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PALESTINE: “LAND OF OLIVES AND VINES CULTURAL LANDSCAPE OF

SOUTHERN JERUSALEM, BATTIR” World Heritage Site

Biodiversity Conservation Plan

December 2019

Output of Project: “Biodiversity Conservation and Community Development in

Al-Makhrour Valley in Bethlehem, Palestine”

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PALESTINE: “LAND OF OLIVES AND VINES CULTURAL LANDSCAPE OF SOUTHERN

JERUSALEM, BATTIR” World Heritage Site

Biodiversity Conservation Plan

Copyright © 2019 Bethlehem University (BU)

Published by: Palestine Institute for Biodiversity and Sustainability (PIBS)/Palestine

Museum of Natural History (PMNH) – Bethlehem University (BU)

Mar Andreas Building

Al-Karkarfa, Bethlehem, Palestine

Tel: + 970 2-2773553

email: [email protected]

Website: https://www.palestinenature.org

Writers: Mrs. Roubina N. Ghattas – Pioneer Consultancy Center for Sustainable

Development (PCC)

Contributors: Prof. Mazin Qumsiyeh-PIBS/PMNH – BU, Mr. Mohammad Mahassneh

– Environment Quality Authority (EQA), Arch. Marwa Adwan- Ministry

of Tourism and Antiquities (MoTA), Dr. Anton Khalilieh – Nature

Palestine Society (NPS), Mr. Elias Handal - PIBS/PMNH – BU, Dr. Rami

Arafeh – Polytechnic University (PPU), Mrs. Enas Haferi – PCC.

Cover: Photo taken by Roubina N. Ghattas at Al Makhrour Valley – Beit Jala

Side

Citation: Ghattas, R., (Wr.), Qumsiyeh, M., Mahassneh, M. (Eds.). 2019.

Biodiversity Conservation Plan for PALESTINE: “LAND OF OLIVES

AND VINES CULTURAL LANDSCAPE OF SOUTHERN JERUSALEM,

BATTIR”. State of Palestine.

Acknowledgment: We extend our gratefulness to our partners, supporters and stakeholders who

contributed to develop this Biodiversity Conservation Plan for the WHP,

“Palestine: Land of Olives and Vines—Cultural Landscape of Southern

Jerusalem, Battir, Palestine”; namely Environment Quality Authority, Ministry

of Tourism and Antiquities, Ministry of Agriculture, Municipalities of Beit Jala

and Battir, and Village councils of Husan, and Al Walajeh localitlies. We deeply

thank the local communities of the mentioned localities for their effective

contribution during the development of the plan. We gratefully acknowledge the

financial support for this publication and the overall project from Darwin

Initiative fund whose official policy or position is not necessarily reflected in the

views and opinions expressed herein. We thank the National Geographic Society

for their supplementary funding for some of the biodiversity exploration work.

mailto:[email protected]

https://www.palestinenature.org/

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I. Table of Contents

1. INTRODUCTION FOR CONSERVATION APPROACH OF BIODIVERSITY at WHP 10

1.1 International Conservation Frameworks ..................................................................... 10

1.2 National Conservation Frameworks of Relevance ..................................................... 12

1.2.1 National Cultural Heritage Legislations .............................................................. 12

1.2.2 National Natural Heritage Legislations ............................................................... 13

1.3 Related Current National Conservation acts at WHP ................................................ 14

2. RATIONAL AND PURPOSE BEHIND BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION PLAN

(BCP) .................................................................................................................................................. 16

2.1 Objectives behind BCP at WHP ..................................................................................... 16

2.2 Interrelations with UNESCO and MoTA conservation approach on site ............... 16

2.2.1 In relation to MoTA Conservation Approaches on site ..................................... 16

2.2.2 In relation to UNESCO - WHC Conservation Approaches on site .................. 22

2.3 Structure and Approach of BCP .................................................................................... 23

2.4 Methods of Compilation and Community Participation ........................................... 24

3. BACKGROUND AND SIGNIFICANCE ............................................................................. 26

3.1 Physical conditions and Land Use ................................................................................ 27

3.2 Ownership and Management Structure ....................................................................... 31

3.3 Significant values and physical attributes ................................................................... 32

3.4 Ecosystem services and human well being .................................................................. 35

3.4.1 Socio-economic environment and importance of WHP ..................................... 36

3.4.2 Natural Resources and Importance of WHP ....................................................... 42

4. ASSESSMENT AND INVENTORY FOR FLORA AND FAUNAL COMPONENTS .. 511

4.1 At Habitat level .............................................................................................................. 511

4.2 At Species Level ............................................................................................................. 533

4.2.1 Floristic Diversity on Site........................................................................................ 53

4.2.2 Faunal Diversity on Site .......................................................................................... 55

4.2.3 Avi-Faunal Diversity on Site ................................................................................ 567

4.2.4 Mushrooms/Fungi on site ................................................................................... 577

5. BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION VALUES AND TARGETS ...................................... 578

5.1 Habitats of High Conservation Value .......................................................................... 58

5.1.1 Habitats of High Conservation Value for Plant Biodiversity: ........................... 58

5.1.2 Habitats of High Conservation Value for Animals: ........................................... 62

5.1.3 Selected Habitats of Priority for Conservation at WHP ..................................... 63

5.2 CONSERVATION TARGETS AT SPECIES LEVEL ................................................... 68

5.2.1 Plant Species of High Conservation Value ........................................................ 680

5.2.2 Animals and Birds of Conservation Value at Species Level ............................ 724

6. THREAT AND PRESSURES FACING CONSERVATION TARGETS ............................ 75

6.1 Identification and evaluation of direct pressures and threats to conservation

targets ............................................................................................................................................ 75

6.2 Assessment of pressures, threats and management constraints according to

RAPPAM .................................................................................................................................... 901

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6.3 Vulnerability of WHP ..................................................................................................... 96

7. CONSERVATION STRATEGY AND MEASURES ............................................................ 99

7.1 Overall vision and Management Goals ........................................................................ 99

7.2 Conservation Goals, Strategies and objectives .......................................................... 990

7.2.1 Long term Goals for WHP .................................................................................. 1000

7.2.2 Conservation Strategies and Objectives ........................................................... 1021

8. IMPLEMENTATION OF CONSERVATION STRATEGY .......................................... 10605

8.1 Action Plan for Conservation Strategies of the Planning and Enabling Phase. 10607

8.2 Action Plan for Conservation Strategies of the Environment and Related

Regulations Enhancement phase…………………………………………………………....109

8.3 Action Plan for Conservation Strategies for Biodiversity Conservation and

Restoration Phase .................................................................................................................. 12416

9. MONITORING PLAN .......................................................................................................... 138

10. References: ...................................................................................................................... 14529

II. List of Tables, Figures, maps

List of Tables

Table 1.1: List of relevant biodiversity conventions and planning frameworks ...................... 9

Table 3.1: Total population number, locality area, and cultivated area (in dunums) by

targeted locality .............................................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.

Table 3.2: Total area (in dunums), crop type, and number of livestock, in the targeted

localities, 2017 ................................................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.

Table 3.3: Socio-Economic Importance of WHP ......................... Error! Bookmark not defined.

Table 3.4: Biological Importance of WHP ................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.

Table 5.1: WHP habitats of high conservation value by type, physical characteristic and

value ................................................................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.

Table 5.2: Distribution of selected species by conservation area of priority at WHP ...... Error!

Bookmark not defined.

Table 5.3: Endemic species found at WHP and their abundance ............ Error! Bookmark not

defined.

Table 5.4: Plant species found of high conservation value and the reason for their

conservation .................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.

Table 5.5: Bird Species of High Conservation Value at WHP .. Error! Bookmark not defined.

Table 5.6: Mammals species of high conservation value found at WHP and their local and

global conservation status ............................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.

Table 5.7: List of Reptiles and Amphibians found at Al Makhrour Valley and their Status

........................................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.

Table 6.1: Projected Mid -Year Population for WHP Localities in proximity (1997-2021)


Table 6.2: Total Number of population in settlements in proximity to WHP ................... Error!


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Table 6.3: Total locality area, and cultivated area (in dunums) by targeted locality ....... Error!


Table 6.4: Connection to sewerage network and amount of waste water and solid waste

generation by locality (localities in proximity to WHP) ........... Error! Bookmark not defined.

Table 6.5: RAPPAM results for the pressures facing WHP ...... Error! Bookmark not defined.

Table 6.6: RAPPAM results for the pressures and threats facing WHP . Error! Bookmark not

defined.

Table 6.7: RAPPAM results connecting pressures with threats and their degree of impact

and potential mitigation method................................................................................................... 99

Table 6.8: Vulnerability Context of WHP .................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.

List of Figures

Figure 3.1: Scores of socio-economic importance of WHP ....... Error! Bookmark not defined.

Figure 3.2: Scores of biological importance of WHP ................. Error! Bookmark not defined.

Figure 4.1: Number of plant species by family surveyed at WHP .......... Error! Bookmark not

defined.

Figure 6.1: Degree of pressures facing Battir .............................. Error! Bookmark not defined.

Figure 6.2: Interrelations between pressures and threats at WHP .......... Error! Bookmark not

defined.

Figure 6.3: Scores by vulnerability aspects at WHP .................. Error! Bookmark not defined.

List of Maps

Map 3.1: Battir World Heritage Site; location, topography and nominated zones .......... Error!


Map 3.2: Water sources in WHP ................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.

Map 3.3: Land Use Land Cover of WHP - CORINE Classification of Land Cover, Level 3.


Map 3.4: Al-Makhrour area and its Surroundings .................... Error! Bookmark not defined.

Map 3.5: WHP area, borders and localities in proximity .......... Error! Bookmark not defined.

Map 3.6: The agricultural lands at WHP - CORINE Classification of Land Cover, Level 1.


Map 5.1: Area of Biodiversity Conservation Value at WHP, ... Error! Bookmark not defined.

Map 5.2: Habitats of Plant Conservation Value at WHP – Beit Jala side towards Battir

Village. ............................................................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.

Map 5.3: Habitats of Plant Conservation Value at WHP- Battir Village and Surroundings


Map 5.4: Habitats of Conservation Value for Bird Species at WHP, ....... Error! Bookmark not

defined.

Map 5.5: Biodiversity Conservation Areas of Priority at WHP Error! Bookmark not defined.

Map 6.1: Urban encroachment at WHP ....................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.

Map 6.2: Location of land confiscation within WHP boundaries ............ Error! Bookmark not

defined.

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Map 6.3: Land isolation at Al Walaja village at borders of WHP ............ Error! Bookmark not

defined.

List of Photos

Photo 3.1: Typical valley structure in Wadi Al-Makhrour ....... Error! Bookmark not defined.

Photo 3.2: The reason the valley is called Al-Makhrour .......... Error! Bookmark not defined.

Photo 3.3: Traditional irrigation system in Battir locality ......... Error! Bookmark not defined.

Photo 3.4: Traditional irrigation system in Battir locality ......... Error! Bookmark not defined.

Photo 3.5: Ancient Canaanite stone terracing and typical stone home in the valley ....... Error!


Photo 5.1: Selected Plant Species found at WHP ....................... Error! Bookmark not defined.



Photo 5.4: Selected Bird Species found at WHP ......................... Error! Bookmark not defined.



Photo 5.7: Mountain Gazelle at WHP. ......................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.

Photo 5.8: Mountain Gazelle at WHP. ......................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.

Photo 5.9: Selected reptile and amphibian species found at WHP……………………………78

Photo 5.10: Selected reptile and amphibian species found at WHP……………...…...……....78

Photo 6.1:Terraces set at Al Makhrour Valley from Beit Jala side – changing natural features

of the site .......................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.

Photo 6.2: Use of powered mechanics on site – changing vegetation cover on site ......... Error!


Photo 6.3: New terraces filled with new soil mixtures on site . Error! Bookmark not defined.

Photo 6.4: Use of mechcanics on site ............................................ Error! Bookmark not defined.

Photo 6.5: Solid waste disposal on site ........................................ Error! Bookmark not defined.

Photo 6.6: Waste disposal (mainly vehicles wheels) at E’in Kapriyanos spring .............. Error!


Photo 6.7: Scatered fires along Al Mkahrour Valley ................. Error! Bookmark not defined.

Photo 6.8: Natural water harvesting stone used by local wildlife .......... Error! Bookmark not

defined.

Photo 6.9: Natural water runoff from top of hills towards the valley at Al Makhrour valley


Photo 6.10: Accumulation of solid waste generated from visitors at E’in E’mdan Spring


Photo 6.11: Selected plant invasive species at WHP .................. Error! Bookmark not defined.



Photo 6.14: Farmer spraying pesticides ....................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.

Photo 6.15: Leakage of wastewater from the cesspits in Battir locality .. Error! Bookmark not

defined.

Photo 6.16: Feral/stray dogs on site ............................................ Error! Bookmark not defined.

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III. Abbreviations

ACs Current Agricultural Cooperatives in the WHP

ARIJ Applied Research Institute-Jerusalem

BU Bethlehem University

BCP Biodiversity Conservation Plan

CBD Convention on Biological Diversity

CCHP Centre for Cultural heritage Preservation

CITES Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora

CMP Conservation Measures Partnership

CMS Convention on Conservation of Migratory Species of wild animals

DSOCR Desired State of Conservation Report

EIA Environmental Impact Assessment

EQA Environment Quality Authority

HIA Heritage Impact Assessment

IAS Invasive Alien Species

IBAs Important Bird Area

ICOMOS International Council on Monuments and Sites.

IPPC International Plant Protection Convention

ITPGRs International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture

IUCN International Union for Conservation of Nature

JSC Joint Service Council

JSCTDB Joint Service Council for Tourism Development of Bethlehem Governorate

MCP Management and Conservation Plan

MDLF Municipal Development and Lending Fund

MEAs Multi Environmental Agreements

MoA Ministry of Agriculture

MoLG Ministry of Local Government

MoTA Ministry of Tourism and Antiquities

NBSAPP National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan for Palestine

NGOs Non-governmental organization

NTFP Non-timber Forest Products

NSP National Spatial Plan

OUV Outstanding Universal Value

PCBS Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics

PCC Pioneer Consultancy Center for Sustainable Development

PIBS Palestine Institute for Biodiversity and Sustainability

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PMNH Palestine Museum of Natural History

PPU Palestine Polytechnic University

PWA Palestinian Water Authority

RAPPAM Rapid Assessment and Prioritization of Protected Area Management

SMC Site Management Committee

SWOT Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats analysis

UNCCD United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification

UNESCO United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization

UNFCCC United Nations’ Framework Convention on Climate Change

WHC World Heritage Convention

WHP World Heritage Property

WHS World Heritage Site

WWF World Wide Fund for Nature

IV. Preface

The Biodiversity Conservation Plan (BCP) for “Land of Olives and Vines Cultural Landscape of Southern Jerusalem, Battir”; World Heritage Property (WHP), represents one of the main outputs of the project entitled:” “Biodiversity Conservation and Community Development in Al-Makhrour Valley in Bethlehem, Palestine” which is funded by Darwin Initiative Fund and is conducted by PIBS/PMNH – BU (Palestine Institute for Biodiversity and Sustainability /Palestine Museum of Natural History – Bethlehem University over the years 2018-2021. Additional funding for some of the biodiversity exploration work came from the National Geographic Society through an Explorer Grant to PIBS. The project targeted WHP, as the site encompasses number of significant cultural and natural heritage values upon which it was inscribed on the World Heritage List following an emergency nomination, in accordance with criteria (iv) and (v) in the year 2014. The WHP was announced as Important Bird Area (IBAs), was listed under IUCN Green List and was designated as a Key Biodiversity Area. It is located in the Mediterranean Forests, Woodland and Scrub biome, one of WWF’s Global 200 priority biomes for conservation. It is also part of Conservation International’s Global Biodiversity Hotspot Mediterranean Basin, and of a global Centre of Plant Diversity, two additional designations of global conservation importance. The WHP embraces number of intrinsic and authentic values starting from the terraces that bear witness to thousands of years of human activity centered primarily in the area to the springs, footpaths, and rich natural landscapes of mainly Mediterranean maquis forest, with batha/garrigue associations; where one can find a wealth of cultural heritage remains and

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rich diversity of biota. Hence, it was found necessary to develop a specialized plan for the conservation of biological diversity of the property with an ultimate aim to protect and sustain the significant ecological and biological attributes of such outstanding landscapes of WHP, while supporting their interactive processes. This BCP works on advancing the knowledge-base regarding the biological importance, ecological services, habitats and species of conservation value and relevant pressures of the World Heritage Property. This BCP presents strategic objectives and action plans for effective protection and maintenance for the property’s valuable biodiversity, ecosystems and its supportive habitats while considering both the landscape and socio-economic systems and climate change aspects. This is accomplished while also considering supporting the local population livelihoods and outreaching the decisions makers and stakeholders to create a national impact on biodiversity conservation level that can be replicated. The BCP responds to the objectives of Palestine’s National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan (NBSAPP), and comes in accordance to the guidelines of CBD/COP/14/7, 14/8, 14/12, 14/13, and 14/14 provided by the CBD (Convention on Biological Diversity) and related international conservation frameworks such as the Strategic Plan for Biodiversity 2011-2020. It also complements the Management and Conservation Plan (MCP) set by MoTA and its partners during the year 2018 to WHP; with the aim to provide a sustainable regulatory management framework for conserving and protecting the World Heritage Property (WHP), its Outstanding Universal Value (OUV) including its authenticity and integrity, as well as to improve the socio-economic situation of the local community. BCP will complement the objectives set at MCP; specifically objective 11 which calls on conserving the biodiversity and natural ecosystem of the WHP. This plan was developed through comprehensive consultation and engagement of the local community and related partners and stakeholders. Number of meetings and workshops were conducted targeting related governmental institutions, technical experts, and representatives of local community and municipalities/councils of localities in proximity to WHP. The discussions and diagnosis done together with the different stakeholders concluded the targets of conservation value, and the necessary actions of prospect to halt and or reduce the pressures and potential threats on site, and those actions needed for habitats restoration that respond to the strategic objectives of the BCP.

V. Executive Summary The inscription of the “Land of Olives and Vines Cultural Landscape of Southern Jerusalem, Battir”; on the World Heritage Sites in the year 2014, has secured for the site attention to preserve its outstanding features and to continuously assess its status and to work out plans for its sustainability. This Biodiversity Conservation Plan (BCP) comes in line and respond to the obligations of the State of Palestine towards its ratified international conventions, mainly Rio-Conventions (see section 1), the national strategies mainly the Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan for Palestine, the World Heritage Committee recommendations and the Management and Conservation Plan (MCP) set to manage the site (sections 1 and 2). It is built with total integration with the MCP and in a manner that secures an effective management to this BCP; with full support of the Operation Management System of the WHP through the MCP. The BCP comes to complement the effective management of the site

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with developing a conservation plan specialized in protecting and sustaining the ecology, landscape and biodiversity of the WHP. The plan works effectually to identify the biodiversity conservation status and values (socio-economic and biological) on the property (see sections 3, and 4), the pressures and threats the property handles (section 6), ecosystem services and valuation (section 3), the key targeted habitats and species of high conservation value on site (section 5), and the response with the appropriate methods/actions for the property sustainable conservation (sections 7, 8 and 9). The Conservation Measures Partnership, 2013 (CMP) model (CMP, 2013), RAPPAM (Ervin, J. 2003) and IUCN relevant guidelines (IUCN, 2012) were used while preparing the plan. In the last stage of the planning process the conservation goals were set based on the different inventories, diagnosis and information collected in a participatory approach during the planning process. Goals for conservation were established; for (1) species and communities; with numeric goals were established for endemic and endangered or vulnerable targets, (2) goals for ecological systems were based on relative abundance and representation of diverse habitats and connectivity, and richness of species and communities and threats facing habitats and communities. In addition, the preparation of the BCP was based on a participatory approach that involves all relevant stakeholders, involved actors and experts in all phases of preparation and development of the BCP. A value-driven approach that is consistent with Palestinian local conditions has also been developed and applied as a methodology for the preparation of the BCP. Up to 23 strategic long term goals, 28 conservation strategies supported with 42 actions were all concluded to reflect on the protection of the natural ecosystems and their biotic and abiotic components within the WHP; through conservation and restoration works and in conformity with international standards, and the engagement of the local community in the WHP.

1. INTRODUCTION FOR CONSERVATION APPROACH OF BIODIVERSITY at WHP

1.1 International Conservation Frameworks The globalization of environmental issues and International environmental law has developed rapidly over the past 30 years; a number of conventions have been completed, acting as both multilateral and bilateral instruments, to address global and regional issues. This approach has been accelerated by the processes of economic and political globalization, which is gradually beginning to affect environmental regimes. In the past two decades, international environmental law has become increasingly driven by the concept of sustainable development, which now underpins to a great extent the global environmental debate. This has also brought a rapid growth in the number and scope of international legal instruments and institutions relating to the conservation of biodiversity (Boer, Ben, 2002). Given the development and population pressures on both terrestrial and marine environments, there became an urgent need for improved legal frameworks for biodiversity conservation planning at international, regional and national levels. Two key texts emerged from a number of preparatory meetings that rang the danger bell at the global level:

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Publication of the Global Biodiversity Strategy and the adoption of the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) signed at the Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro (both in 1992). Conservation approaches have been manifested mainly through the decisions, guidelines and tools set by those international conventions related to Biodiversity. Those conventions were all found to implement actions at the national, regional and international levels with the aim to reach shared goals of conservation and sustainable use. Of the major and high impact international conventions of prime importance to biodiversity conservation, and some of which have been enacted in law in signatory countries are: the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD), the Convention on Conservation of Migratory Species of wild animals (CMS), the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES), the International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture, the Ramsar Convention on Wetlands, the World Heritage Convention (WHC), the International Plant Protection Convention (IPPC), United Nations’ Aarhus convention, United Nations’ Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) and the United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD). The international conventions, multilateral agreement and national legislation of interest to the targeted site for this BCP; WHP that are highlighted here are the ones that were signed by the Palestinian authority during the last few years. It is worth mentioning here that the State of Palestine in alignment with national priorities agreed on ratifying 16 multilateral environmental conventions (see Annex 1.1) upon which it has signed number of conventions and protocols (see table 1.1). Palestine’s obligations under those ratified international treaty law are to enhance protection of Palestinian cultural and natural heritage and to ensure conformity of Palestine’s own legislation and practice to international standards. Table 1.1: List of relevant biodiversity conventions and planning frameworks

Conventions and Planning Frameworks Date of Ratification / Completion

UN Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) Ratified on the 2nd April 2015

CBD National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan (NBSAP)

Completed in 1999

Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety to the Convention of Biological Diversity

Ratified on the 2nd April 2015

UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) Signed on 1st December 2015

World Heritage Convention (WHC) Ratified on the 8th December 2011

UN Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD) Ratified on the 30th September 1997

Basel Convention Controlling Trans-boundary Movement of Hazardous Wastes and their Disposal

Ratified on the 2nd April 2015

Convention on Conservation of Migratory Species of wild animals (CMS)

Entered into force 1979 – not ratified

Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES)


United Nations’ Aarhus convention Entered into force 2005 – not ratified

International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture (ITPGRs)

Entered into force 2004- not joint

Ramsar Convention on Wetlands Entered into force 1971- not ratified

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International Plant Protection Convention (IPPC) Entered into force 1952 – not ratified

Barcelona Convention for the Protection of the Mediterranean Sea Against Pollution


On November 2011, Palestine ratified several other conventions related to cultural property, such as the 1954 Hague Convention and its two protocols. It also joined, amongst other legal instruments, the 1970 Convention on the Means of Prohibiting and Preventing the Illicit Import, Export and Transfer of Ownership of Cultural Property, the 1972 Convention Concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage and the 2003 Convention for the Safeguarding of Intangible Cultural Heritage. In addition, Palestine was admitted as a full UNESCO member on October 2011, and it subsequently ratified the World Heritage Convention of 1972 on December of the same year. In this context, the convention and its related provisions, decisions, and operational guidelines, has become part of the Palestinian legal framework used to secure the World Heritage Property (WHP) and its boundaries. The convention sets out the duties of States Parties in identifying potential sites of significance and their role in protecting and preserving them. By signing the convention, each country pledges to conserve not only the World Heritage sites situated on its territory, but also to protect its national heritage. The States Parties are encouraged to integrate the protection of the cultural and natural heritage into regional planning programmes, set up staff and services at their sites, undertake scientific and technical conservation research and adopt measures, which give this heritage a function in the day-to-day life of the community. This is in particular what the state of Palestine is committed to do and hence is willing to apply on the Palestinian announced World Heritage Sites including “Palestine: Land of Olives and Vines Cultural Landscape of Southern Jerusalem, Battir”; Battir World Heritage Property (WHP).

1.2 National Conservation Frameworks of Relevance Several national strategies and action plans were set in relevance to the sustainable protection and development of WHP including the Environment Sector Strategy 2014-2016, Cross-Sectoral Environmental Strategy 2017-2022, the National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan for the State of Palestine (NBSAPP) 1999,Water Strategy 2016-2018, Palestinian Water Authority Strategic Plan 2016-2018, National Agricultural Sector Strategy (2017-2022), Palestinian Climate Change Adaptation Strategy 2011 and the National Policy and Legislation for Promoting the Conservation of Agro-biodiversity in the Palestinian Authority 2005. Another relevant action plans is the EQA Strategic Action Plan (2016-2020), and Sustainable Consumption and Production National Action Plan in Palestine 2016. Of those of most significance and relevance to this BCP are the below legislations.

1.2.1 National Cultural Heritage Legislations In 1966, the Jordanian Law of Antiquities, number 51 replaced the 1929 Law, which is still in effect today in the Gaza Strip. Both laws only protect tangible heritage (movable and immovable objects and buildings that were constructed before the year 1700 AD, and human and animal remnants predating 600 AD). It is worth noting that according to the Oslo Accord and the presidential decree (1994), the 1966 Jordanian Law is applied in Areas “A” and “B,” in addition to the Israeli military orders in Area “C,” which are applied by the Occupation Authorities.

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The new Law (No. 11, 2018) for the Protection and Conservation of Tangible Cultural Heritage Resources in Palestine was endorsed by the president of Palestine on 29 April 2018. It overcomes the shortcomings of previous laws by replacing the conventional terms of “antiquities” and “historical buildings,” with “cultural heritage.” It also references all categories of cultural heritage resources, including movable and immovable cultural heritage remains, cultural landscapes, protection, management, conservation, vandalism and violations etc., as well as specifying legal measures for conserving and safeguarding other components of cultural heritage during peace time and armed conflict in conformity with the international conventions, recommendations and standards. Article [5] of the Palestinian Environment Law (No 7, 1999), states the Rights guaranteed by this law which are:

a. The right of every human being to live in a sound and clean environment as well as enjoy the highest extent of public health and welfare. b. Protect the country’s natural wealth’s and its economic resources as well as maintain its historical and civilization heritage without damage or side effects which may appear sooner or later as a result of the different industrial, agricultural or constructional activities on the basic life species and the environmental systems such as air, water, soil and sea, animal and botanical wealth.

Whereas Article (23, Par. 2) of Law states that “New buildings and construction additions may be allowed in the cultural landscape properties and in their surrounding areas; or implementation of infrastructure works and major projects after obtaining a written permission from MoTA. The permission should be based on Heritage Impact Assessment and Environment Impact Assessment.”

1.2.2 National Natural Heritage Legislations Environmental legislation, policies and planning are the responsibility of the Palestinian Environmental Quality Authority (EQA) in cooperation with other relevant ministerial bodies such as the Ministry of Planning and Ministry of Agriculture. Accordingly, EQA issued the Environmental Law in 1999, (finalized in 2003). Both articles 2, and 5 of the law are significant to the BCP of WHP. Article 2 of the law considers the protection of biodiversity and environmentally sensitive areas, Article 5 of the Law considers the preservation of cultural heritage sites to be one of the basic aims of the Palestinian environmental strategy. It also defined the natural preservation sites as the specified sites for protecting specific kinds of living creatures or any environmental systems that have natural or aesthetic values. In addition Article 44 bans any activity or behavior that might cause damage to cultural heritage properties or disturb the aesthetic value of these sites. The National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan for Palestine (1999) is one of the most relevant and significant Palestinian frameworks to the BCP of WHP as it sets the primary guidelines for biodiversity conservation and utilization in Palestinian chart a course for strengthening human capacity for this task. In order to contribute to this goal, five objectives were arrived at through a wide range of consultative processes: (1) the conservation of Palestine’s biodiversity; (2) the sustainable use of Palestine’s biodiversity; (3) the enhancement of local and traditional knowledge and skills and the improvement of people’s attitudes and participation for the conservation of biodiversity and the sustainable use of

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biodiversity; (4) the equitable sharing of biodiversity benefits within Palestine; and (5) the development of Palestinian human resource capacity in the field of biodiversity. The Ministry of Agriculture (MoA) also finalized the Agricultural law (2003), supporting the production of Forest Policy, Strategic Options, and Scenarios, and the Palestinian National Biodiversity and Agro-biodiversity strategies and action plans are considered the basic legislations for Biodiversity in Palestine. To ensure the alignment with the guidelines and decisions set by the ratified conventions, EQA and relevant governmental bodies have been reviewing by laws, strategies, action plans and reports. For this purpose, In terms of biodiversity, EQA has produced the 5th National Report on Biodiversity. The EQA, in joint efforts with its partners, has determined 51 protected areas, which have been reflected in the National Spatial Plan (NSP). In addition, the EQA and its partners have classified another 51 areas as rich biodiversity areas on of them is the WHP. Another relevant report is “The National Strategy, Action Programme and Integrated Financial Strategy to Combat Desertification in the Occupied Palestinian Territories” published by EQA in the year 2012, which laid out plans and sought funding for many projects to educate people about combating desertification. Moreover, the Palestinian authorities still needed to work on the updating of the NBSAPP, the endorsement of the Hunting National Law, the National Biosafety Framework and Climate Change 1st National Communications Report and others.

1.3 Related Current National Conservation acts at WHP All the above has prepare the State of Palestine to submit the “Land of Olives and Vines Cultural Landscape of Southern Jerusalem, Battir”; Battir World Heritage Property for nomination for UNESCO World Heritage Site on the year 2013, where it was inscribed as a WHP on 20141. This nomination has secured for the site attention to preserve its outstanding features (see section 3) and to continuously assess its status and to work out plans for its sustainability. Hence on February 2019, the State Party submitted a state of conservation report to the World Heritage committee2, showing the progress in number of conservation issues at WHP, as follows:

A draft Management and Conservation Plan (MCP) was submitted to the World Heritage Centre in 2018 and reviewed, adopted and endorsed by ICOMOS. Response to the technical review was submitted for further review in December 2018. ICOMOS adopted the MCP in July 2019 and all related stakeholders mainly MoTA, EQA, MoA, MoLG, Battir Municipality, Beit Jala Municipality, and Hussan Village Council endorsed it in October 2019.

