Biodiesel Fuel Biodiesel Fuel Quality Quality

and Proper handlingand Proper handling

Hoon GeHoon GeEdward GorrEdward Gorr

National Biodiesel BoardNational Biodiesel Board Represents the biodiesel industry as the Represents the biodiesel industry as the

coordinating body for research and coordinating body for research and development in the US.  development in the US. 

Founded in 1992 by state soybean Founded in 1992 by state soybean commodity groups. commodity groups.

NBB’s membership is comprised of state, NBB’s membership is comprised of state, national, and international feedstock and national, and international feedstock and feedstock processor organizations, biodiesel feedstock processor organizations, biodiesel suppliers, fuel marketers and distributors, suppliers, fuel marketers and distributors, and technology providers.and technology providers.

History of History of BiodieselBiodiesel

Machinery Exhibit – 1900 Machinery Exhibit – 1900 World’s FairWorld’s FairRudolph DieselRudolph Diesel demonstrated his compression demonstrated his compression

ignition engine, which at the request of the French ignition engine, which at the request of the French Government, ran on Government, ran on peanut oilpeanut oil. .

www.bc.edu/bc_org/avp/cas/fnart/arch/1900fair.html - Jeffrey Howe

History of BiodieselHistory of Biodiesel

Vegetable oils were Vegetable oils were used in diesel engines used in diesel engines until the 1920's when until the 1920's when engines began using engines began using diesel fueldiesel fuel

History of BiodieselHistory of Biodiesel

Energy crunch of the Energy crunch of the 1970s stimulated 1970s stimulated biofuels research but biofuels research but federal research federal research monies disappeared in monies disappeared in the 1980s.the 1980s.

First literature use of the term biodiesel is found in a Chinese paper published in 1988. The next paper using that term appeared in 1991.

Biodiesel 101Biodiesel 101

Biodiesel DefinedBiodiesel Defined

BiodieselBiodiesel, n. -- a fuel comprised of mono-, n. -- a fuel comprised of mono-alkyl esters of long chain fatty acids alkyl esters of long chain fatty acids derived from vegetable oils or animal fats, derived from vegetable oils or animal fats, designated B100, and meeting the designated B100, and meeting the requirements of ASTM D 6751.requirements of ASTM D 6751.

Biodiesel blendBiodiesel blend, n. -- a blend of biodiesel , n. -- a blend of biodiesel fuel meeting ASTM D 6751 with fuel meeting ASTM D 6751 with petroleum-based diesel fuel designated petroleum-based diesel fuel designated BXX, where XX is the volume percent of BXX, where XX is the volume percent of biodiesel.biodiesel.

Definition of BiodieselDefinition of Biodiesel ChemicallyChemically

Mono Alkyl EsterMono Alkyl Ester FunctionallyFunctionally

Surrogate for petroleum Surrogate for petroleum distillatesdistillates

NomenclatureNomenclature B100 = 100% pure B100 = 100% pure

Biodiesel, AKA “neat”Biodiesel, AKA “neat” B20 = 20% Biodiesel & B20 = 20% Biodiesel &

80% petroleum diesel80% petroleum diesel

5 Most Common 5 Most Common Methyl-Esters in BiodieselMethyl-Esters in Biodiesel

Making BiodieselMaking Biodiesel (Catalyst)(Catalyst)

100 pounds + 10 pounds = 10 pounds +100 pounds + 10 pounds = 10 pounds + 100 pounds100 pounds

TriglycerideTriglyceride Alcohol Alcohol Glycerin Mono-Alkyl Glycerin Mono-Alkyl EstersEsters

__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Soy oil MethanolSoy oil Methanol BiodieselBiodiesel

- Raw Vegetable Oil is NOT Biodiesel!- Raw Vegetable Oil is NOT Biodiesel! - Other ‘biomass’ products aren’t Biodiesel- Other ‘biomass’ products aren’t Biodiesel - Must meet ASTM D 6751 - Must meet ASTM D 6751

Biodiesel Raw Biodiesel Raw MaterialsMaterials

Oil or FatOil or Fat AlcoholAlcohol

SoybeanSoybean Methanol (common)Methanol (common)

CornCornEthanolEthanol

CanolaCanola

CottonseedCottonseed CatalystCatalyst

SunflowerSunflower Sodium hydroxideSodium hydroxide

Beef tallowBeef tallow Potassium Potassium hydroxidehydroxide

Pork lardPork lard

Used cooking oilsUsed cooking oils

Other IngredientsOther Ingredients

AlcoholAlcohol Methanol is primary choiceMethanol is primary choice Ethanol is possibleEthanol is possible Isopropyl, any alcohol can be used in the reactionIsopropyl, any alcohol can be used in the reaction The decision to be made is the cost of the material, the The decision to be made is the cost of the material, the

reaction time/vessel sizes, the cost/capability to recover reaction time/vessel sizes, the cost/capability to recover the excessthe excess

CatalystCatalyst Sodium Methylate is primary choiceSodium Methylate is primary choice Potassium Methylate is possiblePotassium Methylate is possible NaOH/KOH, while they can be used introduce water to NaOH/KOH, while they can be used introduce water to

the reactionthe reaction Fixed catalysts are being developed for efficiency in Fixed catalysts are being developed for efficiency in

processprocess No catalyst is required, but the yield is low, inefficient No catalyst is required, but the yield is low, inefficient

processprocess

The Biodiesel ReactionThe Biodiesel Reaction

Vegetable OilVegetable Oiloror

Animal Fat Animal Fat (100 lbs.)(100 lbs.)

++Methanol orMethanol or

EthanolEthanol(10 lbs.) (10 lbs.)

Biodiesel(100 lbs.)

+Glycerine(10 lbs.)

