biodegradation of mtbe and btex in a full-scale reactor down to ppb levels after inoculation with a...
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Biodegradation of MTBE and BTEX in a Biodegradation of MTBE and BTEX in a Full-Scale Reactor down to ppb Levels Full-Scale Reactor down to ppb Levels after Inoculation with a MTBE Degrading after Inoculation with a MTBE Degrading CultureCulture
Erik Arvin, DTU EnvironmentChristopher Kevin Waul, DTU EnvironmentRasmus Krag, Jord·Miljoe A/SCharlotte Juhl Søegaard, Jord·Miljoe A/SJeppe Lund Nielsen, Section of Biotechnology, AAU
Natural and stimulated biological degradation –
Processes and microbiology
ATV Soil and Groundwater
21. April 2010
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ContentContent
Contamination with MTBEGuidelinesMTBE propertiesBiological degradation of MTBEDevelopment of MTBE cultureFull scale MTBE treatment plantMTBE and BTEX removal MicrobiologyPerspectivesConclusions
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Oil/gasoline spillOil/gasoline spill
Oil, air, waterSoil-zone
Free oil
Groundwater Dissolved hydrocarbonsBTEXN
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Aromatic hydrocarbons from gasoline, BTEXNAromatic hydrocarbons from gasoline, BTEXN
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GuidelinesGuidelines
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Drinking Water Requirements (DK)Drinking Water Requirements (DK)µg/Lµg/L
Benzene: 1Alkylbenzenes: 1Naphthalene: 2TPH (Tot. Petroleum Hydrocarbons): 5MTBE (Methyl tert. butyl ether): 5Spec. phenols: 0.5
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Groundwater & surface water requirements for Groundwater & surface water requirements for MTBE (DK)MTBE (DK)
Groundwater: 5 µg/LSurface water: 10 µg/LRain water, sewers: 10 µg/L
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MTBE is a gasoline additive!MTBE is a gasoline additive!
Ether compound
Lead replacement
Improves air quality
Adds oxygen to fuel
Adds octane to fuel
Chemical structure of methyl tert-butyl ether
Cleaner burning fuel
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Properties of MTBEProperties of MTBE
CH3
CH3
CH3
CH3O C
Molar weight: 88Solubility, water: 50.000 mg/LHc: 0.022log Kow: ca. 1log Koc: ca. 1Vapour pressure: 245 mm Hg, v. 25 °C
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Biodegradability of MTBEBiodegradability of MTBE
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MTBE mineralization reactionsMTBE mineralization reactions(F. Finneran and D.R. Lovley, 2003)(F. Finneran and D.R. Lovley, 2003)
Reactions Go (pH 7, 25C)kJ/mole MTBE
Aerobic respirationC5H12O + 7.5 O2 5 HCO3
- + 5 H+ + H2O-3246
DenitrificationC5H12O + 6 NO3
- + H+ 5 HCO3- + 3 N2 + 4 H2O
-3055
Nitrate reductionC5H12O + 3.75 NO3
- + 2.5 H+ + 2.75 H2O 5 HCO3- + 3.75 NH4
+-1951
Fe(III) reductionC5H12O + 30 Fe(OH)3 + 55 H+ 5 HCO3
- + 30 Fe++ + 76 H2O-347
Sulfate reductionC5H12O + 3.75 SO4
- - + 2.5 H+ 5 HCO3- + 3.75 H2S + H2O
-275
MethanogenesisC5H12O + 2.75 H2O 3.75 CH4 + 1.25 HCO3
- + 1.25 H+ -239
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Anaerobic degradation of MTBEAnaerobic degradation of MTBE
Probably, it does not occur in most cases. However, anaerobic abiotic hydrolysis may take place.If anaerobic biodegradation takes place, it is probably a very slow reaction.
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Aerobic biodegradation of MTBEAerobic biodegradation of MTBE
1. Biodegradation of MTBE as a primary substrate
2. Biodegradation by cometabolism with lowmolecular alkanes and cycloalkanes as primary substrates
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MTBE biomass growth rate and growth yieldMTBE biomass growth rate and growth yield
Doubling time: 7-20 days Growth yield: 0.1-0.2 g biomass/g MTBEObservation of no degradation may be due to the very slow biomass growth
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Development of the MTBE degrading culture
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Batch cultures degrading MTBEBatch cultures degrading MTBE
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Submerged biofilter for MTBE degradationSubmerged biofilter for MTBE degradation
Height of column 0.3 mVolume
0.46 L total0.27 L porosity
Filter materialExpanded clay (Filtralite®)1.5 – 2.5 mm
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DTU bench scale biofilters for MTBE degradationDTU bench scale biofilters for MTBE degradation
Two columns in seriesHeight 1 m and diameter 10 cmVolume 9.5 L eachFilter material
Expanded clay (Filtralite®)2.5 – 4 mm
Seeded with filter material from small column
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Schematics of the MTBE treatment plant Schematics of the MTBE treatment plant with biofilters BF1-BF3.with biofilters BF1-BF3.
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On-site MTBE removal in biofilter in FarumOn-site MTBE removal in biofilter in Farum
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Oil separator (left) and biofilters (right). Oil separator (left) and biofilters (right).
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MTBE removalMTBE removal
1
10
100
1000
10000
0 100 200 300 400 500Time (day)
MT
BE
(u
g/L
)
GW BF1
BF2 BF3
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BTEX removalBTEX removal
1
10
100
1000
10000
0 100 200 300 400 500Time (day)
BT
EX
s (u
g/L
)
GW OS
BF1 BF2
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MTBE removal kineticsMTBE removal kinetics
Data from Farum plant, Svendborg/Grubbemølle Water Works and DTU bench scale plant
1’st order removal rate constant: k1,v = 1.7-4.4 h-1 (C_MTBE < 2000 ug/L)
Variation in k1,v probably due to differences in specific surface removal area, cultures, etc.
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MicrobiologyMicrobiology
Molecular analysis by DGGE analysis has identified a complex community structure in the biofilters. The majority were members of the phyla: Bacteroidetes, Proteobacteria, and Nitrospirae Among the genera identified were Terrimonas and Methylibium petroleiphilum (PM1)Proof of active MTBE degraders will be investigated by microautoradiography and fluorescence in situ hybridization
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PerspectivesPerspectives
Extremely efficient and stable MTBE and BTEX removal has been demonstratedThe full scale plant removes MTBE and BTEX to below drinking water and surface water requirementsDetermination of the MTBE removal kinetics allows more credible plant design
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ConclusionsConclusions
Successful up-scaling of MTBE removal from lab. scale to full scale biofiltersMTBE removal > 99 %Effluent MTBE ~ 1 ug/L BTEX removal > 99.9 %Effluent BTEX ~< 0.01 ug/LHigh process stabilityk1,v = 1.7-4.4 h-1
Variation in removal rate constant is probably due to differences in specific surface areas in plantsBacterial community composition is complex and under investigation
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTSACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Ulrich Gosewinkel Karlson from the National Environmental Research Institute, University of Aarhus, Roskilde, Denmark, provided a mixed MTBE degrading culture for inoculation of the batch cultures that preceded the 10 L lab biofilter that was used for up-scaling. Statoil: We acknowledge very much Statoil for the opportunity to test the MTBE and BTEX removal plant in full scale.