The new Decree Law on Tangible Cultural Heritage no. 11/2018 requires that a Heritage Impact Assessment (HIA) and/or Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) be conducted prior for all potential developments within the State Party’s World Heritage properties in order to evaluate effectively the potential impacts on their Outstanding Universal Value (OUV).

Progress is made towards the Desired state of conservation for the removal of the property from the List of World Heritage in Danger (DSOCR) and in implementing corrective measures:

1 https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1492/ 2 https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1492/documents

https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1492/

https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1492/documents

15

Dismissal of plans to build a “Wall” along the property, or within its surroundings. No progress has been made, since this is dependent on actions and decisions that are beyond the control of the State Party,

Adequate conservation of the agricultural terraces and their associated components. Key stakeholders have implemented projects toward achieving this objective, which are anticipated to be completed by 2024,

Adequate restoration of the irrigation system and the development of a sufficient sewage system. A Water and Sewage Unit has been established for managing sewage water within the property and for seeking funds to develop an adequate sewage system,

Protection methods are in place for the property and its buffer zone. The MCP will provide strong guidance for several management issues and activities within the property. This desired state of conservation and its related corrective measures are planned to be completed by 2021,

Adoption of a management plan and monitoring system, and a sustainable management structure. Once the MCP is adopted and the management system is operational, a monitoring system will be established for the property and its buffer zone. A specialized “General Directorate of the World Heritage Sites in Palestine” will be established within the Ministry of Tourism and Antiquities (MoTA), with the primary responsibility of conserving the State Party’s properties on the World Heritage List and Tentative List,

The State Party draws attention to the negative impacts of several constructions undertaken in and near the property during 2018.

However, WH Committee reported that little progress has been made on the development of a sufficient sewage system, though a Water and Sewage Unit has been established to manage sewage water within the property and to seek funds to develop an adequate system. It is recommended that the Committee urge the State Party to continue seeking, on a priority basis, the required funds for this corrective measure. It is also noted that the dismissal of plans to build a “Wall” along the property, or within its surroundings, is essentially beyond the State Party’s control. It also requested the State of Palestine to inform the World Heritage Centre of any proposed plans for major restoration or new construction projects that may affect the OUV of the property, in accordance with Paragraph 172 of the Operational Guidelines, before making any decisions that would be difficult to reverse. Considering the above-mentioned information, the Committee retain the property on the List of World Heritage in Danger. “Palestine: Land of Olives and Vines— Cultural Landscape of Southern Jerusalem, Battir”: Management and Conservation Plan As a response to the international and national conventions to protect cultural and natural heritage, and to provide a sustainable regulatory management framework for conserving and protecting the World Heritage Property (WHP), the Palestinian Ministry of Tourism and Antiquities (MoTA) Prepared the Management and Conservation Plan (MCP) for the World Heritage Property, “Palestine: Land of Olives and Vines— Cultural Landscape of Southern Jerusalem, Battir”. The MCP was prepared to protect one of the best-known representation of the Palestinian cultural landscapes and its significant cultural and historical heritage values, which testifies to thousands of years of human interaction with the natural environment.

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Battir MCP was developed with the aim to provide a sustainable regulatory management framework for conserving and protecting the World Heritage Property (WHP), its Outstanding Universal Value (OUV) including its authenticity and integrity, as well as to improve the socio-economic situation of the local community, and to enrich the experience of the visitors and inhabitants alike. Safeguarding this rich and exceptional Property is a shared responsibility. The final management plan aims to expand on the existing MOTA (2018) draft management plan for this UNESCO site, but also to improve self-sustainability in order to conserve the outstanding universal value (OUV) for this area. The management includes a SWOT analysis for the area and detailed recommendations including an action plan. It also includes human capacity building activities. Accordingly, this plan was developed through comprehensive consultation and engagement of the local community and related partners and stakeholders. It also takes into account the adopted Desired State of Conservation and the Corrective Measures to remove the site from the World Heritage List in Danger. Although there are number of legislations aimed at protecting Palestinian heritage, significant shortcomings remain and are compromising the effectiveness of the management system for the WHP. Furthermore, the implementation of these laws has not always been consistent especially in the light of the political conflicts and the numerous changes in ruling authorities. Moreover, in order to regulate the WHP’s especially the Buffer Zone, there is an urgent need to develop and enact legal framework, as natural and cultural heritage in the property is facing threats through uncontrolled urban development and a lack of community awareness. The challenges posed by competing private ownerships, property fragmentation and intensive land use within or around the WHP also needs to be regulated. In response to changes in heritage legislation or other legislation that impacts heritage management, it is occasionally necessary to focus efforts on adapting the mindset of the local community to match these formal changes.

2. RATIONAL AND PURPOSE BEHIND BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION PLAN (BCP)

2.1 Objectives behind BCP at WHP The Biodiversity and Conservation Plan comes as an output to the project entitled:” Biodiversity Conservation and Community Development in Al-Makhrour Valley in Bethlehem, Palestine”that aims to conserve biodiversity in Al-Makhrour Valley of Bethlehem (Palestine) benefiting the local communities through sustainable use of ecosystem services. Since AL Makhrour Valley is part of the World Heritage Property (WHP); a well-known WHS in Palestine specifically for its natural significance and the interrelations between locals and its physical attributes, it was found of high importance to develop a conservation plan specialized in protecting and sustaining the ecology, landscape and biodiversity of the whole property including AL Makhour valley. Hence, the BCP was developed mainly to effectually identify the biodiversity conservation status and values on the property, the pressures and threats the property handles and set in response the appropriate methods/actions for the property sustainable conservation. The plan highlights the biodiversity status at the targeted

17

site based on the conducted biodiversity inventory surveys done during the year 2018/2019; including flora, fauna and avifauna inventories done during the noted project period, describes the main ecological services, the biological and socio-economic importance of the site, the targets of high conservation values, strategic objectives and action plans for conservation. The Conservation Measures Partnership, 2013 (CMP) model (CMP, 2013), RAPPAM (Ervin, J. 2003) and IUCN relevant guidelines (IUCN, 2012) were used while preparing the plan.

2.2 Interrelations with UNESCO and MoTA conservation approach on site 2.2.1 In relation to MoTA Conservation Approaches on site

The outputs of the “Biodiversity Conservation Plan” BCP were compiled after detailed reviewing for key inputs used during the plan development process which were all set in a manner that complement the “Management and Conservation Plan (MCP) for WHP and its strategic objectives drafted for the World Heritage Property in the year 2018 by MoTA and relevant stakeholders.

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The outcomes of this BCP will respond directly to the MCP Strategic objectives; specifically the following strategies:

MCP Objective MCP Strategy Relation to BCP Method of incorporation BCP objective

(see section 7)

Objective3: To synergize and

mainstream the MCP within

the national and local planning

framework, for the benefit of

the property and its inhabitants

Strategy 3.2 - Any study or plan

prepared by other NGOs and civil

societies shall be in line with the

MCP’s objectives and strategies

BCP is another plan that is developed

to complement the MCP. BCP is

consistent with the framework of the

MCP’s objectives & strategies. It also

fulfil some specific strategic

objectives and actions.

BCP shall be considered a

complementary plan to MCP when

preparing all necessary set up to

initiate and implement the MCP,

especially regarding the legal,

institutional and managerial

frameworks

Objective 2,

Strategy 2.2

Objective7: To strengthen the

legislations and regulations for

conservation and protection of

the cultural landscape, the

historic old core, the

archaeological remains, and

the physical attributes of the

OUV.

Strategy 7.1 – Develop good

conservation practice measures for

the WHP that are based on a

multidisciplinary approach in

cooperation with relevant

stakeholders.

Strategy 7.2 – Enact heritage

protection legal frameworks in

cooperation with relevant

stakeholders to regulate urban

expansion within the WHP, ensuring

that new houses and buildings fit

harmoniously with the property’s

cultural heritage. Any new

construction shall be compatible with

the traditional context of the WHP.

Strategy 7.4 – Agricultural

development and practices taken

place in the WHP shall be consistent

BCP strategic objectives is concerned

about supporting the implementation

of physical conservation

interventions on the property, taking

into consideration various natural

values of the property and their

physical attributions.

BCP aims to regulate urban

expansion within the WHP to ensure

that new houses and facilities fit in

harmony with natural landscapes

and are not threatening the habitats

and species of conservation value.

BCP aims to regulate agriculture

development in a way that sustains

The BCP outputs shall be integrated in

the Conservation manuals that will be

prepared under MCP by MoTA and

other partners.

BCP objectives and actions shall be

considered when developing the

heritage protection bylaws, and when

those bylaws are enforced.


considered when the land use zoning

plan is prepared, especially regarding

Objective 4,

Strategy 4.1

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with the MCP objectives and

strategies.

the traditional farming and its

harmony with natural ecosystems.

the protection of the habitats of high

conservation value.

BCP actions shall be considered when

permission procedures are prepared &

used through the MCP

Objective 8: To conserve and

improve conditions of the

physical attributes of the

cultural landscape and their

integrity and authenticity.

Strategy 8.6 – Appropriate

conservation interventions should be

utilized to prevent erosion,

landslides, regulate surface water,

and keep the momentum of using

local and native varieties of

agricultural crops.

Strategy 8.7 – Agricultural terraces

and dry-stone landscapes should be

documented, and assessed to

prioritize their protection,

conservation, and renovation.

BCP aims at conserving the agro-

biodiversity component of the WHP

and hence aims at keeping and

maintaining the walls & agricultural

terraces and the traditional farming

especially the conservation of wild

relatives and local landraces’ seeds

and seedlings is a priority.


considered when setting plans for

restoring or maintaining the wall,

agricultural terraces, traditional paths,

and irrigation system and when

reclaiming agricultural lands.

Objective 7,

Strategy 7.1

and 7.2

Objective 10,

Strategy 10.5

Objective 10: To enhance and

conserve traditional agrarian

practices and knowledge to be

transmitted to future

generations.

Strategy 10.1 – Sustain local

traditional agricultural products

through the product value chain

model at the local and regional level.

Strategy 10.2 – Traditional agrarian

practices, water distribution rights,

and customs shall be documented,

studied and preserved through

sustainable interventions.

BCP aims to conserve the traditional

agro-ecological practices, the local

landraces and their wild relatives at

local farms, and to maintain the

whole setup that supports the

sustainability of the traditional

farming system at local Palestinian

farms.

BCP is considered when developing

necessary set up to ensure the

sustainability of the Agricultural

Cooperatives (ACs). Those

cooperatives shall be trained and their

capacities shall be built regarding

relevant issues especially the

protection of their inherited

knowledge.

Objective 7,

Strategy 7.2

and 7.3

Objective 9,

Strategy 9.1

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Strategy 10.4 – The WHP’s

agricultural lands should be

protected from any negative side

effects from chemical pesticides from

nearby farms. This strategy should be

undertaken in cooperation with the

Ministry of Agriculture and farmers

themselves by developing organic

alternatives to pesticides and other

solutions

BCP aims to halt or reduce to the

minimum the use of chemicals such

as chemical fertilizers and pesticides

at farms through the application of

integrated Pest Control management

and ecological friendly practices

including organic alternatives to

pesticides and other solutions

BCP actions are considered when local

products are promoted, especially the

landraces and agro-biodiversity

components.

BCP is calling for documenting and

preserving the traditional knowledge

of local agrarian practices.

BCP is calling for enhancing the

livelihood of the locals from

promoting agro tourism but it

emphasis the adoption of sustainable

methods.

BCP is calling for introducing safe and

environmental agro-ecological

practices at local farm level in parallel

to MCP.

Objective 11: To conserve the

biodiversity and natural

ecosystem of the WHP

Strategy 11.1 – Ensure the sustainable

use of the WHP’s ecological resources

through both traditional and modern

practices, including creating “green

areas” and encouraging the

cultivation of native trees on private

BCP ultimate goal is to conserve

ecosystem, habitats, and species of

the WHP. This shall be done while

implementing set of actions including

conservation and restoration

programs supported with

monitoring plan (see sections 7&8).

BCP is built on flora & fauna

comprehensive surveys. Inventory

studies are annexed to the BCP. This

fulfil MCP- Objective 11- action 44

BCP has identified the WHP’s

ecological services see section 3. This

fulfil the MCP objective 1-Action 45.

Objective 6,

Strategies 6.1,

and 6.2

Objective 10,

Strategies

10.1-10.4

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property to control soil and water

pollution.

Strategy 11.2 – Implement a species

conservation and recovery program

that would include such activities as

removing and combating invasive

species in favor of native ones.

Strategy 11.3 – Regular inspection of

water resource quality to mitigate

contamination and protect wildlife

and greater ecosystem

BCP is focusing on combating

invasive species in favor of native

ones through specialized monitoring

and opposing methods.

BCP is tackling the preservation of

water resources and their quality as

they are considered of high

importance for the integrity of

ecosystems and manifestation of rich

wildlife and vegetation cover.

BCP has identified the green areas,

and habitats of high conservation

value (HCV) where preservation and

restoration actions shall be promoted

see section 5. This fulfil the MCP –

objective 11- action 46.

BCP aims to conserve the richness,

diversity of flora and fauna in the

WHP. Species of conservation value

are of conservation priority. This fulfil

the MCP –objective 11 – action 47

BCP aims to regulate the number of

invasive species growing or dwelling

at WHP. This fulfil the MCP –

objective 11- action 48

BCP aims at restoring and preserving

the available water resources on site.

This fulfils the MCP – objective 11

action 49 & 50

BCP aims at restoring and conserving

the seed stock of local landraces, local

& native crops with their related

Objective 11,

Strategies

11.1-11.3

Objective 12,

Strategy 12.1

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traditional farming practices. This

fulfils the MCP – objective 11 action 52

Objective 12: To enhance the

capacity of human resources

within the WHP

Strategy 12.2 – Build capacity of local

farmers and landowners in the

appropriate modern cultivation

techniques, alternative organic

agriculture practices, and the use of

bio-control agents

BCP aims at documenting, and

preserving the traditional knowledge

regarding traditional farming

practices, utilization of native plants,

wildlife and other ecosystem

resources. Capacity building to locals

and farms for evaluation f resources

they are benefiting of and the

necessary actions for preserving and

sustaining such resources is another

aim for BCP.

BCP implementation plan considers

organizing systematic training

programs, specialized trainings &

workshops for local farmers,

volunteers & landowners that tackles

issues related to agro-ecological

practices, pest control using organic

alternative methods and bio-control

agents, and other environmental

friendly practices along all cultivation

processes.

Objective 8,

Strategies 8.1-

8.3

Objective 20: To solve and

mitigate the most urgent

environmental problems:

water pollution, solid waste

dumps, and soil pollution

Strategy 20.1 – Put in place an

efficient mechanism to protect water

quality within the WHP. Strategy 20.2

– Enacting bylaws and regulations to

mitigate environmental problems in

the WHP

BCP aims at keeping the WHP clean

from all types of pollution especially

the pollution resulting from solid

waste and waste water discharge.

BCP actions consider conducting

public awareness on environmental

protection issues and encourage

reduction of pollution especially water

and soil pollution. BCP propose

actions to rehabilitate main water

springs and pools on site, while calling

for a public sewage network on site to

stop the discharge of waste water in

nature.

Objective 5,

Strategies 5.1-

5.3

Objective 6,

Strategies 6.1,

and 6.2

Objective 7,

Strategy 7.1

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The detailed physical conditions and attributes, nomination history, heritage value, state of

conservation and ownership, SWOT analysis, management and institutional frameworks

and others are all detailed in the WHP MCP which will not be presented in this BCP but will

be presented briefly just to give a glance about the WHP.

2.2.2 In relation to UNESCO - WHC Conservation Approaches on site In reference to the World Heritage Committee decisions (Decision 39 COM 7A.28, 40 COM

7A.15, and 41COM 7A.43), the World Heritage Committee urged the State Party to undertake

“the preparation, approval, and implementation of a Conservation and a Management Plan

for the property.” Thus, it became necessary to prepare a plan for conserving and managing

the property, as well as to develop protection methods for the property and its buffer zone,

in addition to implement of an active system of management that involves local community

and stakeholder Consequently, the various stakeholders—mainly the Ministry of Tourism

and Antiquities (MoTA), the UNESCO Ramallah Office, Environment Quality Authority

(EQA), Ministry of Agriculture (MoA), Ministry of Local Government (MoLG), Beit Jala

Municipality, Hussan Village Council, and Battir Municipality—bore the responsibility to

develop a proper management system and plan for the property in compliance with the

Operational Guidelines for the Implementation of the World Heritage Convention, the

Committee’s Decisions and the adopted DSOCR and related Corrective Measures. The MCP

was developed and received by the committee for endorsement.

The Biodiversity Conservation Plan, on the other hand, is another document that fulfil the

guidelines and obligations of UNESCO / WHC. The plan was developed in full participation

with MoTA, EQA, MoA, local experts and key stakeholders of local authorities, local farmers

and residents with the aim to enhance and conserve one of key heritage values on site; the

natural component which actually supports all other values on site. It comes in line with

MCP and shall be implemented and considered in parallel while implementing the MCP.

The actions that shall be considered when implementing the MCP are all described in section

2.2.1 and sections 7 and 8. The BCP shall be the responsibility of of EQA in close cooperation

with the site manger and the Site Management Committee that run under supervision of the

“General Directorate for Site Management and World Heritage Sites in Palestine,” which

aims to provide a comprehensive management system for all cultural heritage sites in

Palestine. The BCP shall be considered as an outcome to the MCP and hence be implemented

in parallel to it (when necessary financial resources are secured). Hence, the BCP will also be

managed and supervised by the two committees that were delegated under the MCP as

following: (1) The MCP’s Steering Committee (headed by MoTA and comprised of

representatives including the EQA, MoA, MoLG, Battir Municipality, Beit Jala Municipality,

and Husan Village Council, with responsibility to make key decisions and to monitor the

implementation of the MCP at a local level according to the commitments and

responsibilities set in the MCP’s Action Plan), (2) The Site Management Committee (technical

representatives from the Steering Committee, in addition to those who take part in day-today

activities related to the WHP under mandate of the Site Manager, with responsibility to

implement and develop the MCP with its strategies and action plan), (3) The Site Manager

that will be appointed upon activation of the MCP, and (4) The oversight of a national

24

committee that includes EQA, and academic organizations to monitor the overall

environmental and biological status of the site. In conclusion, the BCP development will be

backing the position of the State of Palestine in fulfilling its obligations towards its

membership at UNESCO, World Heritage Convention.

2.3 Structure and Approach of BCP The approach taken for developing the BCP at WHP is considered, one of the central

methods in the maintenance of biological diversity including different taxa, or ecosystems of

any site (Hunter, M., 1996). The adopted framework for conservation planning for the BCP

at WHP is less linear and more dynamic. It took into consideration the representation of

biodiversity on site and the ecoregions or habitats in the form of conservation targets. The

BCP focus on setting conservation targets; the entities or features for which the conservation

plan is attempting to ensure long-term persistence. The word “target” has also been used in

a different context in the plan, mainly to imply a particular goal, such as conserving a specific

habitat (conservation area) or specific species / communities (species of conservation value).

Because it is impractical to conduct planning efforts for each of the hundreds of species that

inhabit the site, the plan seek to identify a set of conservation targets that presumably

represent the biodiversity of the site. These targets may be defined based on their biological

features (e.g., species and communities), physical features (e.g., soils, geology, climate), or a

combination of both biotic and abiotic features. The assumption is that, by focusing planning

efforts on these targets, there will be a high likelihood of conserving the vast majority of

biological component in that region, both those known during the inventories conducted on

site and the many yet to be discovered.

The principal elements and structure of the BCP typically include (Margules CR, et-al.,

2000): (a) preparing inventories of biological information for selected species or habitats; (b)

assessing the conservation status of species within specified ecosystems and / or habitats;

(c) identifying targets for conservation and restoration; (d) assessing the pressures and

threats threatening the conservation value and (d) establishing objective strategies and action

plans including timelines and institutional partnerships for implementing the BCP.

Of management principles that were taken into consideration in this BCP are the following:

1. That biodiversity is conserved across all levels and scales structure, function and

compositions.

2. That examples of all ecological communities are adequately managed for

conservation.

3. Ecological communities and habitat connectivity are managed to support and

enhance viable populations of animals, birds and plants and ecological functions

(BCNSAP, 1997).

The focal areas of the BCP includes the following while considering the objectives of both

the CBD and Palestinian NBSAPP:

Reducing the rate of loss of the components of biodiversity, including: (i) habitats, (ii)

species and populations; and (iii) genetic diversity;

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservation_status

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecosystem

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservation_biology

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Restoration_ecology

25

Promoting sustainable use of biodiversity on site; including wise collection, managed

hunting, sustainable agro-practices, sustainable tourism, adaptive management, and

others.

Addressing the major threats to biodiversity on site, including those arising from mis-

land use, land fragmentation, habitat change, waste and pollution, invasive alien

species, climate change, and others.

Maintaining ecosystem integrity, and the provision of goods and services provided

by biodiversity in ecosystems, in support of human well-being;

Protecting traditional knowledge, innovations and practices;

Ensuring the fair and equitable sharing of benefits arising out of the use of resources

on site.

2.4 Methods of Compilation and Community Participation The BCP planning process started from collecting information and identifying information

gaps. The plan required a variety of data, ranging from human population trends, major land

ownership patterns and utilizations, to environmental and biological information. The BCP

utilized information from all available sources, including the following data sources:

(1) Previous research reviews and studies carried out on the property as follows:

a. UNESCO and MOTA, 2009. Inventory of Cultural and Natural Heritage Sites of

Potential Outstanding Universal Value in Palestine. October, 2009. Ramallah. Palestine.

b. ICOMOS, 2011. Guidance on Heritage Impact Assessments for Cultural World

Heritage Properties. A publication of the International Council on Monuments and Sites.

January, 2011.

c. MoTA, 2013. Palestine, Land of Olives and Vines Cultural Landscape of Southern

Jerusalem, Battir. World Heritage Site Nomination Document. Palestinian Ministry of

Tourism and Antiquities. Department of Antiquities and Cultural Heritage Palestine.

Available via http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1492/documents/

d. Advisory Body Evaluation (ICOMOS Report), UNESCO World Heritage Website,

2014-2019.

e. State of Palestine, 2019. State of Conservation Report (SoC), Palestine: Land of Olives

and Vines – Cultural Landscape of Southern Jerusalem, Battir–Palestine (1492).

Bethlehem. Palestine.

e. MoTA, 2018. Palestine: “Land of Olives and Vines Cultural Landscape of Southern

Jerusalem, BAttir” MANAGEMENT AND CONSERVATION PLAN. Palestine

f. The biological inventories done on site regarding inventory report for ecology, flora,

avi-fauna and fauna species and related reports (Annex 2.1, 2.2, and 2.3),

g. Relevant maps produced and provided by MoTA, those prepared based on GIS-based

survey of the physical features of the “Battir Cultural Landscape” done mainly for the

MCP prepration.

(2) the rapid assessment technique specifically the RAPPAM methodology to set

pressures/threats and eco-services of the site through utilization of rapid assessment

specialized questionnaires (6 templates), and (3) finally the consultation with experts (from

PIBS/BU, PNS, PCC, and PPU), decision makers (from EQA, MoTA, and MoA), local

authorities representing the localities in proximity (including municipalities of Beit Jala and

26

Battir and village councils of Husan and Al Walajeh) and local communities in workshops

sessions, meetings and interviewes.

During the planning process the conservation areas for their biodiversity values on site were

identified and assessed, in addition to assembling necessary relevant information about each

area. Then a set of pressures and threats that face the WHP were assessed through using the

RAPPAM methodology supported with additional indicators that goes with Palestinian

context to gather the most accurate and comprehensive overview regarding the services

provided by the biological resources on site. Of key points considered for setting priorities

among conservation areas are: (1) measuring the biodiversity components and their

conservation value, (2) assessing the threats facing those values. Both the qualitative and

quantitative approaches were used, (3) then select those areas that are of the greatest

biodiversity value and those support the persistence of threatened species, and represent the

diverse habitats and abiotic features.

In the last stage of the planning process the conservation goals were set based on the different

inventories, diagnosis and information collected in a participatory approach during the

planning process. Goals for conservation were established; for (1) species and populations;

with numeric goals were established for endemic and endangered or vulnerable targets, (2)

goals for ecological systems were based on relative abundance and representation of diverse

habitats and connectivity, and richness of species and communities and threats facing

habitats and communities.

In addition, the preparation of the BCP was based on a participatory approach that involves

all relevant stakeholders, involved actors and experts in all phases of preparation and

development of the BCP. A value-driven approach that is consistent with Palestinian local

conditions has also been developed and applied as a methodology for the preparation of the

BCP. Based on the participatory approach, all the relevant stakeholders sets out objectives,

strategies and actions for the conservation plan to be better respond to challenges and

obstacles facing the property and to be better managed, and conserved for present and future

generation. All of this was done through conducting four workshops, two meetings and four

interviews, in addition to several communications with number of stakholders, as following:

1. Meeting conducted with the technical experts (Biodiversity Committee of Darwin

Initiative Project) in July 2019 with the purpose of discussing the scope of the BCP in

accordance with DI project framework and the necessary improvements on the

orientation of the BCP to include a larger area covering all the WHP and to produce

a product that MoTA and EQA can use at the national level to improve the status of

WHP. The contents and structure of the plan was also discussed and approved on.

2. Workshop conducted with the technical experts (Biodiversity Committee of Darwin

Initiative Project) on 19th of August 2019 with the purpose of discussing the

components of the conservation plan and the basis for choosing the conservation

values and targets relating to habitat level and species level, and determined the main

areas in the valley where there are rich biodiversity and rare species.

27

3. Meeting conducted with the biodiversity experts on 27th of August 2019, with the

purpose of identifying List of biodiversity conservation targets; discussing the

potential habitats and list of species of high conservation value at Al Makhrour Valley

with focus on fauna and avifauna components.

4. Workshop conducted on 5th of September 2019 with the relevant key stakeholders

that manage and/or run activities at Battir World Heritage Site; including

representatives from MoTA, EQA, MoA Battir, Husan, Beit Jala localities, number of

civil society organizations running on site and relevant NGOs, and private

organization, in addition to local farmers. All done in an attempt to get the needed

feedback for the development of the Biodiversity Conservation Plan in a

participatory approach with local community and decision makers. The meeting was

aiming to accomplish number of tasks including: (1) identify and discuss the

ecosystem services provided by WHP site including Wadi AL Makhrour and its

surroundings, (2) identify the challenges and pressures that face the area and their

negative impacts, (3) uncover the potential threats that face biodiversity and

ecosystems at the studied site, and (4) set recommendations including the planning

and institutional framework to adopt and run the plan.

5. Interviews conducted with number of key stakeholders, mainly representors of local

authorities of localities in proximity, and some active farmers to conclude on the

previously (under No.3) discussed points and to refine the ranking for the threats and

the recommendations.

6. Workshop conducted on the 2nd of December to revise and approve the BCP by

technical experts (Biodiversity Committee of Darwin Initiative Project), where the

BCP was shared with them and presented to them. All their feedback and comments

were revised and considered in this BCP.

7. Worskhop conducted on the 10th of December with related stakholders (EQA, MoA,

MoTA, NPS, PPU and others) to revise and approve the BCP, where the BCP was

presented to them and discussed thoroughly. All their feedback and inputs were

considered in this BCP.

3. BACKGROUND AND SIGNIFICANCE OF AL MAKHROUR VALLEY

AND SURROUNDINGS The World Heritage Property, “Land of Olives and Vines: Cultural Landscape of Southern

Jerusalem, Battir” is located in the central West Bank, approximately 7 kilometers southwest

of Jerusalem and 6.4 kilometers west of Bethlehem. The site is situated on the western side

of the mountain range that runs parallel to the Mediterranean coast. It stretches from Beit

Jala, west of Bethlehem (approximately 900 meters above sea level) to the Armistice Line, or

Green Line (approximately 500 meters above sea level), which divides Israel from the West

Bank (Map 3.1) (MoTA, 2013).

WHP is part of a valley system that starts from Beit Jala (the Cremisan Monastery or Wadi

Ahmad area) around Al-Walaja then progresses through the villages of Al Khader, Battir,

Husan, and Nahhalin, continuing to collect runoff along the way to reach major discharge

on the Mediterranean via Wadi Es-Sant, while also filling the Western water aquifer. The

28

geography of the area, and especially the human

transformation of the landscape, was most

prominently studied in the case of Battir (Abu

Hammad, 2016). Because of the availability of

springs in the valleys of the Cultural Landscape

of Southern Jerusalem, Battir, in addition to its

strategic location, the area was adapted by its

inhabitants to become one of the important terraced

landscapes that provided surrounding

communities, namely Jerusalem and, at a later stage,

Bethlehem Governorate, with fruits, vegetables, and

herbs, and most importantly, olives and olive oil.

The site is very picturesque, with deep valleys, some of them terraced for hundreds or

thousands of years (part of the reason it is a UNESCO World heritage Site) and with typical

Mediterranean vegetation cover. Excavations in the valley show humans used the bounty of

the valley from the Middle Bronze Age (Rapoport 2006) through the Iron Age, Persian,

Hellenistic, and early Islamic Periods up until today (Dagan 2010). Wadi Al-Makhrour,

specifically is 2.6 Km2 of natural areas interspersed with agriculture and rich flora and fauna

(Amr et al., 2016) also incorporating an equivalent buffer zone of an area of more than 5 km2

(Photo 3.1). The valley is named as such because of the way the water trickles down the old

limestone rocks (Photo 3.2). In addition it is rich in cultural heritage, containing, among other

monuments, old Roman tombs and wells and old Palestinian watchtowers.

Map 3.1: Battir World Heritage Site; location, topography and nominated zones Source: MOTA, 2018

Physical conditions in brief

Altitude: 710-920 m a.s.l.

Area: 13 kilometer square

Ecozone: Mediterranean Region

Annual rainfall: 501-688 mm

Mean annual temperature: 15-18˚C

Land owner: mainly private ownership

[Cite your source here.]

29

Photo 3.1: Typical valley structure in Wadi Al-

Makhrour Source: PCC, 2018

Photo 3.2: The reason the valley is called Al-

Makhrour (see water section) Source: BU-PMNH, 2018

WHP is located in the Mediterranean climatic zone; local elevations ranging from 710-920 m

above sea level with mean annual temperature is 15-18˚C and annual precipitation is

between 501mm-688 mm (MD, 2009-2018). This zone is the largest in Palestine (Katsnelson

1964). In addition, it is also an important eco-touristic asset in the area, as it provides

beautiful green scenery, clean air, shadow and humidity, soil stability and fertility, and most

importantly, a unique recreational site. Further, it offers great potential for environmental,

cultural and historic education, as it is close to Palestinian urban centers and rural villages.

Edaphic Conditions of the site

The WHP is mainly composed of mixture of soil types, from white rendzina and dark brown

rendzina soils; especially on the northern series of hills of Al Makhrour Valley, to patches of

mixed terra rossa and rendzina soils and terra rossa pure stands in other patches; especially

at Battir villages and the valley that encircles the city towards Husan village.

