of Protons (and usually electrons)• Atomic Mass- Number of Protons and neutrons
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Bonding
• Goal of Atoms: 8 electrons in outer (valence) electron shell• Covalent bond: occur between elements that are close together on
the periodic table; form molecules• Ex: H2O
• Ionic bond: occur between metals and non-metals; form compounds• Ex: NaCl
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• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LK2fIn_U0MY
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Chemistry of Life
• Matter and Substance• Water and Solutions• Carbon Compounds• Energy and Metabolism
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Properties of Water
• I) floats as a solid• Keeps rivers, ponds, oceans from freezing solid
• II) Absorbs and retains heat• Keeps the temperature of large bodies of water from changing too fast• Helps us to maintain our internal temperature
• III) Water molecules stick to each other (cohesion)• IV) Stick to other polar molecules (adhesion)
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Solutions
• Solutions: two or more substances are evenly dispersed• Acid: forms H+ or H3O+ in a solution;
makes it more +• Base: forms OH- in solution; makes it more
–• Buffers help prevent change in pH
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Chemistry of Life
• Matter and Substance• Water and Solutions• Carbon Compounds• Energy and Metabolism
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Carbohydrates
• Uses: energy, structure (chitin/cellulose), cell ID• Example: sugar, starch, fiber• Contains carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen
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Lipids
• Uses: storing energy, controlling water movement• Examples: fats, waxes, steroids
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Proteins
• Uses: structure, support, communication, transportation, chemical reactions• Made of amino acids• Proteins are very big and bend and fold in
specific ways• 1 ⁰ (primary): AA arrange in a specific order• 2 ⁰ (secondary): bending, twisting, coils, and
folds• 3 ⁰ (tertiary): overall shape of a chain of AA• 4 ⁰ (quarternary): overall shape that results from
combining chains
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Nucleic Acids
• Uses: store and transmit genetic info, store energy• DNA: deoxyribonucleic acid; contain genetic information• RNA: ribonucleic acid; important in protein synthesis (creation)• ATP: adenine triphosphate; main energy source for cells
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Chemistry of Life
• Matter and Substance• Water and Solutions• Carbon Compounds• Energy and Metabolism
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Energy
• Energy: ability to move or change matter• Conservation of Mass: Matter is neither created nor destroyed (it can
only change form)• Conservation of Energy: the total amount of energy in the universe
does not change
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Chemical Reactions
• CO2 + H2O - H2CO3• Reactants: beginning participants in a chemical reaction• Products: formed in a chemical reaction• Activation energy: minimum energy required to start a chemical
reaction• Alignment: atoms must be correctly aligned for a reaction to occur• ACTIVATION ENERGY and ALIGNMENT MUST be present for reaction
to occur
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Biological Reactions• Enzymes: acts as a catalyst (speeds up chemical reaction)• Metabolism: enzymes are used to process food. They allow reactions
that should take a very long time to proceed much quicker
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• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vTQybDgweiE