In the presence of a catalyst

Combining Yields

Important Biodiesel Important Biodiesel ParametersParameters

Removal of GlycerinRemoval of Glycerin Insured through total and free glycerin testsInsured through total and free glycerin tests

Europe has a percent ester spec but ASTM chose not Europe has a percent ester spec but ASTM chose not to doto do

Will cause injector coking, filter plugging, Will cause injector coking, filter plugging, sediment formationsediment formation

Shortens shelf lifeShortens shelf life Removal of CatalystRemoval of Catalyst

Insured through sulfated ash testInsured through sulfated ash test May cause injector deposits and/or filter May cause injector deposits and/or filter

pluggingplugging

Important Biodiesel Important Biodiesel ParametersParameters

Removal of AlcoholRemoval of Alcohol Insured through flash point or GC testsInsured through flash point or GC tests May cause premature injector failure, May cause premature injector failure,

safety concernsafety concern Removal of Free Fatty AcidsRemoval of Free Fatty Acids

Insured through acid number testInsured through acid number test Will cause fuel system deposits and Will cause fuel system deposits and

effect fuel pump and filter operationeffect fuel pump and filter operation

Biodiesel AttributesBiodiesel Attributes• High Cetane (avg. over 50)High Cetane (avg. over 50)• Ultra Low Sulfur (avg. ~ 2 ppm)Ultra Low Sulfur (avg. ~ 2 ppm)• High Lubricity, even in blends as low at 1-High Lubricity, even in blends as low at 1-

2%2%• High Energy Balance (3.2 to 1)High Energy Balance (3.2 to 1)• Low Agriculture Inputs: SoybeansLow Agriculture Inputs: Soybeans• 78% Life Cycle CO78% Life Cycle CO2 2 ReductionReduction• Renewable, SustainableRenewable, Sustainable• Domestically Produced Domestically Produced • Reduces HC, PM, CO in existing diesel Reduces HC, PM, CO in existing diesel

enginesengines• Reduces NOx in boilers and home heatingReduces NOx in boilers and home heating

Biodiesel ASTM D6751Biodiesel ASTM D6751Property Property ASTM Method ASTM Method Limits Limits Units Units

• Calcium & Magnesium, combined Calcium & Magnesium, combined EN 14538 EN 14538 5 max ppm 5 max ppm (ug/g)(ug/g)• Flash Point (closed cup) Flash Point (closed cup) D 93 D 93 93 min. 93 min. Degrees C Degrees C• Alcohol Control (One of the following must be met)Alcohol Control (One of the following must be met)

• Methanol Content Methanol Content EN14110 EN14110 0.2 Max 0.2 Max % volume% volume• Flash Point Flash Point D93 D93 130 Min130 Min Degrees Degrees

• Water & SedimentWater & Sediment D 2709 D 2709 0.05 max.0.05 max. % vol. % vol.• Kinematic Viscosity, 40 CKinematic Viscosity, 40 C D 445 D 445 1.9 - 6.0 1.9 - 6.0 mm2/sec.mm2/sec.• Sulfated Ash Sulfated Ash D 874 D 874 0.02 max. 0.02 max. % mass% mass• SulfurSulfur

• S 15 Grade S 15 Grade D 5453D 5453 0.0015 max. (15) 0.0015 max. (15) % mass (ppm)% mass (ppm)• S 500 Grade S 500 Grade D 5453D 5453 0.05 max. (500) 0.05 max. (500) % mass (ppm)% mass (ppm)

• Copper Strip CorrosionCopper Strip Corrosion D 130 D 130 No. 3 max.No. 3 max.• Cetane Cetane D 613 D 613 47 min.47 min.• Cloud Point Cloud Point D 2500 D 2500 ReportReport Degrees CDegrees C• Carbon Residue 100% sample Carbon Residue 100% sample D 4530* D 4530* 0.05 max. 0.05 max. % mass% mass• Acid Number Acid Number D 664 D 664 0.50 max. 0.50 max. mg KOH/gmg KOH/g• Free Glycerin Free Glycerin D 6584 D 6584 0.020 max. 0.020 max. % mass% mass• Total Glycerin Total Glycerin D 6584 D 6584 0.240 max. 0.240 max. % mass% mass• Phosphorus Content Phosphorus Content D 4951 D 4951 0.001 max.0.001 max. % mass% mass• Distillation, T90 AETDistillation, T90 AET D 1160 D 1160 360 max. 360 max. Degrees CDegrees C• Sodium/Potassium, combined Sodium/Potassium, combined EN 14538EN 14538 5 max 5 max ppmppm• Oxidation Stability Oxidation Stability EN 14112 EN 14112 3 min 3 min hourshours

ASTM - D6751 (B100)ASTM - D6751 (B100) Review your fuel analysis to ensure incoming Review your fuel analysis to ensure incoming

fuel meets agreed upon specificationsfuel meets agreed upon specifications If either the biodiesel or generic diesel fuel If either the biodiesel or generic diesel fuel

fails to meet the agreed specification, notify fails to meet the agreed specification, notify your fuel supplier immediatelyyour fuel supplier immediately

Retain samples (quart) minimum should Retain samples (quart) minimum should analytical work be required to evaluate future analytical work be required to evaluate future issuesissues

EmissionsEmissions

U.S. CO2 EmissionsU.S. CO2 Emissions

Transportation Emissions Transportation Emissions IncreasingIncreasing

Biodiesel CO2 CycleBiodiesel CO2 Cycle

Reduction in EmissionsReduction in Emissions

EPA HD Emissions EPA HD Emissions AveragesAverages

Emission Type B100 B20 B2Total Unburned Hydrocarbons -67% -20% -2.2%

Carbon Monoxide -48% -12% -1.3%

Particulate Matter -47% -12% -1.3%

Oxides of Nitrogen (NOX) +10% +2% +.2%

Historical Overview of Historical Overview of NONOxx Issue Issue

Up until early in 2005 it was widely accepted that B20 Up until early in 2005 it was widely accepted that B20 caused a small, 2%, increase in NOcaused a small, 2%, increase in NOxx Conclusion of EPA review published in 2002Conclusion of EPA review published in 2002 Based in large part on data acquired by McCormick and Based in large part on data acquired by McCormick and

coworkers, Sharp and coworkers, etc.coworkers, Sharp and coworkers, etc.

In February of 2005 we tested 3 vehicles that showed In February of 2005 we tested 3 vehicles that showed NONOxx reduction reduction

Subsequent review of EPA’s analysis showed that Subsequent review of EPA’s analysis showed that nearly half of the data reviewed were for one engine nearly half of the data reviewed were for one engine modelmodel

Subsequent tests with a range of engine models are Subsequent tests with a range of engine models are finding changes in NOfinding changes in NOxx that range roughly from about that range roughly from about +5 to -5%+5 to -5% Varies with engine modelVaries with engine model Average change is zeroAverage change is zero Dataset is NOT representative of in-use vehiclesDataset is NOT representative of in-use vehicles

NOx Emissions, Chassis NOx Emissions, Chassis DataData

Bus Chassis Dynamometer Bus Chassis Dynamometer Testing:Testing:• Using B20 in City Suburban Heavy Using B20 in City Suburban Heavy

Vehicle CycleVehicle Cycle• Cummins ISM 2000 Engine.Cummins ISM 2000 Engine.• Unexpected NOx Unexpected NOx REDUCTIONREDUCTION of 5% of 5%

with statistical confidence of >99%.with statistical confidence of >99%.