The rendzina series comes along with typical terra rossa, and under identical climatic

conditions. The parent rocks of this series are soft calcareous formations of the Upper

Cretaceous and Eocene, including chalks, soft limestones, marls and nari. The humiferous

topsoil, which is formed in the advanced stages above the gray subsoil, is a common feature

of the entire series. The light – colored rendzina (white rendzina) is a variety of this group

that is derived chiefly from soft Senonian chalk, nari, and Cenomanian marls. This type of

soil occur most commonly in the central highlands/mountain range of the West Bank region,

where WHP is located and supports the growth of Pinus halepensis- and its plant associations.

Terra Rossa is a fertile soil, on the whole. It contains fairly high proportion of silt and clay. It

supports most of the native trees and shrubs, as well as many cultivated trees. It was found

mainly as patches along the agriculture terraces (Zohary, M. 1962).

Water Resources on site

The availability of springs in WHP attracted people who settled the area and adapted its

steep landscape into arable land, through developing complex irrigation systems for the

water supply (see Map 3.2, photos 3.3 and 3.4). This led to the creation of a unique cultural

landscape composed of agricultural terraces that supported bountiful cultivation of olives

30

and vegetables and other crops (MoTA, 2013). Battir alone has more than ten water springs.

The most important springs are Ein Al-Balad and Ein Jama’. The water from these springs is

collected in two pools and used to irrigate the surrounding man-made dry-stone terraces.

The water from these two fountains and the irrigation system, including the canals and pools,

are public property, and are managed by Battir’s eight main families (Tmeizeh, 2004). The

village of Husan contains more than twelve springs. The main spring is Ein El- Haweyyeh

and the remaining springs are located west of the village along the Spring Valley (Wadi Al-

‘Aion), which is comprised of nine springs spread along it: Ein-Alsukhuna, Ein Elerq, Ein

Alnamous, Ein Kadra, Ein Alaros, Ein Ateah, Ein Alateqa, Ein Albaqe’a, and Ein Alamoud

(Al-balad). The springs have their own irrigation traditions, customs and water distribution

system, including canals and pools, and are managed by Husan’s farmers (MoTA, 2018). (For

more details about the springs, and their irrigation networks and pools read the MCP).

Map 3.2: Water sources in WHP. Source: UNESCO

31

Photos 3.3, 3.4: Traditional irrigation system in Battir locality Source: PCC, 2018

Land Use at WHP

According to the Land Use Land Cover analysis done using CORINE Level3 (MoTA, 2018), it was found

that the coniferous forest, olives groves and sparsely vegetated areas forms up to 85% (4.58%,

51.04% and 29.4% respectively) of total WHP area (Map 3.3). This fact shows the significance of

natural landscapes on site and their interrelationship with the human well-being on site. Hence the

protection and conservation of the WHP natural components; most prominently the biodiversity, soil

and water resources, will ensure the protection and sustainability of other values on site including

the OUV, livelihood resilience and the traditional use and knowledge on site.

Map 3.3: Land Use Land Cover of WHP - CORINE Classification of Land Cover, Level 3. Source: MoTA, 2018

Political Status at WHP

Since December 2011, Al-Makhrour area had witnessed accelerated Israeli demolitions for

the Palestinian houses and properties (agriculture wells, restaurant, electric poles, agriculture

roads, etc.). The residents of the area are deprived by the Israeli Occupation authorities from

their legitimate right to build as the area is classified as “C” which according to the Oslo II

Interim Agreement of 1995 falls under the full Israeli control. Al-Makhrour area falls in a

strategic site that constitute the geographical linking point between the Israeli settlements

north of Al-Makhrour and Gutsh Etzion settlement bloc in a manner that closing the settlement

chain that surrounding the city of Jerusalem and cutting it from the West Bank (ARIJ, 2012)

(Map3.4).

http://poica.org/upload/images/2012/1336128805.jpg

32

Another imminent threat posed by an Israeli plan to construct a Wall adjacent to the property,

which, if implemented, would cause irreversible damage to the site’s authenticity and

integrity. Following the inscription of the property, the Israeli High Court of Justice on 4

January 2015 decided to freeze construction of the Wall. However, the court stated that the

decision was largely based on budgetary considerations and the state maintains the right to

build the Wall in the future (State of Palestine, 2019). Although these developments are

considered positive steps towards achieving permanent protection of the property, several

Israeli violations have been committed in the WHP during 2018 and are presented in this

report.

Map 3.4: Al-Makhrour area and its Surroundings. Source: www.poica.org

Al Makhrour land is a strategic area for the settlers; in the recent months the settlers had begun

to exert pressure to take over the area. In December 2018, settlers attempted to establish a new

outpost about a kilometer from the current outpost. They paved an access road and erected a

building and infrastructure, but they were evacuated by the Civil Administration immediately

after the outpost was established. The reason for the importance of the area is that it constitutes

a continuum of Palestinian presence west of Bethlehem, without any Israeli settlement, and

in fact connects five Palestinian villages to Bethlehem (Walaja, Battir, Husan, Wadi Fukien,

Nahhalin), where almost 28,000 Palestinians live. The Palestinian continuity from west to east

interrupts the settlement continuity from north to south, between Jerusalem and the

settlements of the Gush Etzion area (Peace Now, 2019).

3.1 Ownership and Management Structure Most of the World Heritage Property is privately owned. The Core Zone (Map 3.1) is all

private property. Part of the Buffer Zone is also private property, except for public buildings,

which are owned by the community, and religious buildings, which are owned by the

religious institutions. The largest part of the WHP is made up of agricultural terraces, which

http://www.poica.org/

https://peacenow.org.il/en/settlers-found-new-outpost-on-palestinian-land-near-battir

https://peacenow.org.il/en/settlers-found-new-outpost-on-palestinian-land-near-battir

http://poica.org/upload/images/2012/1336128805.jpg

33

are owned by the inhabitants of the village of Battir, the town of Beit Jala, and the village of

Husan. The Battir village owns about 65% of the WHP’s Core Zone, while the town of Beit

Jala owns 31%, and the Hussan village owns 4%. While more than two thirds of the Buffer

Zone belongs to the Battir village, while 12% belong to Beit Jala, 15% to Hussan, 10% to Al-

Walaja, and 4% to Al Khader. The mosques and shrines are Islamic endowments (waqif), and

are managed by the Ministry of endowment and Religious Affairs (Al-Awqaf). The

archaeological sites are privately owned lands that are managed and supervised by the

Palestinian Ministry of Tourism and Antiquities (MoTA, 2018).

Management of the cultural heritage properties in Palestine is conducted by MoTA, in

accordance with the Law (No. 11, 2018) for the Protection and Conservation of Tangible

Cultural Heritage Resources in Palestine, which is the law currently in effect. According to

this law, MoTA’s responsibilities include management and conservation of sites, setting

protection policies, conducting excavations, raising public awareness, establishing

museums, and cooperating with foreign archaeological institutions to ensure proper

protection and management of the property (MoTA, 1918). The three essential,

interdependent elements that comprise the management system on site are the “Legal

Framework”, “Institutional Framework”, and “Resources: the human and financial”, which

all discussed thoroughly in the MCP section 4.3. 4.4, and 4.5 respectively. Here in the BCP

the legal and international related frameworks were described under section 1.

In 2018, MoTA proposed a new institutional structure that includes a “General Directorate

for the World Heritage Sites in Palestine,” which aims to provide a comprehensive

management system for all cultural world heritage sites in Palestine. The responsibilities of

this proposed directorate are to conserve, manage, valorize, and promote the cultural

heritage sites and the inscribed World Heritage Sites, submit new sites to the WHC on the

Tentative List, and regularly monitor and report on Palestinian WHPs for the WHCom.

Hence as described under the management structure set by MCP the MoTA- General

Directorate for the World Heritage Sites in Palestine will have the mandate to run and

manage the MCP, as well as this BCP.

3.2 Significant values and physical attributes

WHP encompasses various cultural heritage elements that represent an outstanding example

of cultural landscape and illustrates the development of human settlements for the past 4,000

years. The site has significant sociocultural, educational, aesthetic and natural values that

shall be considered when setting the conservation plan. Especially that protecting, sustaining

and keeping the harmony of those values will ensure the sustainability of the site and its

outstanding features.

Sociocultural Values: The property is a source of pride for the local people of Battir and

Husan villages. Its social values include various tangible and intangible resources that

are associated with cultural heritage sites, including political, identity, nationality,

memorial, and religious values, among others. People who live in the WHP have an

extensive oral history that includes traditional stories, songs, dances, traditional dress

and traditional foods. Educational Value

34

Educational Value: The cultural landscape of the property includes a raw resource of

scientific material that generates knowledge about the past, either through archaeological

investigation, conservation interventions, building styles, education, nature and/or

historic research

Aesthetic Values: The landscape in which the WHP lies is varied. It includes a series of

valleys and hills with agricultural terraces spread throughout, as well as many water

springs, pools and canals, which have produced over time a vibrant aesthetic experience.

Natural value: The availability of water springs and other natural resources in the area

enriches the site’s biodiversity; a complex genetic ecosystem of unique flora and fauna

has inhabited the area since antiquity. The habitat originally classified as a Quercus

calliprinos woodland on limestone, which is characterized by the domination of the oak

species in companion with various natural native trees, shrubs and perennials that

supports the dwelling of diverse fauna and avifauna on site (see section 4).

Battir has always been considered the vegetable garden of Jerusalem due to the abundance

of springs in the area. This led to the development of a system of irrigation that permitted

the development of agricultural terraces in a very steep mountainous landscape fed by a

complex irrigation system that is managed by the eight main families inhabiting the village.

It is simultaneously a simple and complex system, and is still in use today. The traditional

system of irrigated terraces within the nominated property is an outstanding example of

technological expertise, which constitutes an integral part of the cultural landscape. The

methods used to construct the terraces illustrate significant stages in human history, as the

ancient system of canals, still in use today, dates back to ancient times. Hence of the major

features that considered of significant physical attributes of the site are the following:

Rural dry-stone vernacular architecture: the landscape around Battir contains ample

amounts of stone. Due to the profusion of different varieties of stone, the local people

used them for constructing their shelters, fences, and monuments, benefiting from each

variety’s particular aesthetic, physical, and geological characteristics. In addition, they

used these stone to re-form the rocky mountainous landscape, and adapt it for their

agricultural activities.

Agricultural terraces and olive tree cultivation: Extensive olive groves extend from

Wadi Al-Makhrour north-west towards Wadi Es-Sikkeh. The man-made terraces that

surround the valley are planted mainly with olive trees, some of which are ancient. This

system dates back to the Chalcolithic period (4500 to 3000 BC); marking the beginning of

traditional village patterns in Palestine. The traditional cultivation of olive trees is an

essential component in the historical development of the cultural landscape systems in

this area, and has multiple functions and meanings at the environmental, agricultural,

socio-cultural, and symbolic levels. Most of the olive tree plantations are rain-fed, along

with other crops such as fruit trees and field crops, and occupy extensive hilly and

mountainous areas that are susceptible to soil erosion due to water runoff (Photo 3.5).

Agricultural watchtowers: About 230 watchtowers were registered along the route from

Wadi Al-Makhrour towards Battir. The majority of the agricultural watchtowers were

constructed at an intermediate level of the property, and are used by the farmers to watch

over their fields during the harvest season.

35

Limekilns: They were usually temporary structures that were developed by the Romans

to burn limestone and produce lime for use as mortar. Limekilns exist throughout the

property, and are called qabbara or lattoun. Until few decades ago, the limekilns remained

in use by the local population to produce lime mortar, locally called khallale, from local

lithic and soil materials.

Ancient olive presses: The cultivation of olives for the production of olive oil required

techniques to produce the oil. Methods to extract olive oil before mechanically operated

machines included three techniques of pressing olives. Most farmers preferred pressing

their oil near their cultivated lands.

Agricultural fields surrounding the village of Battir and their paradise: The vegetables

of Battir have always been well appreciated in the nearby towns and villages. The

eggplants of Battir (beitinjan batttiri) are considered to be the best and the most famous

in the area. The closeness of the terraces to the village, and the availability of water within

the boundaries of the village, have both enabled Battir to develop an agricultural system

for growing vegetables that is totally dependent on irrigation. Vegetables are grown in

the terraces all year around

The irrigation system: The majority of the cultivation near the terraces depends on

irrigation. The ancient pools and the water canals are used during the dry season to

irrigate the terraces, and the distribution of the water among the farmers follows a

traditional system known as shares (al-ma’dud). The traditional irrigation system, which

continues to be used today, has been used by the peoples of Battir for centuries,

presumably all the way back to Roman times.

Canals, al-masakib: Canals are made from the soil and the water runs through them to

irrigate small garden beds (mashakib). The irrigation system makes it possible for farmers

to use their land in three seasons: summer, winter, and spring.

Human settlement remains (al-khirab): The location of the Cultural Landscape of

Southern Jerusalem, Battir along the ancient road that connected Jerusalem with the

southern of Palestine encouraged several civilizations to settle in the area. Archaeological

remains; locally known as khirab, from different periods (Canaanite, Roman, Byzantian,

Mamluk, and Ottoman) attest to the presence of different layers of civilizations and of

different phases of domestication of the local landscape. Seven khirab have been found

within the Cultural Landscape of Southern Jerusalem, Battir, the majority of which are

located near the modern village.

36

Photo 3.5: Ancient Canaanite stone terracing and typical stone home in the valley Source: PMNH- BU, 2019

Conferring to such significant values and features, the property was inscribed on the World

Heritage List in 2014 (Ref. 1492) following an emergency nomination, in accordance with

criteria (iv) and (v), and immediately on the List of World Heritage in Danger, after it was

acknowledged that the landscape was threatened by emerging and intensifying sociocultural

and geopolitical transformations with the potential to cause irreversible damage to the site’s

authenticity and integrity—citing specifically the start of construction of an Israeli “Wall”

that may isolate local farmers from fields they have cultivated for centuries. To ensuring

adequate respect and effective safeguarding of the property and its inherent Outstanding

Universal Value (OUV), The Ministry of Tourism and Antiquities (MoTA) has composed for

the site a Management and Conservation Plan (MCP) in cooperation with the Battir

Municipality, UNESCO Ramallah Office, and related stakeholders; based on the guidelines

cited in the nomination file. This MCP aims to set the overarching strategy for achieving an

appropriate balance between conservation, access, the interests of the local community, and

the sustainable use of the site over time, whether for recreation and tourism or agriculture.

It also aims to protect the site’s OUV and its physical attributes, provide visitors access in a

way that promotes responsible and respectful use of the site, help enhance the socio-

economic situation of the WHP’s community, and aid in sustaining local agricultural

activities

3.3 Ecosystem services and human well being

Ecosystem services provided by WHP as well as their benefits and uses by the local

communities, were assessed in two ways. One through assessment done based on the

RAPPAM methodology that was established based on consultation with key stakeholders,

and the other through the available knowledge about existing ecosystem services, field visits

and other sources. On the other hand, a desk study was done where mainly the Battir WHS

nomination file and the MCP were revised. The revised literature has mentioned number of

the services provided on site upon which they were analyzed for uses, trends and benefits

37

from resources and conclude under this section. Ecosystem services were documented

qualitatively, or semi-quantitatively where possible.

3.3.1 Socio-economic environment and importance of WHP

Local Communities and Traditional Farming

Palestine, including areas like Battir, Al-Makhrour and Husan valleys, are part of the Fertile

Crescent, where humans first settled and developed agricultural practices, including the

domestication of plants and animals. The Palestinian cultural heritage relating to nature and

agriculture is very extensive, for example the use of plants for medicinal purposes (Said, O.,

et-al., 2002). Further knowledge and use of

this cultural heritage is intertwined with

biodiversity conservation (Alves, R.R.N.

2012). Battir and Wadi Al-Makhrour is a

prime example of this because of existence

of agricultural models practiced over

thousands of years. Cultural protection of

this landscape is critical (Tengberg, A., et-

al., 2012).There are few ethno-ecological

works on the region, starting in the 19th

century (Canaan, T., 1928). Ecosystem

benefits come from reexamining human-

nature interactions; i.e. the cultural-ecological landscape. Ethnobotanical methods are

available with support from UNESCO (Martin, G.J., 2004). In the context of Palestine, such

studies can also enhance the attachment of people to their lands (Qumsiyeh, MB. 2018).

Battir and its surrounding valleys, as a World Heritage Property under the state of Palestine,

stretches from Al-Makhrour Valley to Battir village to Al-E’youn Valley in Husan, and

includes traditional footpaths, various human settlements that developed around the many

springs that dot the slopes of the mountains and have contributed to the creation of a unique

cultural landscape composed of agricultural terraces that are supported by dry-stone walls,

agricultural watchtowers (manatir or qusoor), olive oil presses, ancient irrigation pools to

collect the water flowing from the springs, ancient irrigation canals, and the remains of

human settlements (khirab), all of which have been conserved by the local villagers (Battir,

Hussan, and Beit Jala) for centuries (see Map 3.5).

Socio-economic environment in brief

Nearby villages/cities: Beit Jala and Battir municipalities,

Husan and Al Walaja villages

Population: 27,899 persons

Agriculture dependency: 5%-30%

Economically active population: 33% - 40%

Employed persons: 72%-88%

Percentage of poor: 12%-20%

No. of Livestock heads (sheep goat): 2,606 heads

[Cite your source here.]

38

Map 3.5: WHP area, borders and localities in proximity Source: MoTA, 2018

The place is famous for its thousands of meters of dry-stone walls compose the terraces that

extend along the valley of Wadi Al-Makhrour towards Battir that are used for traditional

cultivation of mainly olive trees and diverse fruit trees. This is an essential component in the

historical development of the cultural landscape systems in this area, and has multiple

functions and meanings at the environmental, agricultural, socio-cultural, and symbolic

levels. The cultivation of the olive tree involves low-density plantations, sometimes planted

in an irregular pattern, with low labor and material inputs, and a manual harvest. Most of

the olive tree plantations are rain-fed, and, with other crops such as fruit trees and field crops,

occupy extensive hilly and mountainous areas that are susceptible to soil erosion due to

water runoff (MoTA, 2013). The Palestinian natural trees, such as oak, can be found amongst

the olives in terraces that are away from the village, while vines and fruit trees, such as

apricots, almonds, and plums are planted near the villages. Some citrus trees, mainly lemon

trees, are also found in these fields. The majority of the cultivation near the terraces depends

on irrigation. The ancient pools and the water canals are used during the dry season to

irrigate the terraces, and the distribution of the water among the farmers follows a traditional

system known as shares (al-ma’dud). The agricultural activities related to olive cultivation

are usually managed by individual families, and the olives and oil produced is used

predominantly for self-consumption and for the local market.

Hence, Battir and the three localities in proximity, Al Walaja, Husan and Beit Jala are

Palestinian localities that are part of or surround the WHP rely on farming for either their

own consumption and / or for enhancing their income by marketing their produce at the

local level (Map 3.6). The agriculture production in those areas is the backbone for food

security at the household level. The cultivation production of the four localities used to form

the food basket for Bethlehem, the basket replete with vegetables, fruits, and field crops. A

39

summary of the population size, cultivated areas and livestock by locality is presented in

tables 3.1 and 3.2.

Table 3.1: Total population number, locality area, and cultivated area (in dunums) by

targeted locality

Village Population Number (2017)

Area (dunum)

Cultivated Area (dunum)

% of cultivated land of total area

Battir 4696 6,795 3352 28.9

Husan 7048 7,361 1026 8.8

Al Walaja 2671 4,328 1942 16.7

Beit Jala 13484 9,749 5289 45.6

Total 27899 28,233 11609 41.12

Source for Population: PCBS, Housing and Establishments Census, 2017.

For locality Areas: ARIJ, Village profiles to Battir, Beit Jala, ALWAlaja and Husan localities, 2010.

For Cultivated Areas: Agricultural Directorate of Bethlehem, 2018

Table 3.2: Total area (in dunums), crop type, and number of livestock, in the targeted localities, 2017

Village

Numbers of livestock Crop type

Sheep &

Goats

Bee

hives

broiler

farms

layers

farms

No. of

Plastic

houses

Area of

plastic

houses

Area of

Field

crops &

forages

Area

of

Fruit

trees

Area of

Vegetables

Battir 635 169 2 6 4 24 3187 137

Husan 558 72 13 4 2 41 767 216

Al-Walaja 846 73 0 4 2 42 1844 54

Beit Jala 567 56 7 1 3 2 33 5199 55

Total 2606 370 22 1 17 10 140 10997 462

Source: Agricultural Directorate of Bethlehem, 2018

Map 3.6: The agricultural lands at WHP - CORINE Classification of Land Cover, Level 1. Source: MoTA, 2018

40

Additional data on the socio-economic makeup of the area are summarized below.

Plant production: The percentage of cultivated land of total area in Battir and localities in

proximity to WHP and surroundings is 41.12% (Agricultural Directorate of Bethlehem,

2018). The highest percentage is found in Beit Jala as this municipality has a strong

tradition of fruit trees mainly apricot, almond, grape, apple, peach and olive production.

Animal Production:

The main species of livestock are sheep and goats. They are fed of two sources; one is from

natural grasslands available on site, and another from high-energy fodder. In addition to

beehives and broiler farms. Up to 2606 head of sheep and goat are kept in total in the

surrounding villages, with the highest abundances found in Al Walaja, and Battir (846,

635, respectively) (Agricultural Directorate of Bethlehem, 2018). The livestock number has

reduced from the past numbers as noted by the directorate, mainly as a result of increase

prices of fodder, limited range lands and bad economic status.

Labour force participation:

Available data about the localities in proximity is covering only until the year 20073. The

analysis indicates that 77.3% of those economically active are employed whereas 22.7%

are unemployed (PCBS, 2007).

Percentage of poor:

According to the last publication of the Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics (PCBS,

2017), Bethlehem Governorate shows 9.4% of its population under poverty line (It reached

up to 11.2% in rural areas of Bethlehem Governorate (PCBS, 2007). Among the villages

surrounding WHP, the poverty range was between 12-20% (PCBS, 2013).

Socio-Economic Importance at WHP

Referring to the stakeholders’ consultation done using the Rapid Assessment Socio-

Economic Questionnaire, number of socio-economic aspects of importance at WHP were

identified. Of main WHP socio-economic aspects of importance mentioned by key

stakeholders are the following: (1) income generating opportunities, (2) significant aesthetic

features, (3) plant and animal species available on site, (4) ecosystem services, education and

scientific studies of value (see Table 3.3).

Table 3.3: Socio-Economic Importance of WHP

Importance aspects Socio-economic score

Notes

The WHP is an important source of employment and income generation for local communities

Yes (5) Restaurants, handicrafts and embroidery shops, fresh and processed food shops, and others are opening and running on site, especially since the declaration of WHS. Selling of cultivated crops and landraces is another source of income.

Local community depend upon the WHP resources for their subsistence

Mostly Yes (3) This is manifested with all the cultivation taking place on site especially the agro-biodiversity of the available landraces and local crops that local farmers are keeping from a cultivation season to the

3 The new census that was set in the year 2017 did not publish the data at locality level.

41

following; storing the seeds in situ at their farms. The collected spices, medicinal plants and fruits are all local resources used on daily basis. Of the plants used caper, arum, sumac, germander, thyme, and many others. Water resources mainly springs are all used by locals.

The WHP provides community development opportunities through sustainable resource use

Mostly Yes (3) Through mainly eco-tourism facilities, including visitors path, restaurants, rest areas, handicraft centeres and others. In addition to the agricultural lands that form an asset and an opportunity to enhance locals’ livelihoods.

The WHP has religious or spiritual significance

Mostly Yes (3) There are shrine (Abu Yazeed Shrine) and waqf on site that needs restoration. The Olive harvesting season is also a traditional occasion where people celebrate the harvesting and pressing of olive oil at WHP during the months of October and November of every year.

The WHP has unusual features of aesthetic importance

Yes (5) The beautiful natural landscapes and the WHP topography with the available water resources makes it a very unusual aesthetic place where people like to visit to enjoy its hills and valleys.

The WHP contains plant species of high social, cultural, or economic importance

Yes (5) There are several plant species that highly valued by local people such as all the native local crops, landraces and wild relatives, the medicinal and aromatic plants, native trees that provide fruits and/or shade, etc.

The WHP contains animal species of high social, cultural, or economic importance

Yes (5) There are number of animals dwelling on site of importance to the locals such as the mountain gazelle and the eagle owl, which are considered a symbol for the site, The chukar is a bird dwelling in Al Makhrour valley of economic value. But in general there is very low rates of hunting actions of animals and birds on site, hence the economic aspect is not that important.

The WHP has a high recreational value

Yes (5) This site significant natural and cultural heritage makes it an indispensable destination for foreign and domestic tourists alike. The number of visitors has significantly increased since its inscription as a WHP; in 2017 it received approximately 250,000. Visitors come for several purposes but mainly for hiking, entertaining near the springs and pools, eating at the restaurants etc.

The WHP contributes significant ecosystem services and benefits to communities

Yes (5) There are several services provided by ecosystems available on site including in brief the following: (1) Agriculture fertile terraces for farming practices, (2) Grasslands for grazing livestock (3) Water natural springs for domestic/agricultural

use, livestock, and wildlife use. (4) Forest resources mainly medicinal and aromatic

Plants, native trees for spices, and food. (5) Fruit trees and olive groves

42

(6) Landscapes/sceneries, paths, pools for recreation; especially eco-tourism activities

(7) Hydrological regulation as part of the natural water harvesting taking place on site especially hills and forested areas; helping replenishing the western aquifer.

(8) Knowledge, education, heritage values

The WHP has a high educational and /or scientific value

Yes (5) The site can be a very dynamic site to learn and built the knowledge base regarding several national sectors such as biodiversity, traditional farming and local seed stock, the water resources, runoff and harvesting, climate adaptation and forest restoration and many other subjects. But until today not much studies were done on AL Makhrour. The project entitled” Biodiversity Conservation and Community Development in Al-Makhrour Valley in Bethlehem, Palestine” and the primary baseline done by MCP are the ones who comes with scientific methods and applications to assess and study the site for its ecosystems, biodiversity, traditional farming and conservation frameworks. School trips to AL Makhrour valley and Battir locality are taking place but it is more a recreational type of visits than educational. It is expected that those trips increase with the availability of educational and orientation signs along visitors paths. The site became more a material used for education, awareness and research after its nomination as a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

43

Figure 3.1: Scores of socio-economic importance of WHP

3.3.2 Natural Resources and Importance of WHP

Biological Components of WHP

WHP including AL Makhrour Valley is a Mediterranean landscape composed of different

interacting vegetation patches. Pine and oak ecosystems form contiguous patches within this

landscape, in pure stands, or as mixed

pine–oak ecosystems. AL Makhrour

landscape typically form a patch mosaic

where different vegetation types are

intermingled in complex patterns

created by the variation in physical,

biological, and anthropogenic

landscape conditions. Further, the

mosaics are a heterogeneous

combination of both “natural” and man-

made patches interleaved with one

another in complex patterns that result

from different edaphic conditions,

topography, exposure to wind and sun,

fire and other disturbances, and land-

use histories.

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

IMP

OR

TAN

CE

SCO

RE

SOCIO-ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE

Natural resources in brief

Water: Use of spring water for irrigation, household use

during summer.

Grazing: Very limited because of reduction in numbers of

livestock heads.

Wild plants: Household use many plants of them:

Sisymbrium irio, Salvia fruticosa, Majorana syriaca, Malva

parviflora, Arum palaestinum, Teucrium capitatum, Mentha longifolia, and various edible mushrooms.

Native trees: household use number of trees of them: Olea

europea, Rhus coriaria, Amygdalus communis, Ceratonia

siliqua, Pyrus communis, Crataegus aronia, Pistacia Palaestina, Styrax officinalis and others.

Recreation: More than 250,000 visitors per year, very

important place for recreation for domestic and foreign

tourism, locals, schools and universities, and others.

Ecosystems provide subsistence, livelihoods and income

generation on site

44

The landscapes at the WHP are mainly encompassing series of hills’ formations, terraces

(natural and man-made) and the valley that flows bounded by hills; all influenced by human

interventions that have created the abundance of diverse habitats along the valley including

the abundant agricultural lands (fallow lands), the olive groves that their owners still take

care of, the abundant olive groves, the batha – garrigue associations with fairly new

succession of wild plant cover, the maquis Mediterranean forest with developed succession

of vegetation cover, in addition to the planted areas with mainly pine and cypress trees. In

summary, the main habitats that were classified on site are the following: (1) Quercus

calliprinos woodland on limestone, with Quercus calliprinos dominant species, (2)Man-made

Coniferous forest with Pinus halepensis dominant species, (3) Garrigue/Batha forest dominat

with shrubs and perennials, (4) Olive Groves with Olea europea dominant species, (5) Fallow

land dominant with segetal plants, (6) The valley (5-8ms width) elongated lowland bounded

by hills, and (7) mixed habitats of two or more habitats of listed (for details see section 4 and

5) (Ghattas, R., et-al., 2019). Those diverse habitats were formed in one site as it is a rich area

with diverse environmental features as described in section 3.1. But of the main features are:

(1) the wide range of elevation ranging from ca.550m to ca. 920 m above sea level, (2) Diverse

soils from light to dark brown Rendzina with pure stands of Terra Rossa and soil mixtures

of them all, (3) mean annual temperature is between 15-18˚C, (4) annual average precipitation

is between 500-650 mm (MD, 2009-2018) (See Annex 3.1 for ecosystem sheet). Such abiotic

Mediterranean conditions have favored the occurrence of diverse and unique vegetation

cover of a range of 40-93% plant density that supports the existence of diverse varieties of

wildlife on site (Ghattas, R., et-al., 2019).

The availability of water springs and other natural resources in the area enriches the site’s

biodiversity; a complex ecosystem of unique flora and fauna has inhabited the area since

antiquity. However, the transformation of the natural landscape into traditional agricultural

terraces and water canals through history has negatively affected many floral species. The

habitat originally classified as a Quercus calliprinos woodland on limestone, which is

characterized by the domination of the oak species in companion with the Pistacia spps,

Arbutus andrachne, Crataegus aronia, and Rhamnus palaestina species, in addition to many other

tree species and other companioned shrubs and perennials (EQA, 2017). It also supports the

occurrence of wide range of invertebrates, and vertebrates especially important endangered

and threated mammals such mountain gazelle Gazella gazella and striped haeyna Hyaena

hyaena. It supports the occurrence of three vulnerable birds namely Cretzschmar's bunting

Emberiza caesia, long billed pipit Anthus similis and little swift Apus affinis.

