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BIODIV RSITAS Priyambodo, M.Sc.

Biodiversitas Priyambodo, M.Sc. Sains Dasar

HIERARKI KERAGAMAN

• Keragaman Genetik

• Keragaman Spesies

• Keragaman Ekosistem


KERAGAMAN GENETIK


KERAGAMAN SPESIES


Water yam or uwi

(Dioscorea alata L).

Uwi beras, U. legi, U. luyung putih

U. butun, U. kuning, U. luyung kuning

U. Putih (Banggai), U. ulo, U. luyung putih

U. bangkulit, U. ungu, U. luyung senggani

U. Senggani Obi item (Mdr) Ubi ungu (Banggai)

U. Ungu Demak Obi violet (Mdr).

Green habit flower aerial tuber fruit redis-purple habit

KERAGAMAN EKOSISTEM


PENGELOMPOKAN MAKHLUK HIDUP


TAXONOMY


• Attempts to classify humans according to their physical characteristics go back thousands of years.

• One of the first “scientific” attempts was that of Carolus Linnaeus, the founder of modern taxonomic classification.

• It is very instructive to review in some detail Linnaeus’ 18th century

classification of humans.

Carolus Linnaeus


• Linnaeus also introduced a system

– For grouping species in increasingly broad categories

Panthera pardus

Panthera

Felidae

Carnivora

Mammalia

Chordata

Animalia

Eukarya Domain

Kingdom

Phylum

Class

Order

Family

Genus

Species


• Taxonomy

– Is the branch of biology that names and classifies species according to a system of broader and broader groups

Species Genus Family Order Class Phylum Kingdom Domain

Mammalia

Ursus ameri- canus (American black bear)

Ursus

Ursidae

Carnivora

Chordata

Animalia

Eukarya


• Biologists also use systematics

– As an analytical approach to understanding the diversity and relationships of organisms, both present-day and extinct

• Currently, systematists use

– Morphological, biochemical, and molecular comparisons to infer evolutionary relationships

KLASIFIKASI LIMA KINGDOM


Plantae Fungi Animalia

Protista

Monera

KLASIFIKASI ENAM KINGDOM


KLASIFIKASI TIGA DOMAIN


100 µm

0.5 µm

4 µm Bacteria are the most diverse and widespread prokaryotes and are now divided among multiple kingdoms. Each of the rod-shaped structures in this photo is a bacterial cell.

Protists (multiple kingdoms) are unicellular eukaryotes and their relatively simple multicellular relatives.Pictured here is an assortment of protists inhabiting pond water. Scientists are currently debating how to split the protists into several kingdoms that better represent evolution and diversity.

Kingdom Plantae consists of multicellula eukaryotes that carry out photosynthesis, the conversion of light energy to food.

Many of the prokaryotes known as archaea live in Earth‘s extreme environments, such as salty lakes and boiling hot springs. Domain Archaea includes multiple kingdoms. The photo shows a colony composed of many cells.

Kindom Fungi is defined in part by the nutritional mode of its members, such as this mushroom, which absorb nutrientsafter decomposing organic material.

Kindom Animalia consists of multicellular eukaryotes that ingest other organisms.

DOMAIN ARCHAEA


Domain Bacteria Domain Archaea

Domain Eukarya

Proteobacteria

Universal ancestor

Bacteria


• Diverse nutritional types

– Are scattered among the major groups of bacteria

• The two largest groups are

– The proteobacteria and the Gram-positive bacteria


• Proteobacteria

Rhizobium (arrows) inside a root cell of a legume (TEM)

Nitrosomonas (colorized TEM)

Chromatium; the small globules are sulfur wastes (LM)

Fruiting bodies of Chondromyces crocatus, a myxobacterium (SEM)

Bdellovibrio bacteriophorus Attacking a larger bacterium

(colorized TEM)

Helicobacter pylori (colorized TEM).


• Chlamydias, spirochetes, Gram-positive bacteria, and cyanobacteria

Chlamydia (arrows) inside an animal cell (colorized TEM)

Leptospira, a spirochete (colorized TEM)

Streptomyces, the source of many antibiotics (colorized SEM)

Two species of Oscillatoria, filamentous cyanobacteria (LM)

Hundreds of mycoplasmas covering a human fibroblast cell (colorized SEM)

2.5

m

5 m

5

m

50

m

1 m


• Some archaea

– Live in extreme environments

• Extreme thermophiles

– Thrive in very hot environments

• Methanogens

– Live in swamps and marshes

– Produce methane as a waste product


• Extreme halophiles

– Live in high saline environments


• Protist habitats are also diverse in habitat • And including freshwater and marine species

100 m

100 m

4 cm

500 m

The freshwater ciliate Stentor, a unicellular protozoan (LM)

Ceratium tripos, a unicellular marine dinoflagellate (LM)

Delesseria sanguinea, a multicellular marine red alga

Spirogyra, a filamentous freshwater green alga (inset LM)

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)


• Chlorophytes include

– Unicellular, colonial, and multicellular forms

Volvox, a colonial freshwater chlorophyte. The colony is a hollow ball whose wall is composed of hundreds or thousands of biflagellated cells (see inset LM) embedded in a gelatinous matrix. The cells are usually connected by strands of cytoplasm; if isolated, these cells cannot reproduce. The large colonies seen here will eventually release the small “daughter” colonies within them (LM).

(a)

Caulerpa, an inter- tidal chlorophyte. The branched fila- ments lack cross-walls and thus are multi- nucleate. In effect, the thallus is one huge “supercell.”

(b)

Ulva, or sea lettuce. This edible seaweed has a multicellular thallus differentiated into leaflike blades and a rootlike holdfast that anchors the alga against turbulent waves and tides.

(c)

20 µm 50 µm


Fungi


Plantae


Animalia

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