• NOx emission changes are caused NOx emission changes are caused by differences in test cycles and by differences in test cycles and engine technology.engine technology.

Graph taken from NREL website: http://www.nrel.gov/vehiclesandfuels/npbf/pdfs/38296.pdf

Supply and DemandSupply and Demand

Biodiesel DemandBiodiesel Demand

0

50,000,000

100,000,000

150,000,000

200,000,000

250,000,000

300,000,000

1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007

Biodiesel Demand

Changes to

EPACT

BioenergyProgram

Biodiesel Tax Incentive

Heating Oil MarketHeating Oil Market

Almost as much heating oil is sold in Almost as much heating oil is sold in the Northeast as on highway diesel fuelthe Northeast as on highway diesel fuel

5.1 billion gallons vs. 5.5 billion gallons5.1 billion gallons vs. 5.5 billion gallons Heating oil industry is attempting to Heating oil industry is attempting to

remake itself as more environmentally remake itself as more environmentally friendly and renewablefriendly and renewable

Could provide a good winter outlet for Could provide a good winter outlet for biodieselbiodiesel

Work is being done to integrate into Work is being done to integrate into Underwriters Laboratory certificationUnderwriters Laboratory certification

If Every Trucker Used B2If Every Trucker Used B2

The industry would utilize 761 million gallons of B100

annually.

Fuel AvailabilityFuel Availability

Fuel available through direct shipment from over Fuel available through direct shipment from over 1,956 petroleum distributors nationwide1,956 petroleum distributors nationwide

Over 1,234 retail filling stations nationwideOver 1,234 retail filling stations nationwide 648 locations are semi-truck accessible648 locations are semi-truck accessible Movement towards biodiesel at the terminal – Movement towards biodiesel at the terminal –

over 158 terminals nationwideover 158 terminals nationwide

Distribution LocationsDistribution Locations

Biodiesel Production Biodiesel Production CapacityCapacity

Production Locations Production Locations (9/7/07)(9/7/07)

Size of Current PlantsSize of Current Plants

Construction Capacity 1.38 billion gallons per yearAverage Plant Size 16.3 million gallons per year

165 Plants

32

62

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Plant Size

Biodiesel Plants Under Biodiesel Plants Under Construction and Expansion Construction and Expansion

(9/7/07)(9/7/07)

Size of Plants Under Size of Plants Under Construction & ExpansionConstruction & Expansion

Construction Capacity: 1.89 billion gallons per yearConstruction Capacity: 1.89 billion gallons per year Average Plant Size: 18.7 million gallons per yearAverage Plant Size: 18.7 million gallons per year

6

32

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64

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Plant Size

Production Capacity by Production Capacity by State State (9/7/07)(9/7/07)

0

25,000,000

50,000,000

75,000,000

100,000,000

125,000,000

150,000,000

175,000,000

200,000,000

225,000,000

250,000,000

275,000,000

300,000,000

TX IA

WA

AL

MS

ND IL TN

NJ

MN

MO

GA

OH FL IN SC MI

AR WI

CO

VA

CA

NC AZ

PA

UT

NE

OK

LA ID ME

SD

KY

DE

NV

WY

NY RI

KS

OR HI

CT

MD

MA

NM

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Production Capacity Production Capacity TrendsTrends

The industry is tending towards larger The industry is tending towards larger facilitiesfacilities

Vegetable oil facilities are larger than Vegetable oil facilities are larger than recycled cooking oil plantsrecycled cooking oil plants

Plants capable of handling multiple Plants capable of handling multiple feedstocks are becoming more commonfeedstocks are becoming more common

Production capacity does not equal Production capacity does not equal production for several reasonsproduction for several reasons

Some facilities are just starting upSome facilities are just starting up Some facilities choose to run less than 24/7Some facilities choose to run less than 24/7 Some facilities have no effectively debottlenecked Some facilities have no effectively debottlenecked

their systems to maximize their outputtheir systems to maximize their output Some facilities overestimate their capacitySome facilities overestimate their capacity

Blending Blending ULSD and BiodieselULSD and Biodiesel

ULSD and BiodieselULSD and Biodiesel• Biodiesel is slightly heavier than petroleum diesel with a Biodiesel is slightly heavier than petroleum diesel with a

gravity value of 0.88 versus 0.85. gravity value of 0.88 versus 0.85.

• Biodiesel should be introduced after diesel fuel and should Biodiesel should be introduced after diesel fuel and should be agitated in the tank during splash blending procedures.be agitated in the tank during splash blending procedures.

• Storage and blending of B100 should be maintained at Storage and blending of B100 should be maintained at +10+10 degrees F above the B100’s cloud and pour point to degrees F above the B100’s cloud and pour point to blend successfully.blend successfully.

• Blends will not separate in Blends will not separate in the presence of water.the presence of water.

Blending Options Blending Options (Splash)(Splash) The biodiesel and diesel fuel are loaded into a The biodiesel and diesel fuel are loaded into a

tank separately with relatively little mixing tank separately with relatively little mixing occurring as the fuels are placed in the tank.occurring as the fuels are placed in the tank.

The tank is usually the actual delivery truck.

The delivery truck movement as well as the physical drop at the end user’s site provides adequate agitation to successfully blend the fuels.

Blending Options (In-Blending Options (In-Tank Blend)Tank Blend)

Biodiesel and diesel fuel are loaded Biodiesel and diesel fuel are loaded separately, or at the same time separately, or at the same time through different incoming sources, through different incoming sources, but at high speeds which sufficiently but at high speeds which sufficiently mix without the need for additional mix without the need for additional mixing, recirculation or agitation.mixing, recirculation or agitation.

Similar to splash blending but not Similar to splash blending but not dependent on delivery activity to dependent on delivery activity to continue mixing procedures.continue mixing procedures.