Biological Importance of WHP

WHP including Al Makhrour Valley falls in the Mediterranean botanical and

zoogeographical region (Zohary, M., (1973) and the Mediterranean biogeographical zone

(Soto-Berelov, M., et-al., 2012). The property is announced as Important Bird Area (IBAs)4, is

4 http://datazone.birdlife.org/country/palestinian-authority-territories and http://datazone.birdlife.org/site/results?cty=240&fam=0&gen=0

http://datazone.birdlife.org/country/palestinian-authority-territories

http://datazone.birdlife.org/site/results?cty=240&fam=0&gen=0

45

listed under the IUCN green list for the State of Palestine5, and was designated as a Key

Biodiversity Area6 at national and global levels. AL Makhrour valley and its surrounding

valleys (Cremisan and Husan Valleys) are in the Mediterranean Forests, Woodland and

Scrub biome, one of WWF’s Global 200 priority biomes for conservation (Olson, D. M., et-al.,

2002). The area is also part of Conservation International’s Global Biodiversity Hotspot

Mediterranean Basin (Conservation International, 2013), and of a global Centre of Plant

Diversity (WWF & IUCN, 1994), two additional designations of global conservation

importance. It was also valued by stakeholders/locals that it encompasses valuable plants

and animals of high social, cultural, and economical importance, in addition it contributes

significant ecosystem services and benefits to local communities. The place is also one of the

forested green areas in southern West Bank region that is known to be of great significance

to contribute to biodiversity conservation, climate change adaptation and mitigation and

combatting land degradation/desertification, relevant to all three Rio Conventions; CBD,

UNFCCC, UNCCD.

The Quercus calliprinos forest in particular, is of high nature conservation value in the

Mediterranean region. Sclerophyllous oak forests are an important ecosystem type of the

natural vegetation in the Mediterranean region. As a part of the mosaic-like landscape, old-

growth oak forests, in particular, provide a wide range of ecosystem functions and services.

By conserving sustainably the biodiversity and its ecosystems on site and by enabling locals

to co-benefit for sustaining their livelihoods from the provided ecosystem goods on site,

through ecosystem-based approaches all will respond to national and international Multi

Environmental Agreements (MEAs).

Referring to the technical experts’ consultation done using the Rapid Assessment Biological

Importance Questionnaire, concluded all potential biological aspects of value in the WHP

context. The following were found of main biological importance at WHP: (1) the site

contains high number of rare and endemic species with high levels of biodiversity, (2)

ecosystems sustains viable populations of key species, (3) ecosystems are consistent with

historic norms and maintain full range of natural processes (see Table 3.4 and Figure 3.2).

Table 3.4: Biological Importance of WHP

Importance aspects Biological

score

Notes

The WHP contains a

relatively high number of

rare, threatened or

endangered species

Yes (5) Up to 34 rare and very rare plant species at national level were

found growing on site, another 34 species were found rare in

the study site, 45 LC species, and 1NT (Near Threatened)

species at global level according to IUCN Red list. Another 6

rare birds at the study area, 4 birds are EN/VU at national

level, and 35 LC birds at global level. 10 rare mammals at

national level and 2 are endangered at global level, 2 rare

5 https://www.iucn.org/theme/protected-areas/our-work/iucn-green-list-protected-and-conserved-areas 6 http://www.keybiodiversityareas.org/site/results?reg=8&cty=240&snm=

https://www.iucn.org/theme/protected-areas/our-work/iucn-green-list-protected-and-conserved-areas

46

amphibians at national level were found inhabiting the site

(see section 4).

The WHP has relatively

high levels of biodiversity

Yes (5) Up to 427 plant species, 63 birds, 30 mammals, 14 reptiles, and

2 amphibian, in addition to large number of biota including 19

mushroom species, 20 species of butterflies and more than 100

insects were all surveyed on site (See section 4)

The WHP has a relatively

high degree of endemism

Yes (5) Up to 26 plant endemic species; three of them are endemic to

Palestine only, the rest are endemic to Palestine and another

country of the Fertile Crescent countries (Syria, Lebanon,

Turkey, Eygpt).

The WHP provides a

critical landscape function

Mostly

Yes (3)

Although a landscape ecology study was not done to

understand better how landscape structure influences

ecological processes at WHP, but there are clear interactions

between both at the WHP. Within the greater landscape of

WHP there are different ecosystem/habitat types occurring as

patches. Having more habitats / or patches is healthy to those

organisms that thrive at boundaries between

two ecosystem/habitat types, whereas if it was less

fragmented landscape it would have been better for

those species that require larger areas of undisturbed forest

such as mammals. It is also important to know how the

patches are distributed across the landscape. The changes in

structure of patches at WHP, whether caused by natural forces

or by humans, can have significant impacts on the ecology of

the available landscape. This clearly manifested with all the

pressures taking place on site (see Section 5). But in conclusion

the WHP provides important feeding, breeding, corridor for

movement, and migration value for species whose existence

would be jeopardized by the alteration of that area.

The WHP contains the full

range of plant and animal

diversity

Mostly

Yes (3)

According to the inventories done on site, the occurrence of

species of the Mediterranean ecosystem was dominant. All of

the species that normally associated with the Mediterranean

ecosystem type and natural communities within the WHP are

present.

The WHP sustains

minimum viable

populations of key species

Yes (5) The site was found supporting the growth of trees with more

than 200 years old such as the Oak and Pistachio trees. This

indicator implies that the site has adequate populations of key

species as well as sufficient habitats to sustain the populations

of these species. Key species here means those species whose

conservation and management will likely benefit a broad

range of associated species.

For example the mountain gazelle, the striped haeyna, and

Golden Jackal are of area-limited species as they have specific

distribution requirements such as the rocky hills and slopes

and a relatively large green area. It is worth noting that WHP

is not standing alone as a green landscape on site, it is an

47

extension to a larger landscape physically connected to

Cremisan valley, and Husan Valley.

The oak, olives, pistachio, hawthorn Azarole, trees and rock

rose, prickly burnet, spiny broom and Headed thyme shrubs

area species that have a disproportionately large impact on the

ecosystem, and whose removal would cause drastic and

unpredictable consequences.

The structural diversity of

the WHP is consistent with

historic norms

Mostly

yes (3)

Historic norms here means the conditions prevalent prior to

wide scale, industrial and /or intensive human disturbance.

The site is known to be of the few sites that kept the historic

norms, landscape elements and configuration of ecosystem in

the West Bank region as it is a place kept for thousands of

years for rural use (traditional agriculture use) in total

harmony with nature. That is why it was inscribed as a

UNESCO WHS. Although the place was cultivated in Pine

trees before 80-100 years in certain patches, (now most of the

Pine trees on site are mainly reseeding plants) but the place

supports the occurrence of natural Mediterranean forest

succession specifically the batha-garrigue and the maquis

forest succession. The place has kept its natural landscapes as

a condition prior to human disturbance. But it is difficult to

forget the human pressures imposed on site specifically the

urban developments and their pollution effects that have

definitely altered the historic norms of the ecosystems, but it

is difficult to measure the extent of this alteration (needs

further investigation/research).

The WHP includes

ecosystems whose historic

range has been greatly

diminished

Mostly no

(1)

The place does not know an ecosystem that was widespread

and predominant in the landscape in the past, but that have

been extensively converted into other land uses. The WHP is

approximately 13 square kilometers of land, encompasses

various cultural and natural heritage elements that represent

an outstanding example of cultural/natural landscape and

illustrates the development of human settlements for the past

4,000 years. Hence the agricultural terraces and the basic

human interventions available on site did not change

drastically any ecosystem on site. All comes in harmony with

natural components. The real threat is the expansion of urban

fabric in unsustainable manner form both Palestinian

localities and from the confiscation of land and construction

of settlements by Israel occupation. The MCP has already

targeted this problem and set a plan for its monitoring and

control.

The WHP maintains the

full range of natural

processes and disturbance

regimes

Mostly

yes (3)

The heathy ecosystems on site shows that the site allows the

ecosystem to function and evolve. The successional processes,

nutrient recycling and reproduction are all events taking place

successfully on site. The healthy ecosystem here manifested

by having native plant and animal populations

48

interacting in balance with each other and nonliving things,

while enjoying the sun as a major energy source.

One of the threats for healthy ecosystem here is the

uncontrolled invasive species that need to be well managed

and monitored so as it won’t cause a major disturbance on site.

Figure 3.2: Scores of biological importance of WHP

3.3.2.1 Main Ecosystem Services Provided at WHP

According to the consultation sessions and interviews done with key stakeholders and

experts, number of main services were identified as services provided by the property to the

local communities. Of main services are the following:

(1) Agriculture fertile terraces for farming practices,

(2) Grasslands for grazing livestock

(3) Water natural springs for domestic/agricultural use, livestock, and wildlife

use.

(4) Forest resources mainly medicinal and aromatic Plants, native trees for spices,

and food.

(5) Fruit trees and olive groves

(6) Logging and fuel wood collection

(7) Landscapes/sceneries, paths, pools for recreation; especially eco-tourism

activities

(8) Climate and hydrological regulation as part of the natural water harvesting

taking place on site especially hills and forested areas; helping replenishing

the western aquifer.

(9) Knowledge, education, heritage values

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

SCO

RE

BIOLOGICAL ASPECT

49

Use of Plant Resources:

Food and Raw material

There are number of native plant species growing in WHP that were found of high economic

value and intensively utilized by local community as either as medicinal and aromatic plants,

or as food such as seeds, spices, and resins and or as dyes and so on. Hence, they are

significant elements of the ecosystem services provided by the site to the locals. Rural women

carefully collect the fruit, leaves and roots of native plants in their field or from the nearby

forest and for use in the family diet. This practice is reducing by time for several reasons

(discussed under traditional knowledge in section 6 and 7).

Of the plants used as source of food including: Olive tree Olea europea, Almond

Amygdalus communis, Carob Ceratonia siliqua, and Pear Pyrus communis, Solomon’s lily

Arum Palaestinum, Prickly asparagus Asparagus aphyllus white beet Beta vulgaris,

dwarf chicory Cichorium endivia, rocket Sisymbrium irio, garden purslane Portulaca

oleracea, garden rocket Eruca sativa, and edible mushrooms.

Of the plants used as Medicinal and aromatic plants including: Cat thyme germander

Teucrium capitatium, hedge germander Teucrium divaricatum, hawthorn Crataegus

aronia, styrax Styrax officinalis, common sage Salvia fruticosa, horse mint Mentha

longifolia, round-leaved mint Micromeria nervosa, wild thyme Majorana syriaca,

common varthemia Varthemia iphionoides, Headed thyme Coridothymus capitatus, and

African fleabane Phagnalon rupestre.

Of the plants used as seeds including: pine Pinus pinea, fenugreek Trigonella foenum

graecum, and Sicilian sumach Rhus coriaria.

Of the plants used as ornaments including: Crown Anemone Anemone coronaria,

Ranunculus spp, seeds of Styrax officinalis, and others.

OF the plants used in grafting other plants including: Pistacia Palaestina to graft green

pistachio, and wild Pyrus to graft the cultivated one.

Wild relatives and landraces

WHP is famous for the cultivation of local landraces and for preserving their wild

relatives. Those species are considered the agrobiodiversity component and forms a

significant part of the plant genetic resources of the site; as they are the ones locally

domesticated, adapted to the local environment, and evolved in parallel. They are of high

importance as they contribute to plant breeding in Palestine and as they have traits for

efficient nutrient uptake and utilization, as well as useful genes for adaptation to stressful

environments such as water stress, salinity, and high temperatures. They especially show

important traits for drought and disease resistance. They conserve soil and increase

natural soil fertility and health.

A widespread practice among farmers is to save seed from their crops annually for the

following year's cultivation such as the seeds of plants of cucurbitaceous as zucchini,

pumpkin and calabash gourds that are usually kept hanged for the following season to

dry and then take their seeds to be cultivated for the following season, or to be eaten

fresh and /or use their dried skin to produce handicrafts and ornaments. Of the landraces

on site wheat, barley, battiri eggplants, baladi zucchini, baladi green beans, baladi

cauliflower, thyme baladi, and others. They also collect seeds or seedlings from nature

50

the wild relatives especially wheat (Ageilop spp.), lettuce (Lactuca spp.), pear (Pyrus

syriaca), green Pistacio (Pistacia palaestina (terebinthus)), barley (Hordeum spontaneum),

fennel (Foeniculum vulgare), cauliflower (Brassica nigra), peas (Pisum sativum), vetch (Vicia

sativa) and wild thyme Majorana syriaca others. All forms a very important germplasm

that need to be preserved and the practice itself need to be promoted among the local

farmers. Local knowledge and culture can therefore be considered as integral parts of

agrobiodiversity, because it is the human activity of agriculture that shapes and

conserves this biodiversity.

The non-harvested species in the WHP production ecosystems that support food

provision, including but not limited to soil micro-biota, pollinators and other insects

such as bees, butterflies, earthworms. For detailed information see section 4.

Logging and fuel wood collection

Logging of trees for fuel (particular during winter) or timber is an uncommon activity

but does occur at Battir. It arises because of high prices of petroleum fuels and the

increase of the poverty rate among local inhabitants. Part of the local community;

especially low-income people depends on collecting dead or falling cypress and pine

trees inside the WHP. There are no exact statistics how much wood has been removed

The extent and effect of dead wood removal from WHP will need to be assessed both

from a fire risk reduction and a nature conservation perspective as part of the further

management planning process. But through the consultation session with the

stakeholders and the locals it was noted that locals uses sarcopoterium spinosum Rhamnus

lycoides and Pistacia palaestinae as source of fuel, the oak and pistachio used for carpentry,

and some used for making handicraft, artistic sculptures, axes, plows and others.

Use of Grasslands for Grazing

This activity has become less important recently, as the number of animals raised by

surrounding communities has declined, and most of the remaining animals do not graze

on rangelands but are fed in stables. In addition, there is a lack of interest among the

young generation to raise animals. Grazing directly at the WHP mainly happens in

winter and spring. Herders from surrounding communities come to graze their animals

all over the site; this activity is spread and not concentrated in one particular area. But it

was noted that this activity is not intense and is less practiced during the last few years.

For number and types of livestock raised in localities in proximity see section 3.4.1.

Use of Water resources and Climate Regulations:

Use of Water resources

Humans settled the WHP since thousands of years as a result to the intense availability

and well distribution of water resources along the property. Local communities are

benefiting from the available water resources for several reasons but mainly to irrigate

their cultivated fields. There are many springs and pools that are used in a systematic

and well managed system. The five main springs and their irrigation system within the

WHP are: Ein El-Balad, Ein Jama’ located in Battir locality, Ein El- Haweyyeh, Ein Emdan

located in Al Makhour Valley, and the Spring Valley (Wadi Al-‘Aion) located close to the

Husan village (MoTA, 2018). The discharge of those springs and the amounts consumed

51

by locals per year are not known; this needs further investigation. But the status of those

springs and necessary interventions for each is well interpreted at MCP document

(MoTA, 2018).

Climate Regulation

Historic trends in climate in the State of Palestine (IPCC AR5) shows very high confidence

that temperatures have risen over the past 100 years but less confidence in quantitative

rates of change, due to spatial and temporal dependencies and data quality (EQA, 2016).

Precipitation trends on the other hand show overall reductions in annual precipitation.

Significant decreasing trend in rainfall were observed during the spring season with an

average reduction of 15%/decade since the 1970s (Ziv et al., 2014.). The temperature

increase is estimated to range between 2.2-5.1°C and the annual rainfall decline is

estimated to be at 10% by 2020 and at 20% by 2050 (EQA, 2010). Hence the green areas of

the WHP, in particular the forested areas, are significant assets that would help

stabilizing climate change affects at national level, especially that the site is one of the

key rich sites with biodiversity in the West Bank region. It also provides multiple water

and climate-related services, including precipitation recycling, cooling, water

purification, infiltration and groundwater recharge on site. On average, at least 40% of

rainfall over land originates from evapotranspiration. Hence, the forest vegetation in the

WHP would stabilize rainfall amounts in the area. It also plays an important role in

protecting water quality, slow water movement and help stabilize soil. In addition, some

of the WHP patches are places of carbon-dense ecosystems, mainly dense pine and oak

forests, where carbon sink. More studies are needed to conclude relevant quantitative

data. Since the area is a biodiversity hotspot enhancing habitat connectivity in the area,

it is considered of high significance for climate change adaptation, and in this context a

“highly vulnerable ecosystem” in the West Bank region that needs oriented interventions

for enhancing and sustaining its resilience and adaptation to climate change and its

adverse impacts in the area.

Knowledge, education, and heritage values:

The local oral cultural heritage and traditional knowledge of agrarian and water distribution

system practices inherited on site is an essential component that supports the local agrarian

systems, landscapes and the socio-cultural processes. The traditional knowledge of irrigated

terraces system is an outstanding example of technological expertise, which constitutes an

integral part of the cultural heritage landscape. This local knowledge plays a key role in the

processes of socialization and building capacities of the locals to keep the system running

while maintaining its heritage. Hence, the transmission of knowledge from one generation

to the other is vital to sustain the cultural heritage and enhance abilities of new generation

in managing and sustaining the property.

Some educational school visits and camps already taking place on site, but more educational

oriented visits and extended educational use by various target groups is of significant

potential. Scientific research is of high potential especially for botanical, zoological,

ecological, agro-biological and other related research, including the impacts of climate

change, and water regulation.

52

4. ASSESSMENT AND INVENTORY FOR FLORA AND FAUNAL

COMPONENTS This section describes in brief the status of

ecosystems, flora and fauna components that the

WHP supports based on the comprehensive

inventory studies done by the experts’ team of the

project entitled: “Biodiversity Conservation and

Community Development in Al-Makhrour Valley in

Bethlehem, Palestine”. For more details see annex 2.1,

2.2, and 2.3.

4.1 At Habitat level Ecosystems and Habitats of WHP

WHP falls in the Mediterranean botanical and zoogeographical region (Zohary, M., (1973). and the Mediterranean biogeographical zone (Soto-Berelov, M., et-al., (2012). It is also an important part of the hydrological system that replenishes the western aquifer. The mean annual temperature in this area is 15-18˚C. The annual average precipitation is 500-680 mm, some of which falls as snow in some years (MD, 2009-2018). The soil is diverse from light to dark brown Rendzina with some area with mixture of Terra Rossa and in some areas of Terra Rossa alone. With an elevation ranging from ca. 550 m to ca. 920m above sea level (Ghattas, R., et-al, 2019). The WHP area is well – known as the governorate's most fertile land and its traditional breadbasket. The landscapes at WHP mainly the series of hills’ formations, terraces (natural and man-made) and the valley that flows between the hills of each side, and the related human interventions have created the abundance of diverse habitats along the valley including the abundant agricultural lands (fallow lands), the olive groves that their owners still take care of, the abundant olive groves, the batha – garrigue associations with fairly new succession of wild plant cover, the maquis Mediterranean forest with developed succession of vegetation cover, in addition to the planted areas with mainly pine and cypress trees. A complex and dynamic mixture of ecosystems are available on site including mainly the natural maquis forest and a man-made coniferous forest. The valleys landscape typically form a patch mosaic where different vegetation types are intermingled in complex patterns created by the variation in physical, biological, and anthropogenic landscape conditions. Pine and oak ecosystems form contiguous patches within this landscape, in pure stands, or as mixed pine–oak ecosystems. However, the main ecosystem of the natural areas of the property is a Quercus calliprinos woodland on limestone dominated with Oak trees accompanied with pistachio, hawthorn azarole, strawberry trees, and carob trees and others.

The property encompasses diverse habitats that supports diverse flora, fauna and avi-fauna

species. The habitats of the property are highly affected with the different human

interventions. As it is clear that the whole property is used for cultivation and, in Al

Makhrour valley and the valley that encircles Battir towards Husan cultivation is still

practiced by locals; mainly those inhabiting the Palestinian localities in proximity; but mainly

ECOSYSTEM' MEANS A DYNAMIC COMPLEX OF

PLANT, ANIMAL AND MICRO-ORGANISM

COMMUNITIES AND THEIR NON-LIVING

ENVIRONMENT INTERACTING AS A FUNCTIONAL

UNIT.

CBD, 2006

53

Battir and Beit Jala cities. The man-made terraces, the olives’ cultivations, the cisterns and

the ‘Manateer’ (watchtowers for crops’ harvest storage) are main human elements

distributed all over the valley. However, a major part of the valleys is not cultivated

anymore, number of places are totally abundant and neglected and hence the major part of

the valley is a mixture feature of both natural and man-made components (See Annex 2.1 the

Inventory Report).

Of the main habitats that were surveyed are the following:

1. Natural Oak forest: Sclerophyllous Broad Leaved Oak Forest and Maquis. This

habitat is dominated with Quercus calliprinos Oak tree that supports the growth of

diverse and dense batha/garrigue plant associations of mainly Sarcopoterium

spinosum, Cistus spp., Calicotome villosa, and Coridothymus capitatus. This habitat

supports the growth of diverse wild Mediterranean trees such as Rhamnus lycioides,

Crataegus aronia, Pistacia Palaestina, and the reseeding of Pinus halepensis, and Pinus

pinea, in addition to diverse shrub and herbaceous species such as Teucrium

divaricatum, Teucrium capitatum, Fumana arabica, Andropogon distachyos and many

others.

2. Mixed natural oak and olive groves: This habitat is dominated with both oak and

olive trees. The habitat support the growth of number of trees such as Arbutus

andrachne, Pistacia Palaestina, Styrax officinalis and number of shrubs and herbaceous

species such as Pistacia lentiscus, Phlomis viscosa, Calicotome villosa, Cyclamen persicum,

Smilax aspera, and many others.

3. Man-made planted coniferous woodland: This habitat is dominant with Pinus

halepensis cultivated tree and its reseeding plants. This habitat does not support

diverse plants but mainly scattered herbaceous species especially at the sides of the

habitat where new habitats starts to emerge.

4. Batha and Garrigue habitat: This habitat support the growth of shrub/subshrubs and

herbaceous species. Of the main species are Phlomis viscoa, Cistus spp., sarcopoterium

spinosum, coridothymus capitatus, Calicotome villosa, Bellis sylvestris, Teucrium creticum,

and many others.

5. Fallow lands and olive groves: This habitat is mainly located at the flat lowland

valley, where there are wide spread olive groves either cultivated or still taken care

of by its owners as those groves are plowed lands or groves that are cultivated and

left alone for one or two seasons only, or groves that were cultivated but neglected

and only visited for harvesting and here the fallow land appear under or on the sides

of the olive grove land. The plant associations in this habitat are Asparagus aphyllus,

Andropogon distachyos, Calicotome villosa, Carlina spp., Arum Palaestinum, Malva

parviflora and many graminae spp. and papilionaceae spp. (to be classified in spring

season).

6. Mixed oak and Pine forest supporting batha association, which supports diverse

types of plants such as Pistacia palaestina, Rhamnus Lycoides, Crataegus aronia, Teucrium

capitatum, Thymus spicata, Thymbra spicata, Leontodon tuberosus, and others.

7. The trench of the lowland valley (the deepest point in the valley): This trench is 5-8

meters in width and it supports the growth of all plant forms including trees, shrubs

54

and herbaceous species. Of main plants are Pistacia palaestina, Quercus calliprinos,

Sarcopoterium spinosum, Calicotome villosa, cistus spp., Salvia indica Daucus carota,

Phagnalon rupestre, Dittrichia viscosa and many others.

It was also noticed that there are many micro-environments that support the growth

of specific plant species within the different habitats. This is mainly obvious on

terraces (natural and man- made), near the paths, near water collections and on

Heaps of small rocks. For example, of the lithophyte species that grow abundantly in

the valley are Cyclamen persicum, Umbilicus intermedius, Arisarum vulgare, Chiliadenus

iphionoides (varthemia), Ajuga chamaepitys, Eremostachys laciniata and others which are

mainly geophytes. Near the paths and water collection sites there were diverse plants

growing such as Sinapis arvensis, Malva parviflora, Foeniculum vulgare, Nasturtium

officinale, Verbascum sinuatum, Ferula communis and many others. And there are number

of climbing plant species including Smilax aspera, Clematis cirrhosa, Clematis flammula,

lonicera etrusca.

4.2 At Species Level

4.2.1 Floristic Diversity on Site

A total of 427 vascular plant species were recorded of the flora survey at WHP during the

report period. This number includes also the species that grow in Battir locality itself (Annex

2.1). This number of plant species forms almost 20%

of total plant species growing in the West Bank

region and Gaza Strip (which is estimated at 2076

plant species (Ghattas R., 2008). The area clearly

hosts high number of vascular plants; as the results

of the diverse habitats, which forms a supporting

environment for the growth of diverse plant

species. The valley supports the growth of 63 plant

families; most dominantly are Compositae,

Papilionaceae, Labiatae, Graminae and

Cruciferaceae (Figure 4.1).

The total number of tree species surveyed at the

valleys is 17 trees, while the valleys encompasses 47

shrubs and sub-shrubs, 2 aquatic plants, and 351

herbaceous plant species.

BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY, OR BIODIVERSITY,

IS A TERM USED TO DESCRIBE THE MYRIAD

LIFE FORMS FOUND ON EARTH. IT IS

NUMBER OF DIFFERENT SPECIES OF

PLANTS, ANIMALS AND

MICROORGANISMS IN EXISTENCE.

BIODIVERSITY ALSO ENCOMPASSES THE

SPECIFIC GENETIC VARIATIONS AND

TRAITS WITHIN SPECIES AS WELL AS THE

ASSEMBLAGE OF THESE SPECIES WITHIN

ECOSYSTEMS.

CBD, 2006

55

Figure 4.1: Number of plant species by family surveyed at WHP

Source: Ghattas, R., et-al., 2019.

Of the dominant wild tree species growing at WHP are Oak trees Quercus calliprinos, Aleppo

Pine trees Pinus halepensis, and Olive trees Olea europea. Other tree species were identified in

the area including Pistachio trees Pistacia palaestina, Strawberry trees Arbutus andrachne,

Carob trees Ceratonia siliqua, Stone Pine trees Pinus pinea, Cypress trees Cupressus

sempervirens, Hawthorn Azarole trees Crataegus aronia, snowbell bush trees Styrax officinalis,

Syrian Pear Pyrus Syriaca, Sumaq tree Rhus coriaria and others. Three main dominant trees

were found growing at the valley; Pine, Olive and Oak trees. The pine trees are mainly

cultivated trees (some reseeding is taking place) of an estimated age that ranges between 20

and 80 years old, while the olive trees which are also cultivated (some reseeding is taking

place) of an estimated age that ranges between 2 to 100 years old. The oak trees which are all

wild natural trees were found of an estimated age between 5 to 200 years (reseeding is taking

place). The old oak were mainly found on the eastern hills of Al Makhrour valley from Beit

Jala side. The old pine trees were mainly found at Al Malhrour valley near Abu Saliba house.

It is worth noting that two plants of Pinus Pinea were found in Al Makhour Valley were their

age was estimated to be between 70-80 years.

Regarding the main shrub species growing at MKV are Rock rose Cistus creticus, Cistus

salvifolius, Headed Thyme coridothymus capitatus, Spiny Broom Calicotome villosa, Prickly

Burnet sarcopoterium spinosum, Hedge Germander Teurcium divaricatum, Cat Thyme

Germander Teucrium capitatum, Shrubby Jerusalem Sage Phlomis viscosa, Mediterranean

thyme Thymbra spicata and others. Of the three most dominant shrubs found growing on site

are Rock rose, Prickly burnet, Spiny broom and Headed thyme. Regarding the main

herbaceous species are Persian Cyclamen Cyclamen persicum, Arabian Cistus Fumana arabica,

Rough Binweed Smilax aspera, Spanish Carline Thistle Carlina Hispanica, Early virgin's-bower

Clematis Cirrhosa and many others.

59 57

3229

2419

12

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

Number of plant Species by Family at WHP Valleys

56

The valleys and Battir locality supports that growth of large number of rare species that are distributed along the valley. It was found 34 rare and very rare plant species where 14 are very rare species at local level (forming 3.6% of total number of plant species growing on site) and 45 LC species, and 1 NT (Near Threatened) species at global level according to IUCN Red list. The rare species are mainly found among 8 families of which are orchidaceae, polygonaceae, solanaceae, verbenaceae, and violaceae. It was also found that the valley supports the growth of 26 endemic species; mostly endemic to Palestine and Syria, which are all of high conservation value (HVC). Five of them are rare/very rare species and three species are endemic only to Palestine such as Nonea philistaea, Onopordum carduiforme and Reseda alopecuros. Hence, they are of HCV as they are also threatened species. There was also found number of species that are recorded as common or frequently found species at national level however they were found rare in the study area. Rare species in the study area forms 34 plant species. Plant Cover Studied specifically at Battir locality

A total of 98 vascular plant species were recorded at Battir locality. It was found that there

are 35 plant families growing at Battir village; most dominantly are Compositae,

Papilionaceae, Labiatae, Graminae and Umbellifecae. The total number of tree species

surveyed at the village is 8 trees, while the village encompasses 17 shrubs and sub-shrubs, 1

aquatic plants, and 70 herbaceous plant species. Up to 3 rare plant species were recorded, 7

species were found rare at the study area level, 9 LC species, and 1 NT species according to

IUCN Red list according to IUCN Red list. It was also found that the village supports the

growth of 3 endemic species. Of the plant species that were only found in Battir Village and

of HCV are: Italian buckthorn (Rhamnus alaternus), Polular tree Populus euphratica and water

arum (Arum hygrophilum). Arum hygrophilum is of high importance as it was found near

threatened according to IUCN RED List. Of the endemic species that was found of high

conservation value is Onopordum carduiforme, which is a very rare species and endemic to

Palestine (Annex 2.1).

4.2.2 Faunal Diversity on Site

The property supports the occurrence of wide range of invertebrates, and vertebrates as

following.

Amphibians and Reptiles: Three species of amphibians were reported: Pseudepidalea variabilis found in Beit Jala, Walaja, Battir, Pelophylax bedriagae Green Frog found in spring of Al-Walaja, also in Talitha Qumi and Battir. Hyla savignyi the Tree Frog was found in Battir. Up to 12 reptile species were recorded on site. Of main ones Chamaeleo chamaeleon, Testudo graeca, Hemidactylus turcicus, Vipera palaestinae and others (Handal, E., Qumsyieh, M., 2019). Mammals: Up to 30 species of mammals were recorded in the property (Handal, E., Qumsyieh, M., 2019). Bats and rodents were the largest orders of mammals in the property. It also supports the occurrence of the important endangered and threated mammals; the mountain gazelle Gazella gazella and striped haeyna Hyaena hyaena.Two earlier studies were done regarding mammals in Bethlehem area specifically Wadi Al Makhrour area. Qumsiyeh et al., (2014b) showed that the diversity of mammals that exist in Bethlehem district was declining, including data from Al Makhrour valley, where up to 31 species from 16 families

57

were found declinging in number in Bethlehem District. In general more than 50 species of mammals were found in the district due to it diverse habitat. On the other hand, a study was done on five species of mammals inhabiting AL Makhrour valley to study the Eagle Owl diet including the study of Erinaceus europeaus, Rattus rattus, Meriones tristrami, Microtus guentheri, and Rousettus aegyptiacus and a domesticated cat (Amr et al. 2016). Invertebrates: Insects were the most numerous in terms of species counts in the property. For example, there is over 20 species of butterflies observed and studied at the site. As for Moths there was found 11 families and 30 species (many yet to be unidentified of the families Erebidae, Noctuidae, and Geometridae). Many other insects found in Wadi Al Makhrour from Different orders (Coleoptera, Diptera, Odonta, etc.) reaching more than 100 identified species and more to be identified. A rather interesting insect was found in the property is the first reported invasive Western conifer seed bug Leptoglossus occidentalis (Hemiptera, Coreidae, 1910); representing its southern most record in Asia. L. occidentalis is a significant pest on pine trees and an invasive species to the Mediterranean region from western North America (Handal, E.N., and Qumsiyeh, M.B. 2019).

