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Bibliography: Papers
• S. Takaaki, M. Saito, K. Kawagoe, et al. “New hydroxyapatite composite resin as a bioactive bone cement: improvement of handling and mechanical properties.” Bioceramics. Vol. 11 (1998): World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd, 251-254.
• W. F. Mousa, M. Kobayashi, S. Shinzator, et al. “Biological and mechanical properties of commercial PMMA bone cements containing AW-GC filler” Bioceramics. Vol. 12 (1999): World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd, 545-548.
• Y. Okada, K. Kawanabe, H. Fujita, et al. “Bonding behavior of bioactive bone cement in segmental replacement of rabbit tibia: comparison with PMMA bone cement.” Bioceramics. Vol. 12 (1999): World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd, 529-533.
Bibliography: Continued
• N. Asaoka, M. Misago, M. Hirano, et al. “Mechanical and chemical properties of the injectable calcium phosphate cement.” Bioceramics. Vol. 12 (1999): World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd, 525-528.
• F.C.M. Dreissens, M.G. Boltong, E.A.P. de Maeyer, et al. “Comparative Study of Some Experiemental or Commercial Calcium Phosphate Bone Cements.” Bioceramics. Vol 11 (1998): World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd, 231-234
Test Materials/Composition
• PMMA
• PMMA Composites
• Bioglass
• PMMA/ Ca/P Composites
• Ca/P Composites
• Hydroxyapatite
Methods of Testing
• Cyclic Wear: Compression• Tension: Figure 1• X-ray Diffraction: Analyze reaction• Scanning Electron Microscope
(SEM): Microstructure• Injectability• Setting time
Comparison of Ca/P Materials
Time (I)
Time
(F)
C
(M Pa)
Cement Ca/P
Immerse Ca/P
TCP
CaCO3
6.5 (0.5)
8.5 (0.5)
33 (5) 1.705 1.672
HA 9.5 (0.25)
17.0 (1.0)
8 (2) 1.746 1.616
HA
CaCO3
2.75
(0.25)
7.5 (0.5)
48 (3) 1.513 1.481
Bioglass 6.25 (0.25)
10.0 (0.5)
32 (4) N/A N/A
Compressive Strength
Type of Material Compressive Strength (MPa) and Day
TCP Composite 60 MPa (4 days)
70 MPa (7 days)
AP and CaCO3 33 MPa (1 day)
Hydroxyapatite 8 MPa (1 day)
HA, DCP, CaCo3 48 MPa (1 day)
PMMA based 125 MPa (1 day)
Weaknesses
• Lack of:– In vivo testing for some experiences– Long term testing for analysis– Testing of different porousity– Uniform testing for all types of materials
• Dependency upon:– Mixing– P/L ratio dependent
Strengths
• Uniform Testing methods
• In vivo like environments
• Good comparison of materials
• Length of testing
• Different:– Composites– P/L ratios