Blending Options (Bottom Blending Options (Bottom Loading)Loading)

B20 is frequently blended in bottom B20 is frequently blended in bottom loading tank trucksloading tank trucks

Biodiesel loaded first, followed by Biodiesel loaded first, followed by diesel fuel where mixing begins.diesel fuel where mixing begins.

Putting B100 into a cold empty Putting B100 into a cold empty truck can cause the B100 to gel truck can cause the B100 to gel which prohibits mixing properlywhich prohibits mixing properly

Blend Options (In-Line Blend Options (In-Line Blend)Blend)

Biodiesel is added to a stream of diesel fuel as it Biodiesel is added to a stream of diesel fuel as it travels through a pipe or hose in such as way that the travels through a pipe or hose in such as way that the biodiesel and diesel fuel become thoroughly mixed by biodiesel and diesel fuel become thoroughly mixed by the turbulence encountered in the pipe.the turbulence encountered in the pipe.

Why Blend Biodiesel Why Blend Biodiesel into ULSD?into ULSD?

• Compatible with the compression Compatible with the compression ignition platform and with diesel ignition platform and with diesel fuel itselffuel itself

• Greatly enhances lubricity of ULSDGreatly enhances lubricity of ULSD• Compatible with 2007 diesel Compatible with 2007 diesel

engine catalystsengine catalysts• Aids with ULSD conductivity issuesAids with ULSD conductivity issues• Reduces harmful emissions Reduces harmful emissions • Power and performance virtually Power and performance virtually

unchangedunchanged• Seamless & transparent with Seamless & transparent with

existing petroleum infrastructure, existing petroleum infrastructure, (liquid not gaseous)(liquid not gaseous)

• Promotes national energy securityPromotes national energy security• Renewable, non-toxic, green blend Renewable, non-toxic, green blend

stock optionstock option

ULSDULSD

ULSD & LubricityULSD & Lubricity• Sulfur compounds are natural lubricants in Sulfur compounds are natural lubricants in

diesel.diesel.• ULSD regulations are causing major ULSD regulations are causing major

concerns with diesel engine performance.concerns with diesel engine performance.• ASTM lubricity requirement effective Jan 1, ASTM lubricity requirement effective Jan 1,

2005 for diesel fuels.2005 for diesel fuels.• ASTM D 6079ASTM D 6079

-High Frequency Reciprocating Rig -High Frequency Reciprocating Rig (HFRR)(HFRR)

-Wear Scar Maximum = 520 micrometers-Wear Scar Maximum = 520 micrometers

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

HFR

R A

vera

ge S

car

(µm

)Biodiesel at varying blends

Diesel

Diesel plus Additive

Diesel plus Biodiesel

Biodiesel Adds Biodiesel Adds Significant Lubricity to Significant Lubricity to

ULSDULSD

The average lubricity of Biodiesel blends compare to lubricity additives.

LubricityLubricity

Lubricity Effects of Biodiesel

191234262

343

532

318

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

Diesel B 0.5 B 1 B 2 B 5 B 11

% Biodiesel

HF

RR

ave

rage

sca

r

Effects of Biodiesel on the Lubricity of Diesel fuel.

Cold Weather Cold Weather OperabilityOperability

CFPP Testing of ULSDCFPP Testing of ULSD Bio Blends Bio Blends

Sample Description

CFPP °F, Base Fuel

CFPP °F w/ Additive

ULSD -2 -22

B11 ULSD (3x) +1 -20

B20 ULSD(4x) +3 -17

B5 ULSD -1 -18

B2 ULSD -2 -20

B2 ULSD -2 -22

2007 Engines2007 Engines

2007 Model Year Engines2007 Model Year Engines• EPA regulations require reduced sulfur in EPA regulations require reduced sulfur in

diesel fuel for 2007 model year enginesdiesel fuel for 2007 model year engines

• 80% of highway diesel fuel must be ULSD (< 80% of highway diesel fuel must be ULSD (< 15ppm sulfur) beginning june1, 200615ppm sulfur) beginning june1, 2006

• Catalyzed Diesel Particulate Filters Catalyzed Diesel Particulate Filters can eliminate 99% of solid particlescan eliminate 99% of solid particles(soot & metals) and eliminate (soot & metals) and eliminate >90% of semi-volatile >90% of semi-volatile hydrocarbons. hydrocarbons. Source: EPASource: EPA

Diesel Particle Filters Diesel Particle Filters (DPF)(DPF)

• Diesel particle filters (DPF) are found Diesel particle filters (DPF) are found in all 2007 model year diesel vehicles. in all 2007 model year diesel vehicles.

• What possible advantages or What possible advantages or disadvantages may result from using disadvantages may result from using biodiesel blends in these engines? biodiesel blends in these engines?

• The National Renewable Energy The National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) has conducting a Laboratory (NREL) has conducting a study in order to define these effects study in order to define these effects on DPFson DPFs..

Indicators of DPF Indicators of DPF PerformancePerformance

• Filter Filter regeneration regeneration rate increased rate increased significantly significantly when using when using blends as low blends as low as B5. Lower as B5. Lower particulate particulate temperature temperature and less and less particulate particulate input input contributed.contributed.

“Biodiesel Effects on Diesel Particle Filter Performance.” National Renewable Energy Laboratory, March 2006.

Materials CompatibilityMaterials Compatibility• B100 may adversely affect some B100 may adversely affect some

elastomers such as natural or nitrile elastomers such as natural or nitrile rubbers over time.rubbers over time.

• Most elastomers used after 1993 are Most elastomers used after 1993 are compatible with B100 (Viton/Teflon).compatible with B100 (Viton/Teflon).

• Blends (B20) effect is less, or non-Blends (B20) effect is less, or non-existent.existent.

• Normal monitoring of hoses and gaskets Normal monitoring of hoses and gaskets for leaks is sufficient with B20.for leaks is sufficient with B20.

• Consult with your parts supplier or Consult with your parts supplier or

mechanical engineering partners.mechanical engineering partners.