Arachnida: Of a total of four species of scorpions, Mt. Nebo scorpion Nebo

hierichonticus was the largest and the smallest was Scorpio maurus in the property.

Other pseudoscorpions found are Chithonius jonicus, Cardiolphum stupidium, and

Ephippiochthonius spp. In addition, there was foudn two species of camel spiders.

There are two dozen species of the regular spiders (Order Araneae) recorded under

at least 8 families.

Land Snails: Sixteen species of land snails are recorded at the property. Of those are

the following: Granopupa granum, Buliminus labrosus, Paramastus episomus, Pene

bulimoides, Euchondrus septemdentatus, Euchondrus chondriformis, and others (Handal,

E., Qumsyieh, M., 2019).

4.2.3 Avi-Faunal Diversity on Site A total of 63 species of birds were recorded at al Makhrour area and its vicinity (Khalilieh,

A., 2019) (Annex 2.3) after a limited study that focused on resident species (for example in

nearby Wadi Al-Quff, a previous study showed 118 species of Birds, Khalilieh A., 2016). A

total of 33 bird species were recorded breeding at the study area, while the other 30 species

are classified as migratory species. Out of the recorded breeding birds, 26 of them are

considered as resident breeders while the other 7 recorded species are classified as summer

breeders. The long legged Buzzard (resident breeder) and the Short-towed Eagle (Summer

breeder and passage migrant) were both recorded at the site and both showed breeding signs

but non The most abundant breeding species recorded at the site are the (Common)

Blackbird, Sardinian Warbler, Spectacled Bulbul, Great Tit, Graceful Prinia, (Eurasian)

Collared Dove and Chukar. Five of the recorded birds are classified as threatened species at

the national and regional level, which include Long-billed pipit, Black-eared Wheatear,

Long-legged Buzzard, Cretzschmar's Bunting and Little Swift (Khalilieh, A., 2019). It is

worth mentioning here that the baseline data regarding birds’ numbers, distribution, and

diversity needs further in depth surveys and inventory to be performed on a wider

geographic scale and comprehensive manner.

58

4.2.4 Mushrooms/Fungi on site A total of 19 species were recorded under 15 families at the property. OF those mushroom

are the following: Lentinus arcularius, Trametes hirsute, Suillus collinitus, Xerocomellus

redeuilhii, Tapinella panuoides, Psathyrella bipellis, Coprinopsis friesii and others (Handal, E.,

Qumsyieh, M., 2019) (Annex 2.2).

5. BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION VALUES AND TARGETS WHP including Al Makhrour valley and its surroundings was found of high biodiversity

conservation value; as reported in the biodiversity baseline survey reports done on the site

during the year 2018/2019 by flora, fauna and avi-fauna specialists under the project entitled:

“Biodiversity Conservation and Community Development in Al-Makhrour Valley in Bethlehem,

Palestine”. The selected area within WHP for researching and studying almost overlaps the

core zone of the Battir World Heritage Property (WHP) identified by MoTA in the WHS

nomination report for the site (MoTA), 2013) (Map 3.5).

The Valley and the green area encircling Battir and Husan Villages supports the growth of

diverse vegetation cover and plant forms as it falls under the Mediterranean botanical and

zoogeographical region (Zohary, M., 1973) and the Mediterranean biogeographical zone

(Soto-Berelov, M., 2012). The green natural areas along the valley are mainly composed of

Sclerophyllous oak woodlands on Limestone (Quercus calliprinos forest), which is an

important ecosystem type of the natural vegetation in the Mediterranean region and of high

nature conservation value in the region. As a part of the mosaic-like landscape, old-growth

oak forests, in particular, provide a wide range of ecosystem functions and services.

The Oak forests are important ecosystem type of the natural vegetation in the Mediterranean

region; providing a wide range of ecosystem functions and services (Westphal C., et-al.,

2009). In the disturbed landscapes occurring in the Mediterranean region, the well-kept areas

especially those with woods forms natural base with significant biodiversity elements.

Sacred trees, groves and forests such as the evergreen oak forest are found all over the

Mediterranean basin. They were established for spiritual and cultural purposes sometimes

for centuries (Harding J.S., et-al., 1998). This evergreen oak tree; dominantly Q. calliprinos,

supports the conservation of a great number of associated species (Martinez J., et-al., 2014)

even small species such as ants, spiders, snails, especially, in hot region by providing suitable

habitats and shelter. This is manifested in Palestine in WHP. In conclusion, the evergreen

oak forests and their mixed habitats have a high conservation value, because they are rare

examples of intact Mediterranean forests; representing important elements in ecosystems

with stable species composition and high cultural values (Deil U., et-al., 2009).

In conclusion, the area as a whole including Al Makhrour valley itself and the two slopes of

hills surrounding the valley from the north and south and the same with the valley enclaving

Battir towards Husan village are worth to be identified as an area of conservation value and

hence necessary to be conserved for its biodiversity components at WHP. It is the one that

encompass the green natural areas as specified in map 5.1 below.

59

Map 5.1: Area of Biodiversity Conservation Value at WHP, Source: PCC, 2019

5.1 Habitats of High Conservation Value

5.1.1 Habitats of High Conservation Value for Plant Biodiversity:

According to the plant biodiversity baseline surveys done during the years 2018/2019 for

WHP under the project “Biodiversity Conservation and Community Development in Al-Makhrour

Valley in Bethlehem, Palestine”, it was found that there are diverse habitats existing at the

property that supports the growth and survival of large number and diverse plant and

animal species on site. See section 4.1 for the main habitats that were classified on site.

The Key characteristics for the selection of the conservation areas in WHP7

Representativeness and balance: The conservation areas represent the full range of

biogeographic diversity within the site in as balanced a manner as possible (not

underrepresenting some targets, while over representing others).

Adequacy: The conservation targets have sufficiently high levels of viability or

ecological integrity to persist over long time periods.

Consistency: the management objectives and strategies set in this document are

consistently applied across the selected conservation areas

Efficiency and equity: They represent the minimum number of areas achieve overall

conservation goals and distributes the benefits of these areas to local communities in

proximity in an equitable fashion.

Corridors were also part of the selected conservation areas. The selected corridors are

linear landscape element in a dissimilar matrix that connects two or more habitat patches

that are proposed for conservation on the grounds that it will enhance or maintain the

7 (According to the principles of Davey 1998)

60

viability of selected species and wildlife populations in the habitat and enhance the

movement of species through them. To reduce the edge habitat (negative effect on species

using these corridors, such as invasions by exotic species) the corridors were set within

and as part of the conservation areas.

As the WHP encompasses high number of habitats, a set of criteria was necessary to follow in the process of choosing those habitats with high conservation value. In summary those that were found of high conservation value were chosen in accordance to the following criteria:

Habitats with high biological diversity (High number of plant, bird and animal species)

Habitats that supports the growth of endemic and threatened species

Unique paths and corridors that supports the growth of endemic or threatened species or unique species individuals (species of one or two individuals only growing in one specific site only and not another).

Key habitats for Plant biodiversity The habitats that were found of high conservation value for Plant Biodiversity are diverse, located at different altitudes, and supported with different soil types. The habitats were also selected in accordance to the availability of high diversity of plant species and those that support endemic and rare/very rare plant species. See summary in table 5.1 and maps 5.2, and 5.3. Table 5.1: WHP habitats of high conservation value by type, physical characteristic and value

Habitat Transects Conservation Value Altitude (meters)

Soil type Slope

Mixed oak forest and olive groves

T2 – Northern Mountainous slope – Beit Jala side

Rare and endemic plant species

771-781 Rendzina Steep

T9 Southern Mountainous slope- Beit Jala side

Rare, endemic and key stone plant species High plant diversity

769-770 Dark Rendzina

Steep to moderate steep

T10 Southern Mountainous slope- Beit Jala side

Rare and key stone species High Plant Diversity


Very steep (v.steep)

T15 Southern Mountainous slope –Mid AL Makhour Valley

Rare, endemic and key stone plant species


Steep

T17 Southern Mountainous slope – from Battir side

Rare, very rare, vulnerable, and endemic plant species

640 Light Rendzina

V. steep

Oak forest and batha association

T4 Northern Mountainous slope – Beit Jala side

Rare and very rare species, and key stone plant species

748-760 Rendzina Moderate steep

T11 Southern Mountainous slope – Beit Jala side

Rare and key stone species High plant diversity

759 Dark Rendzina

V. steep

61

T31 The hill north west Battir Village

Rare plant species 565-569 Mixed Terra Rossa & Rendzina

Steep

Olive groves and fallow land

T6 The valley of AL Makhrour- from Beit Jala side

Rare and key stone plant species

710-712 Brown Rendzina

Flat

T8 The valley of AL Makhrour- from Beit Jala side

Rare, endemic species and key stone plant species

708-712 Rendzina Flat

T32 The cultivated valley behind Battir village – North west Battir

Rare and endemic plant species

550 Terra Rossa

Flat

T33 The cultivated valley behind Battir village – west Battir

Endemic plant species

551 Terra Rossa

Flat

Olive groves and batha association


Endemic and key stone plant species

775 Light Rendzina

Fore Slope - steep


Endemic plant species

784-792 Light- brown Rendzina

Moderate to steep

T22 At Al Kulieh Rock – AL Makhrour Valley

Rare, very rare, vulnerable, and endemic plant species High plant Diversity

657-659 Rendzina Flat to Steep

T26- The valley and mountain range enclaving Battir Village from the north

Rare, very rare, and key stone and endemic plant species High plant Diversity

584-597 Terra Rossa

Steep

T27 The valley and mountain range enclaving Battir Village from the north

Rare, and endemic plant species

601 Mixed Terra Rossa & Rendzina

Steep

Mixed pine and oak forest


High Plant Diversity 584-593 Terra Rossa

Steep


Endemic and key stone plant species High plant Diversity

579-586 Mixed Terra Rossa & Rendzina

Steep


Endemic and key stone plant species

579-582 Terra Rossa

Steep

62

Batha association


Rare, endemic and key stone plant species High plant Diversity

802-805 Light to Brown Rendzina

Moderate Steep

Paths and corridors

Corridor Links T14 and T23

High Plant Diversity

Corridor Links T15 and T21

High Plant Diversity

Path Below T4 and T5 – and trench below T7

Rare species and sole species (ex.Orchis galilaea)

Path below T20 and T21 And near E’in A’mdan

Rare species and sole species (ex.Pyrus communis)

For rare, endemic and key stone species see section 5.2

Map 5.2: Habitats of Plant Conservation Value at WHP – Beit Jala side towards Battir Village.

Source: PCC, 2019

63

Map 5.3: Habitats of Plant Conservation Value at WHP- Battir Village and Surroundings. Source: PCC, 2019

5.1.2 Habitats of High Conservation Value for Animals:

5.1.2.1 Habitats of High Conservation Value for Birds:

As noted during the birds baseline survey done during the years 2018/2019 for WHP under

the project “Biodiversity Conservation and Community Development in Al-Makhrour Valley in

Bethlehem, Palestine” that AL Makhrour Valley and its surroundings belongs in general to the

Mediterranean mountain range; slopes covered with different size patches of maquis,

garrigues, and batha vegetation types, in many cases mixed with orchards (or cultivated

areas), and different type of scattered coniferous trees. The study area also include exposed

rocky sites and cliffs, mainly at the center-northern part of the valley. In addition, several

small springs are located at different areas within the site. All this formed a based to support

the occurrence of diverse bird species including number of conservation value at national

and international level. It supports the occurrence of resident and summer breeding birds

64

and migrant and vagrant birds. The habitats that found of conservation value for bird species

and supports the occurrence of species of conservation value are those specified in map 5.4.

Map 5.4: Habitats of Conservation Value for Bird Species at WHP, Source: NPS, 2019

5.1.2.2 Habitats for High Conservation Value for Mammals, Reptiles, Amphibians

and Invertebrates:

According to the fauna surveys done at Al Makhrour Valley during the field trips done

throughout the year 2018/2019 under the project “Biodiversity Conservation and Community

Development in Al-Makhrour Valley in Bethlehem, Palestine”, It was highlighted that some

important habitats that supports the growth of species need to be conserved covering range

of groups including vertebrates, some invertebrates and mushroom. For example, Mountain

gazelle Gazella gazelle, was found mainly on mountainous slopes of hills where transect 1 and

2 are located and also at the mountainous cliffs located below transect 15 and 16. Another

important habitat the area of Ein A’mdan where transects 20 and 21 are located. This area

support wide range of threatened amphibians, reptile, and mammals such as Long-eared bat

Plecotus christici, Levant water frog Pelopgylax bedriagae, and many others see section 5.2.

5.1.3 Selected Habitats of Priority for Conservation at WHP Reviewing the habitats that were selected solely as habitats of conservation value for plants,

and those for animals and for birds and so on, enabled the experts to select and delineate

number of areas of high priority for conservation (see map 5.5). Each conservation area has

certain biological and ecological feature that distinguished the area and put it in the context

of one of high priority areas for biodiversity conservation at WHP.

65

Map 5.5: Biodiversity Conservation Areas of Priority at WHP, Source: PCC, 2019

Conservation Area 1: This area extends from Beit Jala city western borders towards almost

the middle part of Al Makhrour Valley. It is known to support three types of habitats in

mixed or pure stands; mainly maquis oak forest, olive groves, and batha/garrigue

association with some scattered pine trees. Plant diversity shows a range of 40% to 90% and

soil type is mainly light Rendzina. The elevation is also diverse ranges from 709 to 805 meters

above sea level. The northern hills are composed of high rock content and less plant density

while the valley and the southern slope enjoys more fertile soils with lots of humus and

supports the growth of more plant varieties and density. Two water sources exist in this area;

one is E’in Kapryanous and the second is E’in Dar Saliba. Both are important sources of water

for birds and animals. In this area the Mountain Gazelle was found. The gazelle is globally

threatened mammal and its conservation is a must in this valley. Another two threatened

reptiles were also found in this area (Table 5.2). The area supports the growth of 7 rare plant

species such as Salvia Indica, Verbena supina, and Viola occulta, 8 key stone species (Section 5.2)

and 5 endemic species to the Fertile Crescent Region such as Echium judaeum and Trifolium

eriosphaerum (Table 5.2).

Conservation Area 2: This area extends from the middle part of Al Makhrour Valley

reaching the last cliff south East Battir. It is known to support four types of habitats in mixed

or pure stands; mainly maquis oak forest, olive groves, pine woodlands and batha/garrigue

association. Plant diversity shows a range of 52% to 80% and soil type is light to dark

Rendzina. The elevation ranges between 640-701 meters above sea level. The northern hills

are composed of high rock content and less plant density while the valley and the southern

slope characterized of having more fertile soils with three moderate to high steepy cliffs that

work as corridors between the bottom of the valley and the upper parts of the southern

mountainous range hills. The cliffs supports the growth of diverse and dense pant cover and

the rocky cliffs supports the occurrence of number of birds and animals in the area. One

66

water source exist in this area namely E’in E’mdan spring, which forms relatively medium

sized pool located in valley surrounded by two mountainous hills. It is an important source

of water for birds, amphibians and animals. The Hyaena hyaena was found in this area and it

is globally threatened mammals and its conservation is a must in this valley. In this area two

endangered frogs and 8 threatened/endangered mammals were found in this conservation

area mainly near or at E’in E’mdan spring (Table 5.2). It also supports the occurrence of three

vulnerable birds namely Emberiza caesia, Anthus similis and Apus affinis. The area supports

the growth of 3 rare plants, 6 key stone species (Section 5.2) and 3 endemic plants to the

Fertile Crescent region (Table 5.2).

Conservation Area 3: This area extends from Battir village agricultural terraces until the

middle part of the valley that enclave Battir village from the north western side. It is known

to support four types of habitats in mixed or pure stands; mainly maquis oak forest, olive

groves, batha and garrigue association and agricultural terraces. Plant diversity shows a

range of 60% to 82% and soil type is a mixture between Rendzina and Terra Rossa soils. The

elevation range is between 584-601 meters above sea level. This area is in general lower in

elevation and enjoys higher temperature than CA 1 and CA 2. This favors the growth of

different type of vegetation cover especially among the herbaceous species. Of the plant

species that was found in this area and not in CA1 and 2 is Pistacia lentiscus (except in one

site near entrance path towards AL Makhrour Valley from Beit Jala Side, near T2). The valley

along the train railway and the southern hills supports the growth of diverse plants, and the

occurrence of animals. In addition, the area encompasses a unique water aqueduct that takes

the water from Battir Spring throughout the agricultural terraces. It is an important source

of water for birds and animals. Hence, several important plant species were found growing

in Battir village but not in the valleys surrounding it such as Arum hygrophilum (NT), Populus

euphratica (R), Arum dioscoridis (SA) and Rhamnus alaternus (SA). The area supports the

growth of 3 rare plants, 3 key stone species (Section 5.2) and 3 endemic plants to Palestine

and the Fertile Crescent region (Table 5.2). Onopordum carduiforme (R/EP) and Scrophularia

hierochuntina (RP/ ES) are species of high conservation importance as they were found

threatened and endemic plants (Table 5.2).

Conservation Area 4: This area extends from the middle part of Battir Valley that enclaves

Battir village from north western side reaching the bridge which crosses Battir agricultural

lands and the train railway. It is known to support three types of habitats in mixed or pure

stands; mainly maquis oak forest, olive groves, and batha/garrigue association. Plant

diversity shows a range of 57% to 80% and soil type is mix soils of Rendzina and Terra Rossa

and pure soil of Terra Rossa. The elevation range is between 550 and 586 meters. The area is

lowest among the previous conservation areas. The area changes its habitats from mixed

olive groves and oak maquis forest to totally agricultural lands at western side of the area

(T32 and T33). Within the curved hills between T30 and 31 there is the possibility for water

collection on the rocks, the area forms special environment for the growth of diverse

herbaceous species. The area supports the growth of 2 rare plants, 4 key stone species

(Section 5.2) and 3 endemic plants to the Fertile Crescent region (Table 5.2).

Conservation Area 5: This area is located to the north western side of Husan village and

encompasses E’in Al Haweh. It is known to support three habitats of oak maquis, olive

groves and some batha and garrigue association. It is famous for the natural spring that exists

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there forming a relatively medium sized pool where birds, and animals drink from. It is a

good habitat for number of plants such as orchids, and animals such as geckos, and solitary

bees. Most importantly that the Gazella gazelle was found there feeding.

Table 5.2: Distribution of selected species by conservation area of priority at WHP (please refer to Map 5.5)

Conservation Area of Priority

Plant Species of Conservation Priority

Animal Species of Conservation Priority

Bird Species of Conservation Priority

CA1 20

Carduus australis (R) Chalcides ocellatus (NE) Troglodytes troglodytes (Eco-health indicator)

Colichium hierosolymitanum (R)

Gazella gazelle (EN) Tyto alba (LC)

Herniaria glabra (R) Ptyodactylus guttatus (NE)

Polygonum argyrocoleum (R) Bufotes variabilis (EN)

Salvia Palaestina (R) Monacha crispulata

Salvia indica (R)

Silene alexandrina (R)

Verbena supina (R)

Gypsophila pilosa (RR)

Ophrys iricolor (RP)

Salvia ceratophylla (RR)

Viola occulta (RR)

Viola modesta (RR)

Anthemis bornumuelleri (ES)

Biarum angustatum (ET)

Bellevalia flexuosa (ES)

Bellevalia eigii (EE)

Chaetosciadium trichospermum (ES)

Echium judaeum (ES)

Trifolium erioshpaerum (ES)

CA 2 18


Crocidura leucodon (LC) Apus affinis (VU)

Clematis flammula (R) Pipistrellus kuhlii (LC) Emberiza caesia (VU)

Polygonum argyrocoleum (R) Hypsugo savii (LC) Anthus similis (VU)

Portulaca oleracea (R) Pipistrellus pipistrellus (LC) Buteo rufinus (NT)

Populus euphratica (R) Plecotus christici (DD)

Rumex dentatus (R) Rhinolophus ferrumequinum (LC)

Trifolium boissieri (R) Tadaridaa teniotis (LC)

Cephalaria syriaca (RP) Taphozous perforates (LC)

Lactuca undulata (RR) Hyaena hyaena (NT)

Onosma gigantean (RR) Gazella gazelle (EN)

Turgenia latifolia (RR) Bufotes variabilis (EN) Alkanna strigose (ET) Pelopgylax bedriagae (NT) Echium judaeum (ES) Monacha crispulata

Reseda alopecuros (EP/R)

Scrophularia rubicaulis (ES)

Trifolium erioshpaerum (ES)

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Vagaria parviflora (ES)

Trigonella berythea (ET)

CA3 11

Apium nodiflorum (R) Monacha crispulata


Populus euphratica (R)

Silene rubella (R)

Samolus valerandi (R)

Onopordum carduiforme (R/EP)

Calendula palaestina (EL)

Centaurea cyanoides (ES)

Echium judaeum (ES)

Nonea philistaea (EP)

Scrophularia hierochuntina (RP/ ES)

CA 4 15

Clinopodium insulare (R) Bubo bubo (LC)

Erodium acaule (R)

Salvia palaestina (R)

Veronica arvensis (R)

Silene arabica (RR)

Spergularia bocconei (RR)

Tetragonolobus requienii (RP)

Crocus hyemalis (ES)

Trifolium scutatum (ET/R)

Campanula hierosolymitana (EL)

Campanula stellaris (EL)

Salvia hierosolymitana (ES)

Salvia Judaica (ES)

Salvia pinnata (ET)

Trifolium erubescens (EL)

CA5 Gazella gazelle (EN) Species selected are those found of high priority for conservation; very rare (RR or RP), rare (R), endemic to Palestine and Fertile Crescent region. There are other numerous plant species of other values were found in those CAs but were not mentioned here such as wild relatives, of economic value and key stone species.

Ad1 (abundance at local level, according to Checklist and Ecological Database (Ori F., et-al., (1999): CC=Very common species, C=Common species, F=Frequent species, R=somewhat rare species, RP=Rare species with 31-100 surviving sites, RR=Very rare species with only 4-30 surviving sites, NR= Not Registered in the study area before but was found during surveys, (LD)= species with limited distribution.

Abd2 (abundance at global level, according to IUCN RED List): LC= Least Concern, VU= Vulnerable – decreasing, NT= Near Threatened.

Endemism= EP=Endemic to Palestine, ET=Endemic to Palestine and Turkey,

EL=Endemic to Palestine and Lebanon, ES=Endemic to Palestine and Syria

Wild Relatives=WR

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5.2 CONSERVATION TARGETS AT SPECIES LEVEL In summary and in reference to the inventory and analysis done on all plant, animal and bird

species that inhabit WHP, it was found that 21 plant species (Table 5.3), 7 key stone species,

17 plants of economic value, 7 bird species (Table 5.4), 10 mammal species (Table 5.5), 6

reptile and amphibian species (Table 5.6), and 3 invertebrates are found of high conservation

value. The details and results for the species of conservation value are all summarize under

this section.

5.2.1 Plant Species of High Conservation Value A total of 427 vascular plant species were recorded as a result to the flora survey done at

WHP (AL Makhrour Valley, Battir village and hills behind Battir towards Husan village); of

which 98 plants were recorded during the flora surveys done at Battir village alone. This

number of plant species forms almost 20% of total plant species growing in the West Bank

region and Gaza Strip (Ghattas R., 2008). The area clearly hosts high number of vascular

plants; as a result to the diverse habitats and physical conditions, which forms a supporting

environment for the growth of diverse plant species. The valley supports the growth of 63

plant families; most dominantly are Compositae, Papilionaceae, Labiatae, Graminae and

Cruciferaceae. The total number of tree species surveyed at the valley is 19 trees, it also

encompasses 48 shrubs and sub-shrubs, 2 aquatic plants, and 358 herbaceous plant species.

5.2.1.1 Plant Key Stone species:

Studying the WHP natural habitats and the plant species that it encompasses, it was possible

to specify the dominant and key stone species of each habitat. In summary the dominant

species on site are Oak trees Quercus calliprinos, Aleppo Pine trees Pinus halepensis, and Olive

trees Olea europea. But of those that are considered as key stone species on site are Oak trees

Quercus calliprinos (CA 1, 2, 3, 4, 5), Pistachio trees Pistacia palaestina (CA 1, 2), Strawberry

trees Arbutus andrachne (CA 1, 2), Carob trees Ceratonia siliqua (CA 1, 4), and Hawthorn

Azarole trees Crataegus aronia (CA 1, 2, 3, 4). Those important woody species; Quercus

calliprinos, the Palestine oak, in particular, are typically Mediterranean tree species of the

maquis of the region and the major evergreen elements in the Q. Calliprinos - Pistacia

palaestina association of Mediterranean region. Those key stone species are necessary for long-

term maintenance of a viable forest population. Hence, habitats and populations of those

species shall be adequately represented and conserved in the area to ensure their long-term

survival and thus the maintenance of the ecological processes related to them. The habitats

that supports the growth of those species are already considered of conservation in section

5.1.

5.2.1.2 Endemic Plant species:

The property supports the growth of a representative number of endemic species to Palestine

and to the Fertile Crescent that are distributed along the valley. It supports the growth of 26

endemic species (3 were found in Battir village); mostly endemic to Palestine and Syria,

which are all of conservation value. Of the endemic species that were found of high

conservation value are those three endemic species to Palestine only; specifically Nonea

philistaea, Onopordum carduiforme and Reseda alopecuros. And those five species found also as

threatened species including Onopordum carduiforme, Reseda alopecuros, Colchium

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hierosolymitanum, Trifolium scutatum, Scrophularia hierochuntina (Table 5.3). Two species;

specifically Onopordum carduiforme and Reseda alopecuros, overlaps between being endemic to

Palestine and of threatened status and hence shall be given attention while implementing

the conservation plan.

Table 5.3: Endemic species found at WHP and their abundance

Family Species name Endemism Abundance at local level (AB1)

Abundance at global level (AB2) (IUCN Red List)

Amaryllidaceae Vagaria parviflora (Pancratium parviflora)

ES F LC

Araceae Biarum angustatum ET F (LD) -

Boraginaceae Alkanna strigosa ET C -

Echium judaeum ES CC -

Nonea philistaea EP C(LD) -

Campanulaceae Campanula hierosolymitana EL C(LD) -

Campanula stellaris EL C(LD) -

Colchicaceae Colchium hierosolymitanum ET R -

Compositae Anthemis bornmuelleri (Anthemis galilaea)

ES CC -

Calendula palaestina EL C(LD) -

Centaurea cyanoides ES C(LD) -

Onopordum carduiforme (Onopordum telavivense)

EP RP -

Iridaceae Crocus hyemalis ES C LC

Labiatae Salvia hierosolymitana ES C (LD) -

Salvia judaica ES C -

Salvia pinnata ET C (LD) -

Liliaceae Bellevalia eigii EE F -

Bellevalia flexuosa ES CC -

Papilionaceae Trifolium eriosphaerum ES C - Trifolium erubescens EL C(LD) - Trifolium scutatum ET R - Trigonella berythea ET F -

Resedaceae Reseda alopecuros EP R - Scrophularaceae Scrophularia hierochuntina ES RP -

Scrophularia rubicaulis ES F -

Umbelliferae Chaetosciadium trichospermum ES CC -

Ad1 (abundance at local level, according to Checklist and Ecological Database (Ori F.,

et-al, 1999): CC=Very common species, C=Common species, F=Frequent species,

R=somewhat rare species, RP=Rare species with 31-100 surviving sites, RR=Very rare

species with only 4-30 surviving sites, NR= Not Registered in the study area before but

was found during surveys, (LD)= species with limited distribution.

Abd2 (abundance at global level, according to IUCN RED List8): LC= Least Concern,

VU= Vulnerable – decreasing, NT= Near Threatened.

8 http://www.iucnredlist.org/search

https://flora.org.il/en/plants/systematics/salvia

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Wild Relatives=WR

5.2.1.3 Threatened and Endangered Plant Species

The property supports that growth of a relatively large number of threatened species that

are distributed along the valley. It was found 34 rare and very rare plant species where 14

are very rare species at local level (forming 3.7% of total number of plant species growing on

site) and 45 LC species, and 1 NT (Near Threatened) species at global level according to

IUCN Red list. The threatened species are mainly found among 9 families of which are

orchidaceae, polygonaceae, solanaceae, verbenaceae, and violaceae (Ghattas, R., et-al, 2019).

Of those found of conservation value are the following plant species that were found

growing at WHP and their status is very rare; Onosma gigantea, Gypsophila pilosa, Spergularia

bocconei, Lactuca undulata, Cephalaria syriaca, Onopordum carduiforme, Salvia ceratophylla, Salvia

palaestina, Scrophularia hierochuntina, Ophrys iricolor, Tetragonolobus requienii, Turgenia latifolia,

Viola modesta, Viola occulta. Of the plant species that were found in Battir Village alone and

found of conservation value are: water arum (Arum hygrophilum) (NT), and Popular tree

(Populus euphratica) (R). Arum hygrophilum is of high importance as it was found near

threatened according to IUCN RED List.

5.2.1.4 Plant Wild Relatives:

The wild relative species found growing in WHP and of conservation value are as following:

wild relatives of wheat (Ageilop spp.), lettuce (Lactuca spp.), pear (Pyrus syriaca), green Pistacio

(Pistacia palaestina (terebinthus)), barley (Hordeum spontaneum), fennel (Foeniculum vulgare),

cauliflower (Brassica nigra), peas (Pisum sativum), vetch (Vicia sativa) and others.

5.2.1.5 Plant species of High Economic Value

There are number of species found growing in WHP that were found of high economic value

and they are utilized by local community as either as medicinal and aromatic plants, or as

food such as seeds, spices, and resins and or as dyes and so on. Hence, they are significant

elements of the ecosystem services provided by the site to the locals. Of the plants used as

source of food including: Solomon’s lily Arum Palaestinum, white beet Beta vulgaris, dwarf

chicory Cichorium endivia, rocket Sisymbrium irio, garden purslane Portulaca oleracea, garden

rocket Eruca sativa, Olive tree Olea europea, Almond Amygdalus communis, Carob Ceratonia

siliqua, and Pear Pyrus communis. Of the plants used as Medicinal and aromatic plants

including: Cat thyme germander Teucrium capitatium, hedge germander Teucrium

divaricatum, hawthorn Crataegus aronia, styrax Styrax officinalis, common sage Salvia fruticosa,

horse mint Mentha longifolia, round-leaved mint Micromeria nervosa, wild thyme Majorana

syriaca, common varthemia Varthemia iphionoides. Of the plants used as seeds including: pine

Pinus pinea, fenugreek Trigonella foenum graecum, and Sicilian sumach Rhus coriaria.