Materials CompatibilityMaterials Compatibility

• Biodiesel and biodiesel blends will Biodiesel and biodiesel blends will form high sediment levels when in form high sediment levels when in contact with the following metals:contact with the following metals:

-Brass, Bronze, Copper, Lead, Tin -Brass, Bronze, Copper, Lead, Tin and Zincand Zinc

• Biodiesel is compatible with:Biodiesel is compatible with:

-Mild and Stainless Steel, -Mild and Stainless Steel, AluminumAluminum

Biodiesel Position with Biodiesel Position with OEM’sOEM’s

Original Equipment Manufacturers:Original Equipment Manufacturers:• B100 Must Meet ASTM D 6751B100 Must Meet ASTM D 6751• Most OEM HQ’s have B20 experience:Most OEM HQ’s have B20 experience:

Won’t void warranteeWon’t void warrantee

Problems caused by the fuel are the Problems caused by the fuel are the responsibility of the fuel supplierresponsibility of the fuel supplier

Want to see additional experience in Want to see additional experience in the fieldthe field

• Higher blends OK’d based on experience Higher blends OK’d based on experience

of OEM and their technologyof OEM and their technology

HousekeepingHousekeeping

• No matter where you No matter where you are in the supply are in the supply chain both you and chain both you and your staff are your staff are responsible for responsible for ensuring optimum ensuring optimum storage environments storage environments for your fuelsfor your fuels

• The three basic ways The three basic ways which fuel may which fuel may become contaminated become contaminated are air, water and the are air, water and the fuel itselffuel itself

Exposure to AirExposure to Air• Enters through vent Enters through vent

pipes and contains large pipes and contains large amounts of moisture.amounts of moisture.

• Generally displaces the Generally displaces the fuel as tank is emptied.fuel as tank is emptied.

• It is not practical to It is not practical to keep air from entering keep air from entering the tank.the tank.

• Will increase the Will increase the oxidation of fuel.oxidation of fuel.

• Do not store fuels for Do not store fuels for long periods of time in long periods of time in partially empty tanks partially empty tanks without stabilizers.without stabilizers.

• Consider desiccant Consider desiccant dryers.dryers.

WaterWater• Free water in the fuel system accelerates corrosion and fuel Free water in the fuel system accelerates corrosion and fuel

degradation, it can also create a fertile growing place for degradation, it can also create a fertile growing place for “bugs.”“bugs.”

• Poor tank design has made complete removal of water Poor tank design has made complete removal of water impossible.impossible.

• Enters mostly as condensation from air. Vents and seals that Enters mostly as condensation from air. Vents and seals that are poorly constructed or are poorly constructed or maintained can maintained can allow water to allow water to infiltrate the infiltrate the storage tank.storage tank.

Exposure to Fuel Exposure to Fuel ContaminantsContaminants

Stored fuel will degrade Stored fuel will degrade forming insoluble materials.forming insoluble materials.

Insolubles will plug filters, Insolubles will plug filters, foul injectors and form foul injectors and form combustion system deposits combustion system deposits which promotes fuel system which promotes fuel system corrosion.corrosion.

Fuel can bring in Fuel can bring in contaminants during the contaminants during the delivery process, sand, dirt delivery process, sand, dirt etc.etc.

Lack of housekeeping Lack of housekeeping practices will absolutely practices will absolutely increase operational increase operational headaches.headaches.

Maintaining Your Fuel Maintaining Your Fuel QualityQuality

• Begin by specifying ASTM designed fuels, 6751 and Begin by specifying ASTM designed fuels, 6751 and 975975

• Reference cold weather performance and other special Reference cold weather performance and other special needs prior to orderingneeds prior to ordering

• Be proactive with general housekeeping practicesBe proactive with general housekeeping practices• Maintain optimum storage conditionsMaintain optimum storage conditions• Execute a quarterly fuel analysis program to ensure Execute a quarterly fuel analysis program to ensure

good preventative measures.good preventative measures.

Steps to Maintaining Steps to Maintaining FuelFuel

Store Fuel in Clean, Dry Dark EnvironmentStore Fuel in Clean, Dry Dark Environment Keep Tank Topped off to eliminate head Keep Tank Topped off to eliminate head

spacespace Monitor hoses, fill/vapor caps, gaskets for Monitor hoses, fill/vapor caps, gaskets for

leaksleaks Storage in on-site tanks should be limited Storage in on-site tanks should be limited

to less than 6 months.to less than 6 months. Once a year send your fuel to lab to be Once a year send your fuel to lab to be

tested for microbial contaminationtested for microbial contamination

Tips for Biodiesel Tips for Biodiesel HandlingHandling

In the winter months, it’s important to In the winter months, it’s important to use appropriate additives to ensure use appropriate additives to ensure good winter-weather operability. good winter-weather operability.

If any biodiesel is spilled, it is important If any biodiesel is spilled, it is important to clean it up quickly. Pure biodiesel to clean it up quickly. Pure biodiesel may remove paint from equipment.may remove paint from equipment.

Tips for Biodiesel Tips for Biodiesel HandlingHandling

When switching from diesel fuel to When switching from diesel fuel to biodiesel blend, it may be necessary biodiesel blend, it may be necessary to change the fuel filter an extra to change the fuel filter an extra time or two. time or two.

Quality IssuesQuality Issues

Biodiesel IssueBiodiesel IssueMonoglyceride Build-up (rare)Monoglyceride Build-up (rare)

Monoglyceride is one substance Monoglyceride is one substance that can precipitate out of fuel if that can precipitate out of fuel if the glycerin levels are too high in the glycerin levels are too high in the biodiesel used in the blendthe biodiesel used in the blend

Other Issues We have SeenOther Issues We have SeenParaffin WaxParaffin Wax

High level of paraffin material could be from the High level of paraffin material could be from the way ULSD is processed.way ULSD is processed.

When the temperature of the fuel is at or below When the temperature of the fuel is at or below its cloud point, paraffin material will precipitate its cloud point, paraffin material will precipitate out and collect on the bottom of the tank.out and collect on the bottom of the tank.

Paraffin build-up Paraffin build-up does notdoes not come from biodiesel come from biodiesel fuel.fuel.

Icing of the filterIcing of the filterSince the temperatures of engines are warm, any Since the temperatures of engines are warm, any moisture picked up within the engine can be moisture picked up within the engine can be brought back to the fuel lines. This moisture can brought back to the fuel lines. This moisture can freeze overnight in low ambient temperatures.freeze overnight in low ambient temperatures.

Sediment/Rust build-upSediment/Rust build-up Some of the filters had solid sediment within the folds Some of the filters had solid sediment within the folds and and

solid particles in the filter casing. solid particles in the filter casing.