5.2.1.6 Selected Plant Species of High Conservation Value

In conclusion the following 21 Plant species were found of high conservation value and hence shall be given consideration while implementing the plan (see Table 5.4). Those plant species include the very rare species (11sp), the endemic to Palestine species (3sp), the rare

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endemic species (3sp) to the Fertile Crescent, wild relatives rare in study area, and threatened species according to IUCN RED List (1sp).

Table 5.4: Plant species found of high conservation value and the reason for their conservation (Ghattas, R., et-al., 2019)

Family Species name Endemism Wild Relative Abundance at local level

Abundance (IUCN Red List)

Araceae Arum hygrophilum - - F (BO) NT Boraginaceae Nonea philistaea EP - C(LD) -

Onosma gigantea - - RR (LD) -

Caryophyllaceae Gypsophila pilosa - - RR (LD) -

Spergularia bocconei - - RR (LD) LC

Colchicaceae Colchium hierosolymitanum ET - R -

Compositae Onopordum carduiforme (Onopordum telavivense)

EP - RP -

Lactuca undulata - - RR (LD) -

Cruciferae Brassica nigra - WR F (Rare in study area)

-

Dipsacaceae Cephalaria syriaca - - RP -

Labiatae Salvia ceratophylla - - RR (LD) -

Majorana syriaca - WR C (Rare in

study area) -

Papilionaceae Trifolium scutatum ET - R -

Trigonella foenum-graecum - WR F (Rare in

study area) -

Pisum sativum WR F (Rare in

study area) -

Resedaceae Reseda alopecuros EP - R - Rosaceae

Pyrus syriaca - WR F (Rare in

study area) LC

Scrophularaceae Scrophularia hierochuntina ES - RP - Umbelliferae Turgenia latifolia - - RR -

Violaceae Viola modesta - - RR -

Viola occulta - - RR -

Note: selected species are those found as very rare, endemic to Palestine, endemic and rare, wild relatives found rare at study area, NT at global level.

Ad1 (abundance at local level, according to Checklist and Ecological Database (Ori, F., et-al, 1999): CC=Very common species, C=Common species, F=Frequent species, R=somewhat rare species, RP=Rare species with 31-100 surviving sites, RR=Very rare species with only 4-30 surviving sites, NR= Not Registered in the study area before but was found during surveys, (LD)= species with limited distribution.

Abd2 (abundance at global level, according to IUCN RED List): LC= Least Concern,

VU= Vulnerable – decreasing, NT= Near Threatened.



Wild Relatives=WR

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Arum hygrophilum Majorana syriaca Lactuca undulata

Photos (5.1, 5.2, and 5.3): Selected Plant Species found at WHP. Source: PCC, 2018

5.2.2 Animals and Birds of Conservation Value at Species Level 5.2.2.1 Bird Species of Conservation Value

A total of 63 species of birds were recorded at Al Makhrour area and its vicinity during the spring season of 2019, where only six days of bird survey was conducted focusing on breeding species (resident and summer visitor breeders). A total of 33 bird species were recorded breeding at the study area, while the other 30 species are classified as migratory species. Out of the recorded breeding birds, 26 of them are considered as resident breeders while the other 7 recorded species are classified as summer breeders. The long legged Buzzard (resident breeder) and the Short-toed snake Eagle (summer breeder and passage migrant) were both recorded at the site and both showed breeding signs but the location of the nest was never located indicating that it is outside of the study area. Five of the recorded birds are classified as threatened species at the national and regional level, which include Long-billed pipit, Black-eared Wheatear, Long-legged Buzzard, Cretzschmar's Bunting and Little Swift (Anton, K., 2019). Hence, of the bird species that were identified as species of high conservation value are 7 bird species listed in table 5.6. The reason for choosing them as priority conservation value is mainly because they are either threatened/endangered at national or international levels, or reflects on the health of the maquis habitat or found breeding on the site and not in another surrounding the site.

Table 5.5: Bird Species of High Conservation Value at WHP (Anton, K., 2019)

Species Scientific name Status IUCN / National Status Occurrence

in Study Area

Cretzschmar's Bunting

Emberiza caesia SB, PM Least Concern/ Vulnerable

Uncommon

Little Swift Apus affinis SB, PM Least Concern/ Vulnerable Uncommon

Long-legged Buzzard Buteo rufinus RB, RD Least Concern/ Near Threatened Rare

(Eurasian) Eagle Owl Bubo bubo RB Least Concern Rare

Barn Owl Tyto alba RB Least Concern Rare

Long-billed Pipit Anthus similis RB Least Concern/ Vulnerable Rare

(Winter) Wren Troglodytes troglodytes RB Least Concern Common

RB: Resident breeder, SB: Summer visitor breeder, RD: resident dispersal, PM: Passage migrant.

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Long billed Pipit Little Owl Blackcap

Photos (5.4, 5.5, and 5.6): Selected bird species found at WHP. Source: NPS, 2019

5.2.2.2 Animal Species of Conservation Value

a. Vertebrates:

Mammals:

A list of 30 species of mammals were found in WHP and the following species shows

significant importance (Table 5.7). Up to 10 species of mammals were found on site need to

be protect. Two species specifically the Hyena and the Mountain Gazelle are threatened and

endangered at the global level, respectively. All shall be list as species of high conservation

value.

Table 5.6: Mammals species of high conservation value found at WHP and their local and

global conservation status (Meiri, S., et-al., 2019).

English Name Scientific Name Global Status (IUCN RED LIST)

H. Palestine Status

Found

Bicolored Shrew Crocidura leucodon LC NT Near E’in E’mdan

Kuhl’s pipistrelle Pipistrellus kuhlii LC NT E’in E’mdan Savi’s pipistrelle Hypsugo savii LC EN E’in E’mdan Common Pipistrelle Pipistrellus pipistrellus LC EN E’in E’mdan Long-eared bat Plecotus christici DD EN E’in E’mdan Great horseshoe bat Rhinolophus

ferrumequinum LC EN E’in E’mdan

European free-tailed bat Tadaridaa teniotis LC NT E’in E’mdan Egyptian tomb bat Taphozous perforatus LC EN E’in Emdan Mountain gazelle Gazella gazella EN VU CA 1 – Near T1 and T2 (Near Nicola

Khamis Land and mid of down pathway) and cliff between T15 and T16 (near eagle owl nest)

Striped Hyaena Hyaena hyaena NT EN Near E’in E’mdan

For more explanation on the abbreviations that used see Dolev and Perevolotsky, 2004.

75

Photos 5.7, 5.8: Mountain Gazelle at WHP. Source: NPS, 2019, and PMNH/PIBS-BU, 2019

Reptiles and amphibians:

Up to 14 species of reptiles and amphibians (12 and 2 species respectively) were found in

WHP as a result to the survey done in the year 2018/2019. Only the two amphibian species

need to be protected, according to Meiri et al., 2019. The status of both amphibians was

classified as near threatened and endangered at local level (Table 5.8).

Table 5.7: List of Reptiles and Amphibians found at Al Makhrour Valley and their Status.

English Name Scientific Name Global Status (IUCN RED LIST)

H. Palestine Status

Found

Variable green toad Bufotes variabilis DD EN T20 and T21 E’in E’mdan

Levant water frog Pelopgylax bedriagae LC NT T20 and T21 E’in E’mdan

Source for H. Palestine Status: Dolev and Perevolotsky, 2004.

Pelopgylax bedriagae Phoenicolacerta laevis

Photos 5.9, 5.10: Selected reptile and amphibian species found at WHP. Source: PMNH/PIBS- BU, 2019

b. Invertebrates:

Some groups of invertebrates were studied in WHP including insects, snails, arachnids and

other small groups. Some of them were found of conservation importance and of significance

for the site.

Land Snails:

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The species Monacha crispulata is a species found in Al Makhrour need a specific

habitat with a dens oak trees, and the only distribution for this species is (Palestine,

Lebanon and Jordan).

Mushroom:

Arrhenia rickenii (Hora) Watling (1989), the samples were found on moss-covered

limestone gravel. Originally described in Europe, the range of this species was first

recorded in Turkey by Kaya (2009). This is the first record of this species in Palestine.

6. THREAT AND PRESSURES FACING CONSERVATION TARGETS

6.1 Identification and evaluation of direct pressures and threats to

conservation targets To ensure maintaining biodiversity and delivering ecosystem goods and services at WHP, a

rapid assessment and prioritization for pressures and threats in the area was conducted

using the WWF - RAPPAM methodology (Rapid Assessment and Prioritization of Protected

Area Management). The RAPPAM methodology enabled achieving the following: (1)

identifying and analyzing the scope, severity, prevalence, and distribution of a variety of

threats and pressures, (2) identify areas of high ecological and social importance and

vulnerability, (3) indicate the urgency and conservation priority the area, and (4) help to

develop and prioritize appropriate policy interventions and follow-up steps. This

assessment was done through participatory approach where an interactive workshop was

held in presence of policy makers, local authorities, local farmers and representatives, who

all participated fully in evaluating the site, listing and prioritizing pressures facing the area,

analyzing the services provided on site, and identifying subsequent next steps and priorities.

One of the main conclusion which all participants agreed on and emphasized is that setting

measures and plans to stop biodiversity loss and habitat alteration at WHP is a priority as

the site is facing number of serious pressures and threats that could cause disruption in its

ecosystem functions, making ecosystems more vulnerable to shocks and disturbances, less

resilient, and less able to supply humans with needed services. Not forgetting that

biodiversity loss and ecosystem disruption are often harshest for the rural locals, who

depend most immediately upon such ecosystem services for their livelihoods. Another

conclusion is that sustaining the place is considered of priority to the Palestinians especially

that it is one of only three places announced as World Heritage site in the State of Palestine

and hence preserving the natural component of the site is the key element for keeping the

cultural outstanding features that the site was nominated after. Without the rich ecosystem

on site with its biodiversity components and beautiful landscapes and scenery, the whole

site would lose its charm and intact structure. Not forgetting the right of future generations

to inherit such a biotic richness that continues to afford opportunities to reap the economic,

cultural and spiritual benefits of nature.

All agreed that biodiversity at WHP is under threat from a variety of pressures, which are

further worsened by: unplanned urban expansion, over-exploitation, over-fragmentation,

deforestation and unplanned forestry activities, drought, invasive alien species, pollution

77

and contaminants, excessive use of pesticides and chemicals, climatic and environmental

changes. In addition, to the impact of the political conflict including land confiscation, and

expansion of the Israeli settlements, which all affect biodiversity especially at the borders of

the WHP. Such factors are causing direct changes in plant and animal species composition,

distribution and density and thus the loss of such valuable heritage.

The listed factors affecting WHP in brief according to the State of Conservation Report (SOC)

for the World Heritage Property (WHP) Palestine: Land of Olives and Vines: Cultural

Landscape of Southern Jerusalem, Battir (1492) (State of Palestine, 2019), are as following:

Changes in traditional ways of life and knowledge system

Identity, social cohesion, changes in local population and community

Invasive/alien terrestrial species

Abandonment of terraces and afforestation

Impact of socio-cultural and geo-political transformations

New constructions within the property’s boundaries

Other Threats: Potential construction of a separation fence (wall)

Using the RAPPAM methodology, the main pressures that were listed by relevant

stakeholders during consultation sessions are the following:

Habitat fragmentation as a result to conversion of natural lands (natural landscapes)

to agricultural areas, infrastructure and urban developments.

Diagnosis and drivers: The site is surrounded with Palestinian localities mainly Beit Jala

from eastern side, Al Walaja from the north eastern side, Husan from south western

side, and Battir is within its northern borders; those are of the largest Palestinian

localities in the Western Bethlehem Area (see section 3). The urban growth of those

localities comes at the expense of the natural open areas surrounding those localities.

Such a pressure includes but not limited to: (1) the urban sprawl of Battir, Beit Jala, and

Husan houses towards the green natural areas (core zone) on site. Here the urban

expansion is mainly happening from Beit Jala side towards the Eastern side of

Conservation Area 1, Battir towards Conservation Area 3, and Husan village towards

the southeastern side of Conservation Area 5, (2) expanding agricultural lands in areas

that are considered natural corridors or a sanctuary for birds and animals, (3) expanding

the pedestrian path that connects Beit Jala with Battir to become a vehicle track that

intersect the natural southern hills. This expansion does not only interrupt the biological

components and the intact of the landscapes, it also causes different types of pollution

as a result to vehicles emissions, solid waste accumulation, and noise pollution on site.

It also interrupt the water flow in the natural areas as the site is an important part of the

hydrological system that replenishes the western aquifer of the West Bank region; not

forgetting the natural flow. All types of land fragmentation cause interruption in the

water flow, especially the water coming from number of springs that are heavily used

by locals such as the natural water flows from E’in Kabryanos from Beit Jala side, Battir

E’in EL Balad spring and Ei’n El Hawieh spring and another three springs from Husan

side. It is worth noting that the WHP and as a result to its topography the water also

collects on top of the hills and flow in natural small streams in the valley where plants,

78

animals and birds drink from. In conclusion habitats fragmentation are affecting their

ability to maintain biodiversity and deliver ecosystem goods and services.

It is worth noting here that this pressure is a result to several drivers mainly the

following:

Increase in population of localities listed in proximity. The growth rate in the West

Bank region is 2.5% with an average household size of 4.9. The population in the

localities in proximity to the WHP increased by approximately 34% during the last

20 years (specifically from 1997-2017) reaching up to 27,657 person in the year 2017.

It is projected that the number of people in those localities will increase by 8.12% in

the year 2021 reaching up to 30,132 person9 (see table 6.1).

Table 6.1: Projected Mid -Year Population for WHP Localities in proximity (1997-

2021)

Locality 1997 2017 2021

Al Walaja 1243 2648 2885

Battir 3094 4655 5072

Husan 4183 6987 7612

Beit Jala 11957 13367 14563

Total 20477 27657 30132

Source: PCBS, Population Census Reports of both years 1997 and 2017. Ramallah Palestine

PCBS, Population Projection – Bethlehem Governorate 2017-2021. Ramallah, Palestine.

The built up area expansion is a serious threat as it appears in map 6.1. The area of

high risk from urban expansion is 50 meters from core zone of WHP. Almost 43%of

the urban area is located with the buffer zone, while 53% is outside the WHP, 2% in

the core zone and 2% in the area owned by people from Battir at norther side of the

WHP.

Map 6.1: Urban encroachment at WHP. Source: MoTA, 2018

9 http://www.pcbs.gov.ps/site/lang__en/803/default.aspx

http://www.pcbs.gov.ps/site/lang__en/803/default.aspx

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Tourism at the site has increased as after the property was inscribed on the World

Heritage List, it instantly became one of the important tourism destinations in

Palestine. Its significant natural and cultural heritage makes it an indispensable

destination for foreign and domestic tourists alike. The number of visitors has

significantly increased since its inscription: during the late 2000s, the site received

approximately 1500 visitors annually, but in 2016, it received approximately 150,000,

and in 2017 it received approximately 250,000 (Bader, A., 2017). Visitors come for

several purposes but mainly for hiking, entertaining near the springs and pools,

eating at the restaurants etc. Hence the locals find it appropriate to invest in some

touristic establishments such as restaurants, handicraft centers, souvenir shops,

terraces and barbecue areas, etc. which all if not well planned would affect the natural

resources available on site, changing the features and landscape scenery, changing

the vegetation cover on site, accumulating solid waste, etc. This is highly manifested

at Battir village near the terraces and the railway (from Battir side). This also opened

an access to people/visitors to reach natural places that were not reached before and

now those places are affected by human trafficking and interference. By time if there

will be no enough planning for managing those visitors especially managing the

places they can reach and the activities they can conduct in the wilderness, their

activities will cause direct interruption for the ecosystems and its supporting

biodiversity on site. Another challenge regarding the increase in tourism is the

necessity to enhance the infrastructure on site, this has to be well planned so as it

won’t effect the integrity of the landscapes and will not increase habitat

fragmentation on site.

A tourism management scheme was set part of the MCP but it was oriented towards

managing tourism on site in manner that would ensure enhancement to the tourism

sector while preserving the cultural features of the site, to the economic sector and

benefits to the locals, and the provision of capacities and facilities that serve the

sector. But the impact and pressures the tourism sector is and will be imposing on

biodiversity was not mentioned and hence it will be dealt with in this BCP.

The conversion of natural areas to agricultural lands is a phenomena noticed

specifically along Al Makhrour Valley and the valley that encircles Battir form

western side towards Husan village. At Al Makhrour valley, people who owns piece

of land in the valley especially near a water source such as E’in E’mdan, E’in Abu

Saliba, and E’in El Hawieh are cultivating their lands, changing the vegetation cover;

through unsustainable manner such as uprooting trees and removing the growing

native shrubs and herbaceous species. In some cases fires are used to remove the wild

plant species exiting at their lands before starting the preparation of land for

cultivation. In other cases they set physical elements such as fences to delineate their

cultivated lands, in addition to setting farming infrastructure (stone walls and farm

roads). Based on CORINE Land Use Analysis done by MCP (MoTA, 2018) up to 55%

of the WHP is agricultural land. This underscores the need to dedicate more efforts

to defining practical conservation and protection measures, which will ultimately be

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used to safeguard the natural landscape. Moreover, this assessment indicates that

effective measures are also needed to regulate urban expansion in the Core Zone.

Photo 6.1:Terraces set at Al Makhrour Valley

from Beit Jala side – changing natural

features of the site

Photo 6.2: Use of power mechanics on site –

changing vegetation cover on site

Source: PCC, 2018 and PIBS/PMNH-BU, 2018

Changes in cultivation patterns at WHP from traditional to modern patterns.

Diagnosis and drivers: At this point it is not a problem to cultivate the old terraces that

are available on site using the traditional type of cultivation (cultivating mainly fruit and

olive trees) without threatening the loss of biodiversity. The cultivation of landraces

using ecological agro-practices at the villages themselves is actually a practice that is

encouraged and promoted under this BCP. The real threat is in the way the farmers are

drifted to changing their agricultural practices towards mass agro-productions. The

Palestinian farmers are looking for economic benefits from farming and hence practicing

cash crop cultivations so as to ensure more production and better income. To accomplish

this they are obliged to change their cultivation traditional patterns towards more

modern patterns using machines, chemicals (fertilizers and pesticides) and introducing

new crops (not native plant seedlings and seeds).

Cultivations of modern techniques on site includes practices that are not eco-friendly

such as (1) bringing new plant species on site (not native or of local seed stock), in

most cases cash crops instead of subsistence crops which is grown to sell for profit,

(2) bring on site new soils mixed with chemical compost, exotic or strange seeds,

unfamiliar texture, (3) the use of power tools and tractors to build new terraces in a

way that change its landscape scenery, (4) preparing land using unsustainable

methods (weed chemicals, and uprooting trees and shrubs, etc.), and (5) Using

chemical fertilizers and pesticides during cultivation process that affect the wildlife

and water quality on site.

The WHP is known for its traditional cultivations so any changes would impact the

natural resources available on site. The cultivation pattern in the WHP depends on

the dry-stone walls that compose the terraces that extend along the valley of Wadi

Al-Makhrour towards Battir. The dry-stone walls (senasel) create a flat earthen

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surface known as habaleh, and thus prevent soil erosion and preserve soil moisture.

Most of the olive tree plantations are rain-fed, and with other crops such as fruit trees

and field crops, occupy extensive hilly and mountainous areas that are susceptible to

soil erosion due to water runoff (MoTA, 2013). The agricultural activities related to

olive cultivation are usually managed by individual families, the olives and oil

produced is used predominantly for self-consumption and for the local market. The

majority of the cultivation near the terraces depends on irrigation and using local

animals for land preparation. The ancient pools and the water canals are used during

the dry season to irrigate the terraces, and the distribution of the water among the

farmers follows a traditional system known as shares (al-ma’dud).

All the above shows how primitive is the type of cultivation used at Al Makhrour

valley and valleys encircle Battir towards Husan. The introduction of new techniques

hence could cause significant changes on site.

This attitude is also causing negative impact on the local agro biodiversity preserved

by farmers on site. Along with increased demands from a growing population,

greater competition for natural resources, and the rapid expansion of industrial and

green revolution agriculture; there resulting a more uniform, less diverse local crops.

The changes in farmers’ and consumers’ perceptions, preferences and living

conditions; all affect the traditional practices that Palestinian farmers used to adopt

to conserve and maintain their local seed and seedling stocks; knowing they are more

adaptable, productive and of high market demand! This also causes the genetic

erosion of local crops; when old varieties in farmers’ fields are replaced by newer.

Genes and gene complexes, found in the many farmers’ varieties, are not contained

in the modern. Often, the number of varieties is reduced when commercial varieties

are introduced into traditional farming systems and this is a serious problem that

shall be tackled in WHP.

Photo 6.3: New terraces filled with new soil

mixtures on site Source: PCC, 2018

Photo 6.4: Use of mechcanics on site

Habitat alteration as a result of the construction of Israeli Occupation

encroachments, specifically land confiscation to construct settlements, bypass roads,

and outposts.

Diagnosis and drivers: As noted in the SOC reports of World Heritage Property, the

geo-political context in which the property lies— namely, the direct and indirect

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effects of illegal building of settlements on surrounding hills and the proposed illegal

construction of the “Wall”—is considered the most significant threat to the

authenticity and integrity of the property. WHP is surrounded by Israeli settlements

such as Har Gilo from northern side and pass road 60, tunnel, in addition to Betar

Illit and Hadar Betar settlements from southern western side (which forms part of

Gutsh Etzion settlement’s bloc). The settlements are also expanding at the expense of

natural areas10. The three mentioned settlement are in continuous expansion. Their

population increased in 6 years’ time to 89.9% (see table 6.2). The plan is to create

territorial contiguity between Jerusalem and the Gush Etzion settlement bloc, which

is adjacent to Bethlehem11. The expansion is taking place on lands of Western

Bethlehem in proximity to WHP. It is highlighted by several parties /organizations

who monitor the settlements expansion in the west Bank region that the Israeli

authorities seek to annex the land and its environs to achieve territorial cohesion

between “Har Gilo” and “Gush Etzion” settlements, which are located between

Bethlehem and Hebron in the southern West Bank, as a prelude to implement the so-

called “Greater Jerusalem Project”12.

This is manifested in two cases: one is the incident of land confiscation took place at

lands of AL Makhrour Valley in August 2019; specifically lands of Al Qaysyieh family

which forms almost 4250 m2 of lands and is located inside the designated borders of

WHP. The confiscation is for the purpose of setting an outpost13, where several Israeli

moveable caravans were set on site with establishments of a fence and gates for the

site. As a response from the Palestinian side a specialized committee for protecting

the WHP was formulated of MoTA, Bethlehem University, Beit Jala Municipality,

and MoLG (Ministry of Local Governorate)-Bethlehem Governorate. The committee

endorsed several letters; one from MoTA and another from BU which were sent to

UNESCO (see Annex 6.1); noting the importance that all parties bind to the MCP

(Management and Conservation Plan) adopted by WH Committee in its 43rd session

in Baku, Republic of Azerbaijan. The targeted land is located on the top of a

mountain; considered part of south western hills of the valley, most of the area is

planted with apple, grapes and peaches and rich with biodiversity (see Map 6.2).

Another relevant case that worth highlighting is the announcement for AL Walaja

village isolation by Israeli side just on the northern borders WHP to become part of

Givat Ya’el Settlement Plan in 2019. Following the construction of the Israeli

Segregation wall on lands of Al Walajeh village, a large area of land became

somewhat isolated from its Palestinian land owners (between the route of the wall

and Al Walajeh checkpoint (north of Al Walajeh); Palestinians could access these

10 https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/.premium-plan-gains-pace-for-israeli-construction-all-the-way-to-west-bank-1.6213405 11 ibid 12 http://www.mofa.pna.ps/en-us/Media-Office/weekly-report-on-israeli-human-rights-violations-in-the-occupied-palestinian-territory-22-28-august-2019 13 Israeli outpost is usually few Israeli settlers’ caravans occupying a hilltop; firstly to create new facts on the ground and expand the land included in the adjoining settlement or start a new settlement compound.

https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/.premium-plan-gains-pace-for-israeli-construction-all-the-way-to-west-bank-1.6213405


http://www.mofa.pna.ps/en-us/Media-Office/weekly-report-on-israeli-human-rights-violations-in-the-occupied-palestinian-territory-22-28-august-2019

http://www.mofa.pna.ps/en-us/Media-Office/weekly-report-on-israeli-human-rights-violations-in-the-occupied-palestinian-territory-22-28-august-2019

83

lands on seasonal basis since the construction of the wall is not completed in the area,

but they will not after completion (see Map 6.3).

At the end, those settlements are urban developments and hence they are totally

taking place the open spaces rich with biodiversity in areas all on the borders of the

WHP; it will be a real threat if the expansion enters the borders of the WHP. In

addition that this expansion is negatively affecting the visual and ecological quality

of the landscape of the site anoted clearly in State of Palestine, 2019 (see Map 6.4).

The segregation wall on the other hand, in the year 2015, the Israeli High Court of

Justice froze plans for the construction of the “Wall” adjacent to the property. The

decision came after the Israeli government chose not to re-authorize a 2006 plan to

erect a three kilometer stretch of the “Wall,” and subsequently revealed that the plan

was not a high security or budgetary priority (State of Palestine, 2019). The decision

of the Israeli High Court of Justice was taken after the site was inscribed on the World

Heritage List and on the List of World Heritage in Danger during the 38thsession of

the World Heritage Committee. Although this is a positive move towards protecting

the site and its authenticity and integrity, threats resulting from the construction of a

“Wall” along the property remain valid until a binding decision is adopted by Israel

stipulating that no “Wall” shall ever be constructed in or around the site. The decision

must secure the long-term protection of the site and its settings.

Another issue that need to be raised in this context is that the Israeli occupying

authorities plan to build a new tunnel and open a new bypass road for settlers (Road

60) adjacent to existing roads in the eastern part of the WHP near Beit Jala and directly

within the property. These planned constructions might destroy significant parts of

the WHP landscape, which is characterized by agricultural terraces, watchtowers,

water springs, and olive oil presses, affecting the WHP’s Outstanding Universal

Value, its integrity, and authenticity. Notably, in October 2018 the Israeli occupying

authorities approved the expansion of this road over Palestinian lands for the benefit

of Israel’s colonial-settlement enterprise (State of Palestine, 2019).

Table 6.2: Total Number of population in settlements in proximity to WHP

Settlement Populaiton Year 2011* Populaiton Year 2017**

Har Gilo 630 1500

Betar Illit 4685 52000

Hadar BEtar 74 250

Total 5389 53750 Source: * www.poica.org

**Negotiations Affairs Department, State of Palestine. December 2017. Bethlehem 2017: Facts

and Figures.

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Map 6.2: Location of land confiscation within

WHP boundaries

Map 6.3: Land isolation at Al Walaja village at

borders of WHP Source: www.poica.org, February 2018. And www.peacenow.org.il

Map 6.4: Political situation Map for WHP Source: State of Palestine, 2019

Overexploitation of NTFP (Non-timber Forest Products)

Diagnosis and drivers: It is known and as noted by locals at WHP, there is a continuous

activity of non-timber forest products collection such as food, medicinal and aromatic

plants, building material, dyes and resins, fruits and other resources from the property,

either for trade or for subsistence. This is taking place at AL Makhrour valley and

valleys surrounding Battir and Husan localities and specifically within the area rich

with biodiversity and of conservation value. People living in proximity or those coming

from other localities in Bethlehem governorate visit the property continuously with the

85

aim to collect spices and medicinal plants and others to use them at home or to sell

them for “Al ‘Atareen” shops and others (to know more about the types of plants

collected see section 3 – ecosystem services and 5 – plants of economic value). However,

harvesting is uncontrolled, without licensing, random, and most of the time methods

used are devastating for plants (ex: collecting the plant from its roots). Little awareness

about effect of overexploitation on Medicinal and Aromatic Plants and others, and lack

of planning and research in this aspect is of major factors that makes the effect of

overexploitation serious and of greater impact.

Disposal and accumulation of solid waste in the open natural areas. Diagnosis and drivers: The WHP is an open area for locals and visitors. And as noted earlier that since the declaration of the site as a WHP it became one of the most attractive sites in Palestine and a famous destination. Few signs are available on site providing instructions on best practices inside the property. This is in addition to the expansion of urban developments which also burdens the local authorities to keep the place clean and well monitored. Another factor that encourages the accumulation of waste deep in natural areas is the visitors accessibility (sometimes with their vehicles) reaching the upper hills of the valley inside the property within the core zone; specifically intersecting the natural southern hills of AL Makhrour valley made this pressure a serious one and of devastating effect to wildlife and birds on site. The uncontrolled disposal of relatively large quantities of waste with no management scheme for it, upsurge the effect of this pressure. Most of the waste found and reported on site is mainly the visitors’ garbage including mainly litter, plastic, and food disposal containers. The waste is mainly found on sides of the paths, hence high number of ruderal plants are widespread along sides of those paths. One site that needs immediate action is the area below Transect T16 (end of AL Makhrour Valley from Battir side), there was found a dumping site where people using cars or walking come and dispose their domestic garbage (there became a pile of garbage, the locals noted that it is a closed dumping site but the garbage is still piled there and no real control or management is taking place regarding this site!). Not forgetting the phenomena of making barbecue in nature which is a loved habit by Palestinians which has serious impact on plants and wild life especially if fires take place on site (which is something not mentioned as a pressure by locals but could become one). This waste disposal, if neglected, can have further impact on quality of air, on environmental health, on water quality (especially water gathered and recharged in areas naturally) and endangering the health of wildlife dwelling on site.

86

Photo 6.5: Solid waste disposal on site

Photo 6.6: Waste disposal (mainly vehicles wheels) at E’in Kapriyanos spring

Photo 6.7: Scatered fires along Al Mkahrour Valley

Photo 6.8: Natural water harvesting stone used by local wildlife

Photo 6.9: Natural water runoff from top of hills towards the valley

Photo 6.10: Accumulation of solid waste generated from visitors at E’in E’mdan Spring

Source: PCC, 2019 and PIBS/PMNH-BU, 2019

Occurrence of Invasive Alien Species

Invasive species of both plants and animals purposefully or inadvertently introduced by

humans to WHP. As it was reported in the AL Makhrour biodiversity inventory reports

and according to the local experts, WHP encompasses number of invasive and exotic

species that classified by Global Invasive Species Database14. Those species need to be

dealt with using the appropriate mechanism taking into consideration not disturbing the

biotic component of the site. The locally invasive species indicates the presence of some

highly disturbed places within WHP. The rate and risk of alien species introductions will

continue to rise as a result of increased tourism on site.