Sediment present in the fuel or rust particles from Sediment present in the fuel or rust particles from within the engine can collect over time and plug within the engine can collect over time and plug the filter the filter even when there are not necessarily even when there are not necessarily problems with the problems with the fuel.fuel.

OxidationOxidation Because many newer engines run at higher Because many newer engines run at higher temperatures, there may be a black “asphaltene” temperatures, there may be a black “asphaltene” type type material collecting on the filter. material collecting on the filter.

This phenomenon has been seen all around the This phenomenon has been seen all around the country, often in newer engines.country, often in newer engines.

Microbial Growth Microbial Growth Several filters showed high content of live Several filters showed high content of live

microbial organisms or a build-up of dead microbial organisms or a build-up of dead microbial material. The filters with microbial microbial material. The filters with microbial contamination often had an odor different contamination often had an odor different from the normal fuel smell. from the normal fuel smell.

The lack of sulfur in biodiesel and ULSD aids The lack of sulfur in biodiesel and ULSD aids

in the build-up of such organisms since sulfur in the build-up of such organisms since sulfur is a key component of many biocides and is a is a key component of many biocides and is a natural inhibitor of bacterial and fungal natural inhibitor of bacterial and fungal growth.growth.

What Are What Are Microbes?Microbes?

Microbes are bacteria or fungus that Microbes are bacteria or fungus that live and propagate in fuel.live and propagate in fuel.

They live at the fuel/water interface.They live at the fuel/water interface.

The hydrocarbons in the fuel provide The hydrocarbons in the fuel provide the food and the water provides the the food and the water provides the oxygen.oxygen.

This environment is needed for living,This environment is needed for living,

growth, and reproduction.growth, and reproduction.

Where Do They Where Do They Come From?Come From?

AirAir Contains airborne microorganisms, yeast and Contains airborne microorganisms, yeast and

mold spores, and dirt particles that can enter mold spores, and dirt particles that can enter through tank vents.through tank vents.

WaterWaterWater, unless sterilized, can contain a variety Water, unless sterilized, can contain a variety

microorganisms.microorganisms.

Treatment and Treatment and PreventionPrevention

BiocidesBiocidesThree major groups: Fuel soluble, Water Three major groups: Fuel soluble, Water

soluble, and Universally soluble. soluble, and Universally soluble.

Need to be EPA registered and compatible Need to be EPA registered and compatible with the lubricant.with the lubricant.

Preventing Fuel ContaminationPreventing Fuel ContaminationPreventing contamination from air Preventing contamination from air

and water requires proper tank and water requires proper tank maintenance and cleaningmaintenance and cleaning

Biocide: Universally Biocide: Universally SolubleSoluble

Stable in both fuel and water.Stable in both fuel and water.

Primarily fuel soluble with sufficient water Primarily fuel soluble with sufficient water solubility to perform in both phases.solubility to perform in both phases.

Can be transported throughout the fuel Can be transported throughout the fuel system and be effective against biofilms system and be effective against biofilms and bottom water microbes.and bottom water microbes.

Contains sulfur.Contains sulfur.

Relatively expensive.Relatively expensive.

Preventing Preventing Contamination:Contamination: Tank Cleaning Tank Cleaning

Can be expensive and disruptive.Can be expensive and disruptive.

Needs to be used in conjunction with a biocide Needs to be used in conjunction with a biocide treatment.treatment.

The biocide should be used after the tank is The biocide should be used after the tank is clean, then fuel should be added (to eliminate clean, then fuel should be added (to eliminate microbes collected on the bottom of the tank).microbes collected on the bottom of the tank).

As a preventative measure, it is important to As a preventative measure, it is important to keep tanks as full of fuel as possible, and to keep tanks as full of fuel as possible, and to keep the amount of air in the tank minimal.keep the amount of air in the tank minimal.

Renewable Renewable Fuel Standard Fuel Standard

and RINsand RINs

How it all beganHow it all began

Energy Policy Act Energy Policy Act of 2005 (EPAct05) of 2005 (EPAct05) provides for a provides for a renewable fuels renewable fuels requirement.requirement.

The RFS Program took effect September 1, 2007

Renewable Identification Renewable Identification Numbers (RINs)Numbers (RINs)

RINs are generated by renewable RINs are generated by renewable fuel producers and importers and fuel producers and importers and assigned to batches that they transferassigned to batches that they transfer

Represent volumes of renewable fuel Represent volumes of renewable fuel produced. produced.

RINs are the tools obligated parties RINs are the tools obligated parties utilize to demonstrate compliance utilize to demonstrate compliance with their annual renewable fuel with their annual renewable fuel volume obligations. volume obligations.

RIN CodesRIN Codes

The Renewable Identification Number (RIN) is a 38-character The Renewable Identification Number (RIN) is a 38-character numeric code in the format:numeric code in the format:

KKYYYYYYYYCCCCCCCCFFFFFFFFFFBBBBBBBBBBRRRRDDSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE

K K RIN assignment code (1=assigned, RIN assignment code (1=assigned, 2=unassigned)2=unassigned)

YYYY YYYY Year batch is produced/imported (when it leaves Year batch is produced/imported (when it leaves the facility)the facility)

CCCC CCCC Company registration IDCompany registration IDFFFFF FFFFF Facility registration IDFacility registration IDBBBBBBBBBB Producer assigned batch numberProducer assigned batch numberRR RR Equivalence Value for the renewable fuelEquivalence Value for the renewable fuelD D Renewable type code (1=cellulosic; 2=non-Renewable type code (1=cellulosic; 2=non-

cellulosic)cellulosic)SSSSSSSS SSSSSSSS RIN Block Starting NumberRIN Block Starting NumberEEEEEEEE EEEEEEEE RIN Block Ending NumberRIN Block Ending Number

Equivalence ValuesEquivalence Values

The Equivalence Value indicates how many gallon-The Equivalence Value indicates how many gallon-RINs can be generated for each gallon of renewable RINs can be generated for each gallon of renewable fuelfuel

The EPA has specified the Equivalence Value for The EPA has specified the Equivalence Value for several renewable fuels using volumetric energy several renewable fuels using volumetric energy content in comparison to ethanol (adjusted for content in comparison to ethanol (adjusted for renewable content)renewable content)

Corn-ethanol: Corn-ethanol: 1.01.0 Cellulosic biomass ethanol: Cellulosic biomass ethanol: 2.52.5 Biodiesel (alkyl esters): Biodiesel (alkyl esters): 1.51.5 Renewable diesel: Renewable diesel: 1.71.7 Biobutanol: Biobutanol: 1.31.3

Compliance by Compliance by Marketers/ProducersMarketers/Producers

Biodiesel Producer or Importer:Biodiesel Producer or Importer: Must Must attachattach RINs to volumes of fuel and RINs to volumes of fuel and transfertransfer

those those RINs for any blends greater than RINs for any blends greater than B80B80 (on-road)(on-road)

An assigned RIN cannot be transferred to An assigned RIN cannot be transferred to another party without simultaneously another party without simultaneously transferring a volume of renewable fuel to that transferring a volume of renewable fuel to that same party.same party.