There is one local invasive plant species found growing at WHP including:

Plant Invasive species at local level:

14http://issg.org/database/species/search.asp?sts=sss&st=sss&fr=1&x=18&y=8&sn=&rn=Israel&hci=-1&ei=-1&lang=EN The Global Invasive Species Database is managed by the Invasive Species Specialist Group (ISSG) of the IUCN Species Survival Commission

http://issg.org/database/species/search.asp?sts=sss&st=sss&fr=1&x=18&y=8&sn=&rn=Israel&hci=-1&ei=-1&lang=EN

http://issg.org/database/species/search.asp?sts=sss&st=sss&fr=1&x=18&y=8&sn=&rn=Israel&hci=-1&ei=-1&lang=EN

87

1. Nicotiana glauca: Introduced in Hawaii, Ascension, Bermuda, Saint Helena and

Canary islands. Nicotiana glauca thrives in disturbed habitats as well as sandy beaches

and coastal areas. It may pose a threat to pristine environments and native wildlife

by altering habitats.

Common Names: gandul, mustard tree, paka, tabac canaque, tabaco moro, tabaco

moruno, tabaco negro, tree tabacco, wild tobacco, wildetabak.

Habitat at WHP: it was found in Battir locality, near the main road. It was growing

solely.

Nicotiana glauca

Photos 6.11: Plant invasive species at WHP Source: PCC, 2019

There are also two animal species that were found locally invasive at WHP including one

insect, one birds as following:

Animal Invasive Species at local level:

1. Leptoglossus occidentalis Heidemann, 1910 is an invasive Western conifer seed bug

(Hemiptera, Coreidae) from geographic Palestine representing its Southern Most

record in Asia. L. occidentalis is a significant pest on pine trees and an invasive species

to the Mediterranean region from western North America. The invasive Western

conifer seed bug Leptoglossus occidentalis Heidemann, 1910 (Hemiptera, Coreidae) was

the first time recorded in geographic Palestine; representing its Southern most record

in Asia. L. occidentalis is a significant pest on pine trees and an invasive species to the

Mediterranean region from western North America (Handal, E., et-al, 2019).

2. Acridotheres tristis is the common myna, also called the Indian myna, is a highly

commensal Passerine that lives in close association with humans. It competes with

small mammals and bird for nesting hollows and on some islands, such as Hawaii

and Fiji, it preys on other birds' eggs and chicks. It presents a threat to indigenous

biota, particularly parrots and other birdlife, all over the world.

Common names: house myna (English), common myna (English), Calcutta myna

(English), mynah (English), Indian myna (English).

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Acridotheres tristis Leptoglossus occidentalis

Photos 6.12, 6.13: Animal invasive species at WHP Source: https://en.wikipedia.org and PMNH/PIBS- BU, 2019

Regarding the birds, it was noticed that the jackdaw is dwelling in AL Makhrour valley

while it was not found there before 8 years. This bird is considered an invader to the site

especially that it is increasing in number in AL Makhrour Valley and became acclimated

to the presence of human, consider the recreational area as a continuous source of food.

In this case, these this bird will have a better opportunity to breed several times a year,

as food is available all year round. Hence, its number increase at the cost of the existence

of other bird species. This increase in the number of specific species, affect the population

of other birds, as for food competition, nesting sites, and other resources. The increase in

the number of the Jackdaw also affect the population of other animal species, such as the

common kestrel and bulbuls as this bird species feeds on them.

Pollution of use of harmful agro-chemicals and disposal of wastewater in nature.

Diagnosis and drivers: As mentioned earlier WHP is famous for its agricultural terraces,

one of the outstanding features upon which it was nominated as a WHS. Battir, Husan

and AL Walaja localities are also known as the western localities that provide the food

basket to Bethlehem Governorate. However, the intensive use of chemicals during the

cultivation processes would cause negative impact on the wildlife that dwell on site and

the available site water resources.

The impact of pesticides consists of the effects of pesticides on non-target species.

Pesticides are chemical preparations used to kill fungal or animal pests. The sprayed

insecticides and herbicides reach a destination other than their target species, because

they are sprayed or spread across entire agricultural fields. Over time, repeated

application increases pest resistance, while its effects on other species can facilitate the

pest's resurgence. Runoff can carry pesticides into aquatic environments while wind can

carry them to other fields, grazing areas, potentially affecting other species. Fertilizers,

such as nitrogen and phosphates, encourage algae growth, which blocks sunlight

and affects the quality of the water, especially at water canals and open drainage

systems.

In Battir case specifically those chemicals can have great negative influence on the

available hydrological system; especially that the terraces are mainly located near water

resources; springs and pools. The total amount of chemicals used on site needs further

https://en.wikipedia.org/

89

investigation. But the total cultivated lands in localities in proximity to WHP is known

to reach up to 11609 dunums in the year 2018 (see Table 6.3).

Table 6.3: Total locality area, and cultivated area (in dunums) by targeted locality

Village Locality Area (dunum)

Cultivated Area (dunum) % of cultivated land of total area

Battir 6,795 3352 28.9

Husan 7,361 1026 8.8

Al Walaja 4,328 1942 16.7

Beit Jala 9,749 5289 45.6

Total 28,233 11609 41.12

Source for Population: PCBS, 2017.

For locality Areas: ARIJ, 2010.

For Cultivated Areas: Agricultural Directorate of Bethlehem, 2018

The disposal of wastewater is a very challenging and serious pressure facing WHP.

Water pollution has several adverse impacts on natural resource in WHP especially on

the ground water and water tables and natural ecosystems. Battir, Al Walaja and Husan

localities are not connected with the sewerage network, leaving the houses with no

option but discharge of their wastewater in nature! Those localities uses cesspits and

open channels for wastewater collection. Besides, there is no wastewater treatment exists

either at source or at disposal sites. The uncontrolled flow of sewage causes many

environmental problems and health hazards which lead to the transmission of infectious

diseases and the release of foul odor. In addition, flooding and leakage of cesspits, open

channels can cause spillage of raw sewage to residential areas, encourage insect breeding,

provide opportunities for the spread of pathogens, and consequently pollute the

surrounded environment and agricultural land. Moreover, contamination of

groundwater aquifers and springs as a result of wastewater percolation is a serious

problem that faces the site and the other localities in the Governorate in general. In a

Place like Palestine which suffers from water scarcity, means clean water is of the utmost

importance. This can render entire water supplies useless for people not only in the WHP

and their surroundings but also in all localities depends on the Western aquifer of the

West Bank region at the long term. Not forgetting the danger it inflicts on environment

and wildlife.

Another aspect that should be investigated is whether the water in the WHP is

contaminated by sewage, or any number of other man-made forms of waste, because if

yes then the ecosystems in WHP are put at serious risk. Reckless disposal of waste can

contaminate a far wider range of animals and environments. This needs further

investigation (see table 6.4).

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Table 6.4: Connection to sewerage network and amount of waste water and solid waste

generation by locality (localities in proximity to WHP)

Locality Connection to sewerage network

Connection to waste water treatment plant at locality or outside

Wastewater generated per day in cubic meters

per capita wastewater generation in liter / day

daily per capita rate of solid waste production in kg

waste produced per day –collected by Joint Services Council

Battir 97.1% connected to cesspits 2.7% no mean of disposal

No connection

238 cubic meters

60 liters/day 0.7 kg/day 2.7 tons/day

Husan 98.4% to cesspits, 1.4% no mean of disposal

No connection

85 cubic meters

15.2 liters/day

0.7 kg / day

3.7 tons/ days

Al Walaja

97.6% to cesspits 1.6% no mean of disposal

No connection

148 cubic meters

75 liters/day 0.7 kg /day

1.4 tons/day

Beit Jala 74% use sewage network (connect to Bir Onah pumping station connected to West Jerusalem Private Sewage Network, 23.7% use cesspits

No connection

574 cubic meters

49 liters / day

1.05 kg/day

14. tons / day

Source: PCBS, 2009.

Photo 6.14: Farmer spraying pesticides

Photo 6.15: Leakage of wastewater from the cesspits in Battir locality

Source: NPS, 2019, and ARIJ, 2010

Feral/ Stray dogs and domesticated cats on site

Diagnosis and drivers: Feral dogs and cats are found all over the site, and some of

them found breeding. These animals contribute significantly to the deterioration of

the site’s biodiversity as they feed on many animals (birds, small mammals, and

reptiles). The site also suffers from accumulation of garbage, trash, and a human

leftover that attracts feral dogs and cats, consequently make the situation worst.

Those species have repeated reproductive cycle during the year and hence they

increase in number on the expense of other species and hence cause serious threat to

the native wild species that they feed on. This is in addition to the general disturbance

they cause to locals.

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Photo 6.16: Feral/stray dogs on site Source: PIBS/PMNH-BU, 2018

6.2 Assessment of pressures, threats and management constraints according to

RAPPAM The Rapid Assessment and Prioritization of Protected Area Management (RAPPAM)

methodology (Ervin, J., 2003) allows for a quantitative comparison of pressures and threats

on a site. Therefore, the main pressures and threats affecting WHP were assessed regarding

their extent, impact and permanence, based on the standard questionnaire of the RAPPAM

tool. The questionnaire was presented to and discussed with relevant stakeholders, who

were convened to a consultation workshop in Bethlehem University – PMNH on 4th of

September 2019. It was conducted with participation of representatives of local communities

and local resource users, and technical experts and decision makers (see section 2).

During the analysis of the RAPPAM survey, it was difficult to cover the threats (factors that

may become pressures in the future), as time was not enough during the consultation session

and hence the pressures (factors that currently have a negative impact on the conservation

status of target species) were only concluded in consultation with stakeholders. But specific

interviews were done by number of stakeholders to conclude the pressures, it was obvious

that the persons interviewed had some difficulty in specifying the threats, but the experts

did a major part and covered the threats.

Pressures in this context is defined as factors that currently effect the biodiversity or overall

integrity of WHP in a negative way, whereas threats are defined as factors that might become

pressures in the future. For RAPPAM score: Stacked bar chart showing RAPPAM threat

scores for eight pressure/ threat categories. This chart illustrates the overall accumulative

threat to site and the relative importance of individual pressure/threat categories. The scores

have been calculated based on RAPPAM consultation. They have been corrected based on

additional information about pressures and threats that was gained at site inspections and

interviews with number of stakeholders.

Studying the pressures and threats that face WHP, it appears that pollution from agro-

chemicals and wastewater has the highest negative impact on natural resources and

biodiversity on site. Following with habitat fragmentation as a result to agriculture and

urban developments on site (see Table 6.5, 6.6 and Figure 6.1).

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Table 6.5: RAPPAM results for the pressures facing WHP

Pressure Status/ Probability

Extent Impact Permanence Degree Priority

Habitat fragmentation as a results to agriculture, urban development

Increased slightly

Scattered (5-15%) (2)

Severe (4)

Permanent (>100 years) (4)

32 ***

Cultivation patterns changes

Increased slightly

Localized (5%>) (1)

Moderate (2)

Short term (5 years >) (1)

2 *

Habitat alteration as a result to Israeli occupation encroachments

Increased sharply


Mild (1) Permanent (>100 years) (4)

8 *

Overexploitation to resources

Decreased sharply


High (3)

Medium term (5-20 years) (2)

12 **

Solid waste disposal Increased slightly


Moderate (2)


8 *

Invasive alien species Increased slightly


Moderate (2)


8 *

Pollution from agro-chemicals and wastewater

Increased sharply


Severe (4)


32 ***

Feral/stray dogs and cats Increased slightly


Moderate (2)


4 *

Extent is the range across which the impact of the activity occurs. The extent of an activity should be

assessed in relation to its possible occurrence.

Impact is the degree, either directly or indirectly, to which the pressure affects overall protected area

resources. “Severe” impact is serious damage or loss to the area resources, including soil, water, flora

and/or fauna, as a direct or indirect result of an activity. “High” impact is significant damage to area

resources. “Moderate” impact is damage to area resources that is obviously detectable, but not

considered significant. “Mild” impact is damage that may or may not be easily detectable, and is

considered slight or insignificant.

Permanence is the length of time needed for the affected area resource to recover with or without

human intervention. Recovery is defined as the restoration of ecological structures, functions, and

processes to levels that existed prior to the activity’s occurrence or existence as a threat. Recovery time

assumes that the activity ceases, and that either management interventions take place, or natural

processes are allowed to occur. The degree of permanence, which could also be called resilience, will

depend on such factors as the type of damage, the ability for human intervention to restore the

resources, and/or the regenerative capacity of the resource itself. Permanent means cannot recover.

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Table 6.6: RAPPAM results for the pressures and threats facing WHP

Pressure Threat Probability

Extent Impact Permanence Degree


Encroachment, loss of habitats/ecosystem functions

Very High


Severe (4)


32


Poisoning wildlife/pollution of resources

Medium Scattered (5-15%) (2)

Moderate (2)


8

Habitat alteration as a result to Israeli occupation encroachments

Encroachment, construction of the Separation Wall and land confiscation, loss of habitats/ecosystem functions

Very High


Severe (4)


32


Illegal natural resource use, loss of species/eco-services

Low Scattered (5-15%) (2)

Moderate (2)


8

Solid waste disposal Waste Disposal, disruption in species composition/pollution of resources

High Localized (<5%) (1)

High (3)


6

Invasive alien species

Spread of invasive species, loss of native species

Medium Scattered (5-15%) (2)

Moderate (2)


8

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35


Habitat fragmentation as a results to agriculture,…


Habitat alteration as a result to Israeli encroachments


Solid waste disposal

Feral/stray dogs and cats


Figure 6.1: Pressures facing WHP based on RAAPPAM analysis

Degree

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Unsustainable natural resources, disruption in species composition/pollution of resources

High Scattered (5-15%) (2)

Severe (4)


32


Disruption in species numbers

Very High


High (3)


6

The threats described in table 6.4 were assessed with the assumption that the adopted MCP

will be initiated and number of activities such as expansion of built up areas, discharge of

wastewater in nature and solid waste accumulation will all be reduced and tackled by the

body that will be set to run and manage the site in reference to the MCP. If the MCP and BCP

are not implemented on the ground immediately then all the results presented here will be

altered and the degrees will become higher by 5 years’ time. Hence, the potential mitigation

method as set in MCP or suggest here under the BCP are listed (see Table 6.7).

It is also important to note the rapid erosion of traditional skills and sustainable use

knowledge that was not mentioned as a pressure or threat, but it is found as a threat that

need to be kept in mind as elderly people who owns the knowledge are not able to transfer

their knowledge effectively because of rapidly changing environments and fast shifting

economic, political and cultural changes on both local and global perspective.

Table 6.7: RAPPAM results connecting pressures with threats and their degree of impact

and potential mitigation method

Pressure Degree Threat Degree Potential Mitigation method


32

Unsustainable natural resources, disruption in species composition/pollution of resources

32

Implementation of MCP and BCP on WHP. Monitor the agro-chemicals available in the market by MoA, monitor the use and accessibility of farmers to those chemicals by MoA, set awareness campaigns and introduction of best agro-ecological practices on site by MoA, and related stakeholders. Set in place adequate sewage system by MoLG and related authorities.


32

Encroachment, loss of habitats/ecosystem functions

32

Implementation of MCP through mainly the endorsement of Urban Master Plan and set effective bylaws to regulate urban development on site by MoLG and related municipalities and authorities.


12

Illegal natural resource use, loss of species/eco-services

8

Set efficient monitoring system by MoTA, EQA and MoA. Implementation of capacity building programs to the local stakeholders and implement

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landscape, Enhance the conservation approaches on site in accordance with BCP strategic objective and plans; specifically the protection, promotion, and revitalization of Traditional Knowledge in conservation

Habitat alteration as a result to Israeli encroachments

8

Encroachment, segregation wall and land confiscation, loss of habitats/ecosystem functions

32

Stress on cancelling all plans of building the Wall by Israeli occupation authorities through employing the international UNESCO regulations for World Heritage sites on WHP and through continuous monitoring and cooperation of all relevant parties.


8 Spread of invasive species, loss of native species

8 Implement invasive species combating methods set by EQA.


8

Waste Disposal, disruption in species composition/pollution of resources

6

Set mechanisms and actions to prevent random dumps within the property by MolG and related municipalities especially Battir, Beit Jala municipalities and Husan village council.


4 Disruption in species numbers

6

Reduce number of stray animals through cooperation of all parties including local authorities mainly the municipality health department and methods set by MoA and EQA.


2 Poisoning wildlife/pollution of resources

8

Encourage farmers to use agro-ecological practices in their farms and keep the landraces seed stock etc., use of organic natural chemicals (fertilizers and pesticides) instead of chemicals.

Interrelating both the pressures and threats facing WHP, it appears that it is expected that number of pressures will be controlled and their impact will be reduced as a result to the implementation of the MCP and this BCP in the coming 5 years; reducing their threats mainly: (1) Pollution from agro-chemicals and wastewater, (2) Solid waste disposal, (3) Overexploitation to resources, while other threats will increase as some pressures are difficult to control and were not directly targeted in the MCP mainly: (1) Cultivation patterns changes, and (2) Feral/stray dogs and cats. The habitat alteration as a result of Israeli encroachment on natural lands cannot be controlled and it is suggested by the stakeholders that its threat will increase in the coming 5 years’ time.

Figure 6.2: Interrelations between pressures and threats at WHP

https://www.culturalsurvival.org/publications/cultural-survival-quarterly/protecting-promoting-and-revitalizing-traditional



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6.3 Vulnerability of WHP According to the results of the stakeholders’ consultation sessions, the following were

identified as vulnerable aspects affecting negatively the quality of the landscape at the visual,

ecologic, socio-economic and cultural levels at WHP. It is clear that there is no

implementation for conservation program on site nor there is effective enforcement of law

regarding the illegal activities taking place on site. Several factors play role in limiting the

management effectiveness of the site including that the site is privately owned, located in

geopolitical area C, no responsible party to manage and monitor the site, etc. (see Table 6.8

and Figure 6.3). It is worth noting that this shall become better soon once the MCP and this

BCP are adopted by the responsible parties and become initiated on the ground.

Table 6.8: Vulnerability Context of WHP

Vulnerability aspects Vulnerability score

Notes

Illegal activities within WHP are difficult to monitor

Yes (5) No responsible party for managing the site

Law enforcement is low in the region

Yes (5) The site is privately owned property. It is not protected by law as it is not a Protected Area, but it is a WHP and hence shall be managed sustainably. At the moment the local authorities and communities are the ones who monitor and protect it (weak cooperation between them). EQA is ready to receive complaints from locals or authorities on site and conduct the necessary follow up.

No control on exploitation of resources (cutting of trees, plant over-exploitation, overgrazing, poaching)

Mostly yes (3) Cutting of trees and poaching, over-exploitation and overgrazing are limited on site. But there is no control or monitoring.

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35


Habitat fragmentation/ agriculture, urban development


Habitat alteration/ Israeli encroachments





DEGREE

PR

ESSU

RE

Degree of Threat Degree of Pressure

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The area is experiencing political instability

Yes (5) The site is located in Geopolitical Area C, and hence is susceptible to Israel land confiscation or settlements building.

Cultural practices, beliefs, and traditional uses conflict with the sustainable use concept and the WHP objectives

Mostly No (1) Most of the traditional uses on site goes in line with the concept of sustainable development.

The market value of the WHP resources is high

Yes (5) -

The area is easily accessible for illegal activities

Yes (5) There are pedestrian paths and vehicle tracks crossing all over the property. The topography is moderately difficult but still easy to access

There is strong demand on WHP resources

Mostly yes (3) -

The related authorities is under pressure to unduly exploit the WHP resources

Yes (5) The related ministries and authorities on site are able to follow the needs of the site but are not effective in monitoring and restoration the site as needed. There was no management plan until the year 2018. The plan is still not in action. This is in addition to number of obstacles that face those authorities while implementing any needed action especially the site is privately owned in geopolitical area C and surrounded by Israeli settlements.

The site lack a conservation program to protect the ecosystems and their biodiversity components

Yes (5) The MCP is the plan developed to manage and conserve the cultural outstanding features of the site which is not in action yet. Regarding the biodiversity conservation, this BCP is the only one that was set for this purpose but is still in the preparation phase. No organized conservation actions are taking place on the site.

Lack of knowledge and awareness among local communities regarding the importance of the WHP

Mostly Yes (3) There is weak knowledge and awareness among local inhabitants and visitors regarding the importance of the natural areas in WHP.

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Figure 6.3: Scores by vulnerability aspects at WHP

In the context of the WHP, several other factor need to be analyzed and added to RAPPAM

findings; in an attempt to better predict the status of WHP beyond the current scenery of the

property. The main vulnerability aspects that shall be in mind while implementing this plan are list

below.

Uncertainity: the location of the WHP mainly under the Geopolitical Area C15 in the West Bank

region, leaves the place vulnerable to many uncertainities mainly to changes in the politicial situation

including the political decisions that could cause adverse effects on the site. Of those decisions are

the Israeli decisions for the construction of the tunnel, segregation wall, the by pass road within the

borders of the property, if implemented by the Israeli occupation authorities, will severely threaten

the integrity of the WHP’s landscape and the sustainability of its ecological and environmental

equilibrium as discussed ealier in section 6. Another issue that cause uncertainty is that most of the

WHP lands are of private ownership which also makes the control of urban encroachment, the mis-

use or overexploitation of resources, the discharge of waste water and dispose of solid waste and

other issues difficult to accomplish even with the intervening of authorities and decision makers.

Complementarity: WHP encompassing two natural valleys; AL Makhrour and Husan valleys that are

interconnected to Cremisan and Fukin valleys in the surroundings and hence forms a major habitat

connectivity for the overall natural landscape available in this part of the southern West Bank region.

It intermediates the other existing valleys surrounding it and forms a connecting ecosystem. Hence

improving the status of the biotic and abiotic components of the site would gain overall benefits for

the whole local ecosystem and will also form a vital corridor that connects other valleys and natural

15 Over 60 per cent of the West Bank is considered Area C, where Israel retains near exclusive control, including over law enforcement, planning and construction. Most of Area C has been allocated for the benefit of Israeli settlements or the Israeli military, at the expense of Palestinian communities and natural resources; creating chronic uncertainty and threat. Citation: https://www.ochaopt.org/location/area-c

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

VU

LNER

AB

ILIT

Y S

CO

RE

VULNERABILITY ASPECTS

https://www.ochaopt.org/location/west-bank

https://www.ochaopt.org/theme/casualties

https://www.ochaopt.org/location/area-c

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landscapes in the area. It will support the passage of animals and bidrs such as large mammals and

breeding birds on site.

Irreplacability: If the WHP is exposed to pressures beyond its capacity, the whole site might collapse.

The overall area size and the scattered patches of entact habitats would easily be affected by adverse

effects that might face the site mainly as a result to political situation, habitat fragmentation, spread

of pollutants, the unsustainable agricultural practices, and the unsustainable tourism on site. All are

major pressures that could cause major threats on site such as disruption in species composition,

loss of habitats’ functions, spread of invasive species, posioning of wildlife and pollution of natural

resouces. This scenario would cause and effect severe pressrures and hence could result in the loss

of other natural valley surrounding the WHP and rely on it for its integrity, this includes Cremisan

and Wadi Fukin valleys. All forms irreplaceable values and irreversable resources either at habitat or

species levels.

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7. CONSERVATION STRATEGY AND MEASURES In order to develop this management strategy, a stepwise approach has been taken as

following:

1. Set a long-term vision for WHP as a World Heritage Site that can be shared by all key

stakeholders.

2. Set long-term goals for each conservation target as identified in section 5.

3. Set Strategies and objectives that reflect on the main goals and address the specific

requirments for effective managing, conserving and sustaining the conservation

targets, while reducing and /or preventing the pressures/threats identified in section

6.

4. Set implementation plan for each objective over the three BCP phases.

5. Formulation of a monitoring plan for the above strategies, objectives and

implementation actions.

7.1 Overall vision and Management Goals

The main conservation goals of this BCP were determined mainly in reference to the inputs

gathered from the participatory and consultation workshops done with key stakeholders

and local experts and the inputs received from local and national stakeholders, in addition

to the complementarity with the Management and Conservation Plan developed by MoTA

mainly the SWOT analysis, and the strategic objectives and plan and other data sources

mentioned in section 2.4.

The BCP – WHP’s Vision Statement describes the desired state of the ecosystems and

biodiversity of the property in 10 years’ time. It also details the steps needed to achieve that

goal, including the safeguarding of the property’s targets of high conservation value and its

other related values including enhancing the socioeconomic status of the local community.

The vision statement guides the development of objectives, strategies, and action plans.

The following is the long-term (2030) vision for WHP from conservation prospective:

The Vision:

“The World Heritage Property with all its natural ecosystems and components that it interspersed is

a well and sustainably-managed, conserved and protected properly with healthy Mediterranean forest,

and olive groves; sheltering a rich flora and fauna of healthy populations of high conservation value.

This encompasses the protection of its wider natural, cultural and heritage significance through

appropriate mechanisms that allow for equitable and sustainable development of the local communities

and the property”.

7.2 Conservation Goals, Strategies and objectives

This section of the BCP introduces a set of management and conservation strategies and

objectives for the WHP for the coming ten years (2020-2030), divided into three management

phases as following: (1) a short term (2020-2022), (2) a mid-term (2022-2025), and (3) a long

term (2025-2030). The Biodiversity Conservation Plan provides a schematic design and

implementation plan for the conservation and management process for ecosystems,

biodiversity and their interrelationships at WHP; in accordance to all aspects reviewed and

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agreed on by key stakholders while building this BCP. This will include listing the strategies

and objectives that shall lead the natural heritage preservation and the decision-making

guidance. The implementation plan for the strategic objectives is futher elaborated in section

8.

7.2.1 Long term Goals for the WHP The following goals have been formulated for the identified conservation targets, including

conservation areas and in reflection to the pressures and threats identified at WHP based on

the consultative process and participatory approach adopted and the inputs of all other data

sources during the development of this BCP.

1. Conservation Goals for ecological/biological content of WHP specifically at the

selected Conservation areas (CA1, CA2, CA3, CA4, CA5)

Target A: Mediterranean Oak Maquis Forest

A.1 By 2030, the area extent and density of oak maquis forest at WHP is maintained at 2020

levels (34.1% of total WHP area) and/or increased to 15% (in terms of number of trees and

%of coverage).

A.2 By 2030, the species richness of Mediterranean oak forest consisting of typical native

species is increased to 15%.

Target B: Garrigue and Batha Forest (including grass and shrublands)

B.1 By 2030, the area extent and density of grass and shrub lands at WHP is maintained at

2020 levels (29.4% of total WHP area) and/or increased to 15%.

B.2 By 2030, the species richness of grass and shrub lands at WHP is increased by 15%.

Target C: Habitat Connectivity – AL Makhrour and Husan Valley

C.1: By 2030, maintain habitat connectivity functioning between AL Makhrour and Husan

Valleys and the surrounding natural valleys (CA1, CA2, and CA5 in section 5) through

integrating the connectivity requirements into management measures across the wider

environment.

Target D: Olive Groves mixed in some patches with maquis/garrigue and baths forest

D.1 By 2030, the area extent of Olive Groves at WHP is maintained healthy; currently forming

up to 51.04% of the total area of the WHP.

Target E: Flora of the WHP with primarily focus on flora of High Conservation Value

E.1: By 2030, the viable populations of all WHP’s key stone species, endemic species,

threatened species, wild relatives and those of high economic value are maintained at the

level of 2020 (almost 20% of total flora species at WHP) and/or enhanced their status.

E.2: By 2030, the species richness of flora of high conservation value at WHP is increased by

10%.

Target F: Fauna and Avi-Fauna of the WHP with primarily focus on High Conservation

Value

F.1: By 2030, the viable populations of mammals, and herpetofauna particularly those

threatened species are maintained at their 2020 abundance (almost 33% of total mammals,

and 14% of total herpetofauna at WHP) and/or enhanced their status.

F.2: By 2030, the species richness of mammals, and herpetofaunaat WHP is increased to 10%.

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F.3: By 2030, the viable populations of breeding birds and particularly threatened and

ecosystem indicator species at WHP are maintained at their 2020 abundance (almost 52% of

total birds at WHP) and/or enhanced their status.

F.4: By 2030, the species richness of breeding birds at WHP is increased to 10%.

F.5: Migratory Birds passing through the WHP particulalry those internationally threatened

continue to use the area as a roosting site at least the average level of 2020 (almost 48% of

total birds at WHP), and do not suffer losses to poaching, poisoning or other causes at WHP

until 2030.

2. Conservation Goals for ecological integrity and human wellbeing at WHP:

Target G: Agrobiodiversity species and traditional agrarian knowledge

G.1: By 2030, the germplasm, varieties and local crop species are maintained healthy;

currently forming almost 80% of cultivated crop varieties at WHP.

G.2: By 2030, the local agricultural system and its traditional agrarian knowledge is well

managed, promoted and transmitted to future generations.

Target H: Water quality and discharge

H.1: By 2030, the overall water extent/quality of the local springs at WHP especially those

available at selected conservation areas are maintained, rehabilitated, and improved in a

sustainable manner.

Target I: Solid waste, agro-chemicals and waste water pollutants

I.1: By 2030, random solid waste disposal in nature is eliminated (to zero) at WHP to levels

do not harm nature or humans.

I.2: By 2030, agro-chemicals utilization is reduced to at least 50% of its current extent to levels

that do not harm nature or humans.

I.3: By 2030, wastewater discharge is reduced by at least 50% of its current extent to levels do

not harm nature or humans.

Target J: Nature-based tourism, education, knowledge and pulic awareness

J.1: By 2030, WHP supports nature based education (50% of visits to WHP are of eductional

nature) for Palestinian people including youth and women in a sustainable manner.

J.2: By 2030, WHP is targeted by Palestinian researchers (5% of Palestinian universities’

researchers) in a way that does not compromise its conservation targets or the overall status

of the property.

J.3: By 2030, WHP traditional knowledge and intellectual property rights of local

communities (100% of locals inhabiting WHP and those in proximity with WHP) are well

protected and transferred from one generation to the second.

J.4: By 2030, access to genetic resources based on the biota of WHP is locally shared in an

equitable, transparent, and in an equitable manner aimed at supporting research and

development activities in the common interest.

J.5: By 2030, WHP has all necessary infrastructure and procedures in place and is used for

visitation and recreation in a sustainable manner.

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7.2.2 Conservation Strategies and Objectives

Phase 1: Planning and Enabling Phase

This planning phase will rely greatly on the accomplishments of the Management and

Conservation Plan (MCP), since it is assumed that the preparation of a managerial body to

run and manage the BCP at the WHP will already be done under the guidance of the MCP

and in accordance to the MCP’s operational management system (Annex 7.1: The operational

Management System set under MCP). This phase will define the main directions under

which the management of the property will be undertaken to fulfill WHP requirements.

During this phase synergies will be done between BCP and MCP by mainly MoTA and EQA.

It is also oriented to making use of available opportunities to ensure effective and efficient

management.

The following objectives and strategies are set to fulfil the accomplishment of this phase.

Objectives and Strategies

Objective 1: To incorporate the BCP operational management system under the MCP’s system.