("Transfer" means a change in ownership, not custody; ("Transfer" means a change in ownership, not custody; Change in custody but not ownership has no RIN Change in custody but not ownership has no RIN responsibilities)responsibilities)

ComplianceCompliance

At the end of each quarter: At the end of each quarter: Cannot own any more assigned RINs (with K = Cannot own any more assigned RINs (with K =

1) than gallons of renewable fuel (adjusted for 1) than gallons of renewable fuel (adjusted for its Equivalence Value)its Equivalence Value)

Sum of assigned gallon-RINs

Volume of renewable fuel owned X Equivalence Value per volume

This requirement ensures that, at least quarterly, RINs have been transferred with volume and obligated parties have opportunities to get RINs

≤

Quarterly ReportingQuarterly ReportingRIN Generation ReportRIN Generation Report: :

Each facility owned by a renewable fuel producer must Each facility owned by a renewable fuel producer must report information pertaining to the RINs generated and report information pertaining to the RINs generated and attached to a “batch” produced; or imported.attached to a “batch” produced; or imported.

RIN Transaction Report:RIN Transaction Report: Any transaction where biodiesel produced is sold to a Any transaction where biodiesel produced is sold to a

second party will need a separate report submitted to second party will need a separate report submitted to document change of ownership transactionsdocument change of ownership transactions

(including providing registration information for (including providing registration information for 22ndnd party) party)

RIN Activity ReportRIN Activity Report: :

Summary report for RIN related activity during a quarter for Summary report for RIN related activity during a quarter for RINs owned by the reporting party. Includes status RINs owned by the reporting party. Includes status (assigned or separated); volumes of renewable fuel owned at (assigned or separated); volumes of renewable fuel owned at the end of a quarter; current year RINs owned at start of the end of a quarter; current year RINs owned at start of quarter; etc.quarter; etc.

Annual ReportingAnnual Reporting

Attest EngagementAttest Engagement:: Annual “attest engagement” completed by Annual “attest engagement” completed by

a CPA or certified internal auditor to a CPA or certified internal auditor to verify the accuracy of the information verify the accuracy of the information contained in the reports submitted to EPA contained in the reports submitted to EPA by covered entities.by covered entities.

Due Date: Attest Engagements are due Due Date: Attest Engagements are due May 31st of the year following compliance May 31st of the year following compliance year. (Ex. May 31, 2009 for compliance year. (Ex. May 31, 2009 for compliance year 2008).year 2008).

Registration with the Registration with the EPAEPA

Any entity that owns or intends to own Any entity that owns or intends to own biodiesel with RINs attached is biodiesel with RINs attached is required to register with the EPA.required to register with the EPA.

Registration with the EPA is required Registration with the EPA is required prior to owning fuel with RINs prior to owning fuel with RINs attached. attached.

www.epa.gov/otaq/regs/fuels/rfsforms.htm..

Additional RFS Additional RFS ResourcesResources

Renewable Fuel Standard Regulations Renewable Fuel Standard Regulations www.epa.gov/otaq/renewablefuels/rfs-finalrule.pdf..

Compliance Help Information Compliance Help Information www.epa.gov/otaq/renewablefuels/index.htm..

PMAA is working with their state associations in PMAA is working with their state associations in an effort to disseminate information to their an effort to disseminate information to their member marketers as quickly as possible to help member marketers as quickly as possible to help educate them on their compliance requirements.educate them on their compliance requirements.

BQ-9000BQ-9000

BQ-9000 BQ-9000 “Quality Assurance “Quality Assurance

Program”Program”““Specifies requirements for a quality Specifies requirements for a quality assurance program where an assurance program where an organization needs to demonstrate its organization needs to demonstrate its ability to provide product that meets ability to provide product that meets ASTM D 6751… and applicable ASTM D 6751… and applicable regulatory requirements, and to regulatory requirements, and to address quality assurance through the address quality assurance through the effective application of the program…”effective application of the program…”

HELPS ENSURE THAT END-USER IS HELPS ENSURE THAT END-USER IS GETTING HIGH-QUALITY GETTING HIGH-QUALITY

BIODIESEL!!BIODIESEL!!

• The National Biodiesel Board is a strong The National Biodiesel Board is a strong proponent of ASTM D-6751. proponent of ASTM D-6751.

• The National Biodiesel Board created the The National Biodiesel Board created the National Biodiesel Accreditation Commission National Biodiesel Accreditation Commission in 2000 and charged it with developing a in 2000 and charged it with developing a certification program for quality biodiesel certification program for quality biodiesel producers and marketers. The resulting producers and marketers. The resulting certification program is BQ-9000. certification program is BQ-9000.

• NBB will encourage active enforcement of NBB will encourage active enforcement of D6751 by the IRS, the EPA, the US Department D6751 by the IRS, the EPA, the US Department of Agriculture, and individual state Weights of Agriculture, and individual state Weights and Measures Bureausand Measures Bureaus..

NBB Fuel Quality NBB Fuel Quality PolicyPolicy

http://www.biodiesel.org/resources/fuelqualityguide/files/NBB%20Fuel%20Quality%20Policy%20.pdf

FuelFuel QualityQuality• Fuel quality is of the utmost concern and Fuel quality is of the utmost concern and

importance to the biodiesel industry.importance to the biodiesel industry.

• ASTM D 6751 is the specification for ASTM D 6751 is the specification for biodiesel fuels irrespective of the feedstock biodiesel fuels irrespective of the feedstock source and/or processing method.source and/or processing method.

• BQ-9000 Assures “cradle-to-grave” BQ-9000 Assures “cradle-to-grave” fuel qualityfuel quality““cradle”cradle” ““grave”grave”

Who and What are Who and What are AccreditedAccredited

Two accreditations possible for Two accreditations possible for companies:companies: BQ-9000 Accredited ProducerBQ-9000 Accredited Producer BQ-9000 Certified MarketerBQ-9000 Certified Marketer

BQ-9000 accredits companies, not fuelBQ-9000 accredits companies, not fuel There is no such thing as 'BQ-9000 Biodiesel'There is no such thing as 'BQ-9000 Biodiesel' BQ-9000 does, however, help insure that BQ-9000 does, however, help insure that

biodiesel produced and sold will meet D 6751biodiesel produced and sold will meet D 6751

Benefits of BQ-9000Benefits of BQ-9000

Provides the biodiesel users (individuals, Provides the biodiesel users (individuals, fleets, government agencies, etc.) with a fleets, government agencies, etc.) with a feeling of confidencefeeling of confidence

Improved consistency saves biodiesel Improved consistency saves biodiesel producers and marketers time and money producers and marketers time and money by minimizing problems with out of by minimizing problems with out of specification fuelspecification fuel

Your competitive position within the Your competitive position within the industry is strengthened as you gain a industry is strengthened as you gain a market advantage through recognition of market advantage through recognition of qualityquality

BQ-9000 Initial BQ-9000 Initial RegistrationRegistration

• Complete the Application Complete the Application

Submit Quality Manual Submit Quality Manual

Pay $1000 application fee Pay $1000 application fee

Provide proof of EPA Registration Provide proof of EPA Registration

BQ-9000 AccreditationBQ-9000 Accreditation

The Commission reviews the The Commission reviews the application application

and application materials:and application materials:

Applications considered Applications considered administratively complete shall be administratively complete shall be accepted for processing accepted for processing

and audit.and audit. $ 2,500 Certification Audit Fee$ 2,500 Certification Audit Fee

BQ-9000 AccreditationBQ-9000 Accreditation

• Auditor is assigned, establishes the Auditor is assigned, establishes the audit schedule with applicant.audit schedule with applicant. Desk audit to verify written complianceDesk audit to verify written compliance On-site audit to verify compliance.On-site audit to verify compliance.

• The Commission reviews results of The Commission reviews results of audits, votes on the company’s audits, votes on the company’s status. status.

• If applicant passes audit, If applicant passes audit, Commission grants accreditation for Commission grants accreditation for 2 years. 2 years.

Accreditation TimelineAccreditation TimelineAvg.

Length (days) Accreditation Step

Quality Manual, Application & Audit Fees Received

7-10 Quality Manual from NBAC to Auditor

10 Desk Audit

180 Set Onsite Audit Date & Resolve Desk Audit Issues (scheduled 6 months from implementation date of all elements of quality system)

1.5 Registration Audit

30 Resolve Nonconformances

10 Final Report & Recommendations

10-21 NBAC Meets & Approves

249-263 Total

ALWAYS BUY PRODUCT FROM BQ-

9000 CERTIFIED PRODUCERS OR MARKETERS!!!

Accredited Producers Accredited Producers (19)(19)

Johann Haltermann Ltd

Renewable Energy Group, Inc.Western Iowa Energy

AGP

Minnesota Soybean Processors

Organic Fuels, LLC

Peach State Labs

Griffin Industries

Cargill

Imperial Western Products

Stepan Company

Purada Processing, LLC

Peter Cremer

Huish Detergents

FUMPA BioFuels

Seattle Biodiesel

Soymor

FurtureFuel Chemical CompanyCarolina Biofuels, LLC

Certified Marketers (9)Certified Marketers (9)

TransMontaigne, Inc.

Metro Fuel Oil Corporation

Sprague Energy Corp

Pro Petroleum, Inc

Western States Petroleum, Inc.

FUMPA BioFuels

Peter Cremer NA

Canadian Bioenergy Corp

REG

BQ-9000 Certified Marketers9/20/07

(9) BQ-9000 Marketers

www.bq-9000.org www.biodiesel.org www.nbb.org

BQ-9000 Information BQ-9000 Information Through the NBBThrough the NBB

Find information on the requirements for the program and a list of accredited producers/marketers on the NBB website.

Biodiesel ResourcesBiodiesel Resources

Educational ResourcesEducational Resources• BEN: Biodiesel BEN: Biodiesel

Education NetworkEducation Network• Web-based resource Web-based resource

specifically for specifically for petroleum marketerspetroleum marketers

• Partnership between Partnership between NBB/PMAANBB/PMAA

• www.pmaa.orgwww.pmaa.org• www.biodiesel.orgwww.biodiesel.org

NBB Resources: NBB Resources: www.biodiesel.orgwww.biodiesel.org

•Technical LibraryTechnical Library•Biodiesel Bulletin Biodiesel Bulletin •Informational Informational ResourcesResources

•Technical Resources Technical Resources •Educational Videos Educational Videos AvailableAvailable•On-line Database & On-line Database & Spec SheetsSpec Sheets

Other Biodiesel Other Biodiesel ResourcesResources

• www.bbibiofuels.cowww.bbibiofuels.comm

• Biodiesel MagazineBiodiesel MagazineA A ‘‘MUST HAVE’MUST HAVE’

magazinemagazine

• Biodiesel Industry Biodiesel Industry Directory On-LineDirectory On-Line

Biodiesel Help-Biodiesel Help-lineline

Established to:Established to:

Provide triage for fuel problemsProvide triage for fuel problems problems not adequately addressed by problems not adequately addressed by distributors/producers distributors/producers

Diagnose/analyze/assist with problems Diagnose/analyze/assist with problems from:from:

customerscustomers fleetsfleets fuel distributorsfuel distributors

Provide assistance through chemical Provide assistance through chemical analysisanalysis

Through the use of third party Lab Through the use of third party Lab Help provide assistance to users to ensure Help provide assistance to users to ensure

the image/integrity of Biodiesel is the image/integrity of Biodiesel is maintained.maintained.

Contact InformationContact Information

The National Biodiesel Helpline is:The National Biodiesel Helpline is: For when you cannot get help elsewhere.For when you cannot get help elsewhere. Not meant for General guidance issues.Not meant for General guidance issues.

You should always begin by asking your fuel You should always begin by asking your fuel supplier, they will most likely be able to supplier, they will most likely be able to answer your question more accurately.answer your question more accurately.

800-929-3437952-473-0182

QuestionsQuestions