Strategy 1.1: The BCP shall be endorsed and approved by EQA, MoTA, MoA and relevant stakholders as a complementary plan that responds to the MCP’s vision and objectives.

Strategy 1.2: Effective and efficient biodiversity management shall be implemented by EQA based on the operational management structure set for the MCP and in full cooperation with MoTA and related key stakeholders who have statutory or management responsibilities within the WHP.

Objective 2: To ensure that any future plan within the property should sustain its natural resources mainly the ecosystems and biodiversity of the site.

Strategy 2.1: Any plan, project or study prepared by local authorities, academic institutions, NGOs and civil societies to be implemented within the property shall be in line with the BCP’s objectives and strategies.

Strategy 2.2: Any project proposed within the property especially the WHP high conservation areas shall be assessed and monitored for its impact on biodiversity.

Objective 3: To develop resource mobilization mechanisms to sustain the operation of the BCP’s management system on site.

Strategy 3.1: Set mechanisms to secure financial resources needed for the implementation of the BCP through MCP funding channels and/or through separate explicit channels, and/or through sustainable business development on site.

Phase 2: Environment and Related Regulations Enhancement Phase

This planning phase will enhance the environmental conditions in favor of the conservation

of the WHP’s ecosystem and biodiversity. This planning phase will rely on the results of the

RAPPAM analysis done to identify the pressures and threats that challenge the sustainability

of the WHP’s ecosystems and biodiversity. Hence, it is oriented to reducing and mitigating

the adverse impact of pressures/threats highlighted under this BCP and making use of

available opportunities to ensure effective mitigation for those threats. This phase will

respond to the BCP’s ecological integrity and human wellbeing conservation goals.

Synergies are also done with relevant MCP’s objectives.


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Objective 4: To develop necessary regulations and measures for protection and conservation of natural landscape, ecosystems, and biodiversity.

Strategy 4.1: Regulate the land uses within the WHP in a way that protect the areas of high conservation value specifically in relation to urban, infrastructure and agricultural lands expansion, ensuring that any intervention on the site shall be compatible with the context of the WHP.

Objective 5: To develop and enhance the solid waste, and wastewater management systems

Strategy 5.1: Regulate wastewater discharge within the WHP, ensuring that no random discharge takes place in nature but through efficient mechanisms, no pollution of natural resources mainly water and soil, and no harm to wildlife on site, all done in a compatible manner with the context of the WHP.

Strategy 5.2: Regulate solid waste disposal within the WHP, ensuring that no accumulation of random solid waste disposal in nature specifically in conservation areas, no pollution of natural resources mainly water and soil and no harm to wildlife on site, all done in a compatible manner with the context of the WHP.

Strategy 5.3: Enact legal frameworks in cooperation with relevant stakeholders regarding both wastewater and solid waste management on site.

Objective 6: To ensure the protection and management of water resources in a sustainable way and in accordance to proper environmental and economic principles. Strategy 6.1: Maintain, rehabilitate and enhance the status of water resources mainly springs in WHP to enusure their sustainable water flow in terms of quantity and quality; benefiting both nature and people inhabiting the site, all done in a compatible manner with the context of the WHP.

Strategy 6.2: Manage key water resources on site especially those available at conservation areas, in a manner that ensures continuous monitoring measures and reflecting on relevant adaptable plans.

Objective 7: To initiate a programme to protect natural landscapes and biodiversity from adverse affects from utilization of agro-chemcials and changes in cultivation patterns.

Strategy 7.1: Regulate and/or prevent the utilization of agro-chemicals including chemical pesticides, herbicides and fertilisers during cultivation processes, the changes in cultivation patterns, where minimum adverse affects on natural landscapes and biodiversity are taking place. All shall be done in cooporation with MoA, EQA and local farmers.

Strategy 7.2: Maintain, protect and promote the traditional envrionmental practices, and traditional local cutlivation practices, ensuring the conservation of local agrobiodiversity and a healthy environment that supports the growth of diverse native plants and perform no harm to wildlife on site.

Strategy 7.3: Enhance local communities’ livelihoods through opening marketing channels and set new public-private partnerships to ensure better marketing from the site’s agro-chemical free products.

Objective 8: To promote nature based eduational programmes that build capacities and awareness in relation to biodiversity, agrobiodiversity conservation and related topics.

Strategy 8.1: Initiate systematic awareness campaigns and capacity building programs for locals, farmers, women and youth, and other stakeholders in relation to biodiversity and eco-services valuation, best conservation related to natural landscape and biodiversity issues, and monitoring and management methods in the context of this BCP.

Strategy 8.2: Initiate systematic awareness campaigns and capacity building programs for local farmers and landowners in relation to protection of traditional knowledge and the intellectual property rights and equitable utilization of resources for both biodiversity and agro-biodiversity.

Strategy 8.3: Initiate systematic awareness campaigns and capacity building programs for local farmers and landowners in relation to protection of local seeds/seedlings of landraces and local

105

crops, water use optimization, alternative organic agriculture practices, and the use of bio-control agents, and other related topics.

Strategy 8.4: Promote related studies and research on site in a manner that would offer innovative solutions to key challenges that face biodiversity and agro-biodiversity conservation on site, all done within the context of the WHP and incorporated with this BCP.

Objective 9: To Regulate the eco-tourism activities on site giving priority to conservation and protection of natural landscapes and biodiversity

Strategy 9.1: Develop and observe a visitor management system including visitors’ rules and interpretation infrastructure/education for sustainable nature based, sustainable recreation and interpretation at the WHP, all done in the context of biodiversity conservation on site.

Phase 3: Biodiversity Conservation and Restoration Phase

This planning phase will target the conservation and restoration of ecosystems and their

biotic components of WHP in parallel with phase two where abiotic components are set in

favor of the conservation theme of the WHP. This phase will rely on the results of the analysis

done to identify the targets of high conservation value on site (section 5), where the

conservation targets at habitat and species levels will be highlighted in the set programmes

for the WHP’s ecosystems and biodiversity conservation. Hence, this phase will be oriented

to setting conservation and restoration programmes with the aim to protect and sustain the

rich and diverse biota of the site in a sustainable and equitable manner. This phase will

respond to the BCP ecological/biological content conservation goals. Synergies are also done

with relevant MCP’s objectives.


Objective 10: To conserve and monitor the ecosystem of the WHP property in a manner that sustain the habitats and their diverse biota

Strategy 10.1: Safeguarding the natural regeneration of existing Mediterranean maquis forest within WHP specifically within the high conservation areas, to ensure a gradual long-term shift towards a dominance of deciduous Mediterranean forest by 15% by 2030.

Strategy 10.2: Ensure an increase of the proportion and diversity in young Mediterranean forest species specifically within the high conservation areas as a result of natural forest regeneration by 10% increase by 2030.

Strategy 10.3: Safeguard the natural regeneration of existing garrigue and batha associations within WHP specifically within the high conservation areas, to ensure a gradual native natural vegetation succession at forest level by 15% increase by 2030.

Strategy 10.4: Ensure an increase of the proportion and diversity of grass and shrub lands young species and native young trees as a result to natural vegetation succession by 10% increase by 2030.

Strategy 10.5: Safeguard the integrity of olive groves with natural ecosystems within WHP specifically within the high conservation areas, to ensure that olive groves are maintained healthy.

Objective 11: To conserve and monitor the population of species of high conservation value; specifically the flora, fauna and avi-fauna species inhabiting the WHP.

Strategy 11.1: Maintain and systematically assess/monitor the health, size and trend of the viable population of plant species of high conservation value; specifically those key stone, endemic, threatened and those of high economic value.

Strategy 11.2: Maintain and systematically assess/monitor the status of viable population of mammal, herpetofauna species of high conservation value; specifically those threatened, and ecosystem indicator species.

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Strategy 11.3: Maintain and systematically assess/monitor the status of population of breeding bird species of high conservation value; specifically those threatened, and and ecosystem indicator species.

Objective 12: To eradicate and manage the occurrence or the spread out of the invasive and alien species present within the WHP; incorporated with the context of this BCP

Strategy 12.1: Set a management and control programe to eradicate the expansion invasive alien species inhabiting the WHP, all done incorporated with this BCP.

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8. IMPLEMENTATION OF CONSERVATION STRATEGY

8.1 Action Plan for Conservation Strategies of the Planning and Enabling Phase

The following action plans are related to the objectives and strategies set to fulfil the accomplishment of the Planning and Enabling Phase

of this BCP.

Planning and Enabling Phase Objective 1: To incorporate the BCP operational management system under the MCP’s system. Strategy 1.1: The BCP shall be endorsed and approved by EQA, MoTA, MoA and relevant stakholders as a

complementary plan that responds to the MCP’s vision and objectives. Strategy 1.2: Effective and efficient biodiversity management shall be implemented by EQA based on the operational

management structure set for the MCP and in full cooperation with EQA related key stakeholders who have statutory or management responsibilities within the WHP.

Action Output Indicator Partners Timeframe /years

Priority Funding

Action 1: Approval of this BCP as a complementary plan to the MCP by EQA, MoTA, MoA and related key stakeholders (St 1.1)

The BCP is adopted and approved by MoTA, EQA, MoA and Key stakeholders

A workshop presenting the BCP to all key stakholders in full collaboration with EQA. An approval letter from key parties endorsed at national level indicating this BCP as a national plan that shall be adopted/implemented on site

Lead: EQA MoTA MoA Partners: Key stakeholders (ex. related municipalities)

Short term/ 2020-2021

#1 No need Funding for workshop from DI project

Action 2: Set the BCP management structure in an integrated manner with MCP’s Site Management structure &

EQA is supervising and managing the BCP in full cooperation with the MoTA General Directorate for

Annual and semi annual reports of EQA

Lead: EQA, Partners: MoTA, Site Management

Short term / 2020-2021

#1 No need

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committees (Steering Committee & Site Management Committee); all functioning under the MoTA General Directorate for Site Management and WHS in Palestine (St 1.2)

WHS Management with support of steering and management committees are managing and running the BCP on site in parallel with the MCP The management committee will include a member expert in managing and monitoring ecology /biodiversity on site

Annual reports of MoTA-General Directorate for WHS MoTA reports submitted to WHC and UNESCO regarding WHP file WHP Site Manager technical and monitoring reports set according to monitoring plan

Committee (including biodiversity expert) Steering Committee, Key Stakeholders

Planning and Enabling Phase Objective 2: To ensure that any future plan within the property should sustain its natural resources mainly the ecosystems and biodiversity of the site. Strategy 2.1: Any plan, project or study prepared by local authorities, academic institutions, NGOs and civil societies to be implemented within the property shall be in line with the BCP’s objectives and strategies. Strategy 2.2: Any project proposed within the property especially the WHP high conservation areas shall be assessed and monitored for its impact on biodiversity.


Priority Funding

Ation 3: Any future plans related to the WHP shall be consistent with the framework of the BCP’s objectives & strategies (St 2.1)

Strategies of the BCP are integrated within any relevant future plan or study done by any stakeholder on site

# of requests sent by relevant parties to EQA, MoTA, MoLG and other decision making party (as relevant to type of request) with purpose of implementing project/plan/studies # of permissions endorsed by relevant

Lead: EQA, Partners: MoTA, MolG, Key stakeholders (ex. Related municipalities, JSC, related NGO’s, & civil society orgs,

Long term/ life time of the BCP (2020-2030)

#2 Not needed

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decision making party for implementation of requested projects/plans/studies

and private sector )

Action 4: Set ecology/biodiversity impact assessments mechanism prior to the implementation of any intervention within the WHP; All will be done in parallel with the assessments mechanism set by MCP (St 2.2)

Ecosystem/biodiversity impact assessments are done prior to any intervention/ project on site

# of EIAs submitted to EQA prior to implementation of interventions within the WHP # of ecosystem/biodiversity assessment submitted to EQA for approval prior to implementation of interventions within the WHP # of approval / rejection letters endorsed from EQA to MoTA-Site manager for interventions to be implemented or not on site

Lead: EQA, Partners: MoTA, related stakeholders (ex. Related municipalities)

Long term /life time of the BCP (2020-2030)

#2 To be secured – Potential funding source is the party responsible for implementation of the intervention that needs asessement

Planning and Enabling Phase Objective 3: To develop resource mobilization mechanisms to sustain the operation of the BCP’s management system on site. Strategy 3.1: Set mechanisms to secure financial resources needed for the implementation of the BCP through MCP funding channels and/or through separate explicit channels, and/or through sustainable business development on site.


Priority Funding

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Action 5: Secure enough funding for the implementation of this BCP, where funds can be secured through MCP’s funding channels or through separate funds or through sustainable business development projects on site (St 3.1)

Funding opportunities (though MCP or other funding sources) are secured for fulfilling the actions that needs funding

Necessary partnerships are set to apply to potential funding sources Necessary ideas for sustainable business development on site are set and implemented

# of proposals written by different relevant parties to secure funding for the implementation of the BCP on site # of secured funding # of implemented projects on site and their produced tehnical reports archived at EQA or MoTA as relevant # of business development opportunities # of partenrships developed on iste

Lead EQA, MoTA, MoA, MoLG, Partners: related NGOs, & municipalities

Long term /life time of the BCP (2020-2030)

#1 Funding sources interested in sustaining biodiversity, agro-biodiversity, & ecology on site. Those international, regional, or national grants

8.2 Action Plan for Conservation Strategies for Environment and Related Regulations Enhancement Phase

The following action plans are related to the objectives and strategies set to fulfil the accomplishment of the Environment and Related

Regulations Enhancement phase of this BCP.

Environment and Related Regulations Enhancement Phase Objective 4: To develop necessary regulations and measures for protection and conservation of natural landscape, ecosystems, and biodiversity. Strategy 4.1: Regulate the land uses within the WHP in a way that protect the areas of high conservation value specifically in relation to urban, infrastructure and agricultural lands expansion, ensuring that any intervention on the site shall be compatible with the context of the WHP.


Priority Funding

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Action 6: Regulate the urban infrastructure expansion within WHP specifically within the areas of high conservation priority through the preparation of urban development and/or heritage protection bylaws and Urban Master Plan to regulate urban development at the WHP during the implementation of the MCP (St 4.1)

Urban/heritage protection Bylaws and master plans are set as a result to MCP implementation, and urban infrastructures are regulated in a manner that would not threat the viability and sustainability of the areas of high conservation value within the WHP The national legal frameworks relevant to the case of the WHP are enforced on site especially for regulating urban expansion on site. This includes mainly NBSAPP, NSP, Environment law, agriculture law, cross-sectoral Environment Strategy, hunting law, and others.

# of urban expansion projects / plans revised by the appropriate decision making party # of projects approved or rejected on site based on actions 3,4, and 5 # of monitoring reports prepared by EQA and MoTA-Site Manager and committees regarding the approved urban projects/plans

Lead EQA MoTA, MolG, Partners: MoA, CCHP, UNESCO Ramallah office, and related municipalities and village councils

Long term /Life time of the BCP (2030)

#1 Need to be secured - By local govern-mental stake-holders

Action 7: Reflect on mechanism for granting permissions for activities/projects undertaken within the WHP (as set in the MCP); specifically within the conservation areas of high priority in a manner that secure no negative impact on ecology/biodiversity of the site (St 4.1)

Granting permission mechanism is set while considering the status of the areas of high conservation value. No persmission is given for any type of expansion (urban or intensive agriculture) towards natural landscapes especially within the areas of high conservation value

# of permits given to urban expansion by relevant decision party # of monitoring reports set by EQA and MoTA-site manager and site-committees

Lead: EQA, MoTA, MoLG, MoA, related municipalities and village councils Partners: other key stakeholders

Long term / Life time of the BCP (2030)

#1 Need to be secured - By local governmental stakeholders

Action 8: Integrate the areas of high conservation priority into the conservation mannuals and Land Use Zoning Plan that will be set during the

Areas of high conservation priority (AHCP) are integrated into the conservation mannuals and land zoning map for the WHP

# of conservation mannuals integrating the AHCP

Lead: EQA, MoTA, Partners: MoLG and

Short term / 2020-2021

#1 Need to be secured – Local sources

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implementation of the MCP for the WHP (St 4.1)

land zoning map integrating the AHCP and adopted by decion making parties in their planning procedures

related stakeholders

such as governmental organizations

Environment and Related Regulations Enhancement Phase Objective 5: To develop and enhance the solid waste, and wastewater management systems Strategy 5.1: Regulate wastewater discharge within the WHP, ensuring that no random discharge takes place in nature but through efficient mechanisms, no pollution of natural resources mainly water and soil, and no harm to wildlife on site, all done in a compatible manner with the context of the WHP. Strategy 5.2: Regulate solid waste disposal within the WHP, ensuring that no accumulation of random solid waste disposal in nature specifically in conservation areas, no pollution of natural resources mainly water and soil and no harm to wildlife on site, all done in a compatible manner with the context of the WHP. Strategy 5.3: Enact legal frameworks in cooperation with relevant stakeholders regarding both wastewater and solid waste management on site.


Priority Funding

Action 9: Prevent wastewater discharge in natural areas specifically areas of high conservation priority within the WHP (St 5.1), through setting of adequate sewage system upon implementation of objective 20 of MCP

No wastewater discharge within the areas of conservation priority; No pollution of natural water resource (mianly springs and pools) available in the conservation areas; No harm to wildlife including birds as a result to water pollution

# of establishments of sewage network on site # of establishments of cesspits on site # of monitoring reports set by EQA and MoTA-site manager and commitees referring to the BCP monitoring plan

Lead: EQA, MoLG, MoTA, related municipalities and village councils Partners: other stakeholers

Medium to long term / 2021-2030

#1 Need to be secured – MDLF

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Action 10: Prevent solid waste accumulation in natural areas specifically areas of high conservation priority within WHP (St 5.2), through implementation of solid waste management system upon implementation of objective 20 of MCP

No solid waste accumulation within the areas of conservation priority; No soil or water pollution as a result ot waste accumulation, No harm to wildlife including birds as a result to water pollution

# of solid waste collection vehicles dedicated for the site by municipalities and councils within and in proximity on site # of cleaning visits done per week by municipalities and councils within and in proximity on site # of garbbage bins set on site # of monitoring reports of EQA and MoTA-site manager and committees

Lead: MoLG, EQA, MoTA, Partners: JSC, related municipalities and village councils


#1 Need to be secured

Action 11: Set cross cutting related regulations to national and local bylaws & regulations to minimize environmental pollution within WHP (St 5.3).

Environmental Pollution problems as reduced to the minimum with WHP especially within the areas of high conservation priority

# of incidents for law inforcement to secure appropriate implementation of the BCP, mainly regarding solid waste disposal and wastewater discharge in nature, done by EQA and MoTA – site manager supported with relevant decion making parties

Lead: EQA, MoA, MoTA, Partners: related municipalities and village councils

Medium to logn term / 2021-2030

#1 Not needed

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# of monitoring reports prepared by EQA and MoTA-site manager

Environment and Related Regulations Enhancement Phase

Objective 6: To ensure the protection and management of water resources in a sustainable way and in accordance to proper environmental and economic principles. Strategy 6.1: Maintain, rehabilitate and enhance the status of water resources mainly springs in WHP to enusure their sustainable water flow in terms of quantity and quality; benefiting both nature and people inhabiting the site, all done in a compatible manner with the context of the WHP. Strategy 6.2: Manage key water resources on site especially those available at conservation areas, in a manner that ensures continuous monitoring measures and reflecting on relevant adaptable plans.


Priority Funding

Action 12: Conduct necessary studies to assess the status of water resources mainly springs, pools, and aqueducts within the areas of conservaiton value within the WHP. (St 6.1). This is supported by objective 20 of MCP

Water resources that needs rehabilitation, or water purification are identified, The causes behind pollution of resources are identified

# of studies done on site to assess the status of springs and aqueducts within the CAs, # of assessment reports prepared for each studied spring # of monitoring reports done by EQA and MoTA-Site manager and committees

Lead: EQA, PWA, Partners: MoTA, related municipalities and village councils, specialized academic institutions, NGOs or private sector

Medium term / 2021-2025

#1 Need to be Secured

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Action 13: Conduct projects to rehabilitate the water resources, including cleaning of the springs, aqueducts and pools in need and to purify the water where appropriate within the areas of high conservation value with the WHP (St 6.1). Supported by Objective 11 of MCP

Number of water sources including springs, pools and aqueducts are well rehabilitated (incorporated with is BCP context and in a sustainable manner) and run clean water.

# of approved rehabilitation projects for springs on site # of rehabilitations done for springs on site # of water tests reviewed by specialized parties # of monitoring report by EQA and MoTA-site manager and committees

Lead: EQA, PWA, Partners: MoTA, related municipalites and village councils, specialized academic institutions, NGOs or private sector



Action 14: Periodic monitoring of water resources status and quality and necessary actions are taken in response (St 6.2). Supported by Objective 11 of MCP

Water resources are well managed, No incidence of wildlife including birds posionning as a result of drinking water from site

# of inspection visits to water resource quality and results of water tests # of monitoring reports by EQA and MotA site manager and committees

Lead: EQA, PWA, Partenrs: MoTA, related municipalities and village councils, specialized academic institutions, NGOs and/or private sector




116

Objective 7: To initiate a programme to protect natural landscapes and biodiversity from adverse affects from utilization of agro-chemcials and changes in cultivation patterns. Strategy 7.1: Regulate and/or prevent the utilization of agro-chemicals including chemical pesticides, herbicides and fertilisers during cultivation processes, the changes in cultivation patterns, where minimum adverse affects on natural landscapes and biodiversity are taking place. All shall be done in cooporation with MoA, EQA and local farmers. Strategy 7.2: Maintain, protect and promote the traditional envrionmental practices, and traditional local cutlivation practices, ensuring the conservation of local agrobiodiversity and a healthy environment that supports the growth of diverse native plants and perform no harm to wildlife on site. Strategy 7.3: Enhance local communities’ livelihoods through opening marketing channels and set new public-private partnerships to ensure better marketing from the site’s agro-chemical free products.


Priority Funding

Action 15: Assess the levels of knowledge, attitude and practices of local farmers regarding the use of agro-chemicals including pesticides and fertilisers within the WHP (St 7.1)

Attitudes and practices of local farmers are assessed and hence an intervention plan is set towards the necessity of adopting environmental and healthy safe practices at WHP

A assessment that measures the agro-chemicals used at farm level within WHP; including their types, quantities and adverse affects on both nature and human health A report specialized to assess the awareness, knowledge and attitudes behind the utilization of Agro-chemicals

Lead: MoA, EQA, Partners: MoTA, specialized academic institutions, NGOs and/or private sector



Action 16: Work on adopting the agro-ecological practices at farm level (including utilization of natural/organic pesticides and fertilisers, diversification in cultivated

Farmers cultivating their lands within the WHP are using agro-ecological, environment and health safe practices after extensive

# of projects introducing the concept of agro-ecological environment and health safe practices at farm level; most importantly introducing the

Lead: EQA, MoA, Partners: MoTA, related municipalities



117

crops, and utilization of local seed stock) through the support of the activated Agricultural Cooperatives running on site and the extension services provided by MoA or related stakeholders (St 7.1). Suppoted by objective10 of MCP

extension programes and awareness campaigns.

no chemicals utilization on farm. # of extension visits done by specialists and MoA # of farmers using agro-ecological concept during the cultivation season # of monitoring reports done by EQA and MoTA site manager

and village councils specialized academic institutions, NGOs and/or private sector

Action 17: Assess and document the traditional knowledge and practices including the cultivation patterns, diversification, type and sources of landraces and local crops, collection of wild relatives and native plants and other (St 7.2)

The traditional knowledge and practices are documents and assessed, while considering them as intellectual rights to the locals of the WHP.

# of studies done to document and assess the traditional knowledge and practices, incorporating the concept of intellectual rights to the locals of the WHP.

Lead: EQA, MoA, Partners: MoTA, specialized academic institution, NGOs and/or private sector



Action 18: Initiate a program aims to conserve and store the local seeds of landraces and local crops from one season to the other using appropriate measures and techniques; this includes the provision of facilities and

The local landraces, and native crops are restored, stored and sustained locally through appropriate measures and techniques. Local farmers are provided incentives to store their local native crops and landraces

# of landrace, and local crops stored from season to the other by local farmers # of projects done with prupose of restoring the native crops and landraces cultivated on site

Lead: EQA, MoA, partners: MoTA, specialized academic institutions, NGOs and/or private sector



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necessary equipment and tools (St 7.2)

# of studies done to docment the methods and techniques of storage done at farm level # of extension visits done by MoA suepervising and encouraging the storage procedures # of partnerships initiated between farmers and local NGOs or civil society organization to support the provision of tools, material and spaces for storing crops’ seeds.

Action 19: Initiate a marketing programme for enhacement of the WHP local products marketing, while considering the public-private partnerships, and appropriate advocacy and promotion methods / networks (St 7.3)

The farmers and local traders are promoting and/or marketing better their agro-products; especially as typical agro-products of high quality, territorial recognizable and of economic value. Local farmers are provided incentives to continue practicing traditional agranian practices including the cultivation of native crops and landraces

# of business plans set for the purpose of promoting WHP products marketing # of markets and/or festivals opened for selling the WHP products free of chemicals # of media promotions and networks advocating for WHP products # of public private partnerships initiated for this purpose # monitoring plan done by EQA and MoTA-site manager and committees

Lead: MoA, EQA, Partners: MoTA, specialized academic institutions, NGOs, advocacy and market promotion institutions and/or private sector



119

Environment and Related Regulations Enhancement Phase Objective 8: To promote nature based eduational programmes that build capacities and awareness in relation to biodiversity, agrobiodiversity conservation and related topics. Strategy 8.1: Initiate systematic awareness campaigns and capacity building programs for locals, farmers, women and youth, and other stakeholders in relation to biodiversity and eco-services valuation, best conservation related to natural landscape and biodiversity issues, and monitoring and management methods in the context of this BCP. Strategy 8.2: Initiate systematic awareness campaigns and capacity building programs for local farmers and landowners in relation to protection of traditional knowledge and the intellectual property rights and equitable utilization of resources for both biodiversity and agro-biodiversity. Strategy 8.3: Initiate systematic awareness campaigns and capacity building programs for local farmers and landowners in relation to protection of local seeds/seedlings of landraces and local crops, water use optimization, alternative organic agriculture practices, and the use of bio-control agents, and other related topics. Strategy 8.4: Promote related studies and research on site in a manner that would offer innovative solutions to key challenges that face biodiversity and agro-biodiversity conservation on site, all done within the context of the WHP and incorporated with this BCP.


Priority Funding

Action 20: Conduct awareness and out reach campaigns including training sessions, awareness workshops, media and promotion events, and others for local farmers, landowners, youth and women, students and others regarding biodiversity and eco-services valuation, best conservation acts related to natural landscape and biodiversity issues, forest

Locals including farmers, landowners, organizations, cooperatives, clubs etc. are aware and well-educated in terms of biodiversity conservation and monitoring aspects (considering social inclusion)

# of training sessions and capacity building events done with purpose of educating local communities regarding biodiversity valuation and conservation #of media campaigns, and promotion events regarding eco-services and conservation acts # of farmers and locals increased their

Lead: EQA, Partners: MoTA, MoA, specialized academic institutions, NGOs and/or private sector



120

restoration and adaptation themes, and monitoring and management methods in the context of the WHP. (St 8.1)

knowledge regarding highlighted topics and hence changed their attitudes towards sustainable practices. # monitoring reports by EQA, and MoTA site manager and committee

Action 21: Conduct awareness and out reach campaigns including training sessions, awareness workshops, media and promotion events, and others for local farmers, landowners, youth and women, and others regarding protection of traditional knowledge and the intellectual property rights and equitable utilization of resources for both biodiversity and agro-biodiversity in the context of the WHP. (St 8.2)

Locals including farmers, landowners, organizations, cooperatives, clubs etc. are aware and well-education in terms of Intellectual rights and equitable utilization of resources (considering social inclusion)

# of training sessions and capacity building events done with purpose of educating local communities regarding protection of traditional knowledge and the intellectual property rights and equitable utilization of resources for both biodiversity and agro-biodiversity #of media campaigns, and promotion events in relation # of farmers and locals increased their knowledge regarding highlighted topics and hence changed their

Lead: EQA, MoA, Partners: MoTA, specialized academic institutions, NGOs and/or private sector



121

attitudes towards sustainable practices. # monitoring reports by EQA, and MoTA site manager and committee

Action 22: Conduct awareness and out reach campaigns including training sessions, awareness workshops, media and promotion events, and others for local farmers, landowners, youth and women, students and others regarding protection of local seeds/seedlings of landraces and local crops, water use optimization, alternative organic agriculture practices, and the use of bio-control agents, all in the context of the WHP (St 8.3)

Locals including farmers, landowners, organizations, cooperatives, clubs etc. are aware and well-education in terms of conservation of landraces and local crops, and agro-ecological practices (considering social inclusion)

# of training sessions and capacity building events done with purpose of educating local communities regarding protection of local seeds/seedlings of landraces and local crops, water use optimization, alternative organic agriculture practices, and the use of bio-control agents, and topics of relstion #of media campaigns, and promotion events in relation # of farmers and locals increased their knowledge regarding highlighted topics and hence changed their attitudes towards sustainable practices.

Lead: EQA, MoA, Partners: MoTA, specialized academic institutions, NGOs and/or private sector



122

# monitoring reports by EQA, and MoTA site manager and committee

Action 23: Encourage the implementation of related studies and scientific research on site (St 8.4)

Innovative solutions to key challenges that face biodiversity and agro-biodiversity conservation on site including forest adaptation to global climate change are concluded based on research and scientific analysis and studies. Feedback on regulating invasive alien species is provided Feedback for monitoring measures and techniques is provided

# of research studies done on site with the purpose of enhancing the knowledge base, and status of the site especially regarding biodiversity conservation. # of research studies to enhance the resilience of the site towards Climate change adaptation # of research studies specialized in invasive alien species # of monitoring reports produced by EQA and MoTA-Site manager and committee reflecting on adaptive plans prepared as outputs of the research studies

Lead: EQA, MoTA, MoA, Partners: specialized academic institutions, NGOs and/or private sector




123

Objective 9: To Regulate the eco-tourism activities on site giving priority to conservation and protection of natural landscapes and biodiversity Strategy 9.1: Develop and observe a visitor management system including visitors’ rules and interpretation infrastructure/education for sustainable nature based, sustainable recreation and interpretation at the WHP, all done in the context of biodiversity conservation on site.

Action Output Indicator Partners Timeframe /years Priority Funding

Action 24: Integrate the objectives of this BCP with the visitor management system that will be set through MCP – Objective 13 (St 9.1)

Adverse impacts of tourist practices in the WHP especially the areas of high conservation value is reduced to the minimum

A visitor management plan integrating objectives of this BCP # of monitoring report by EQA and MotA site manager

Lead: EQA, Partners: MoTA, related municipalities and village councils, and JSCTDB

Medium and long term / 2021-2030

#1 Need to be secured (Funding sources of MCP)

Action 25: Integrate the natural heritage component with the touristic interpretation panels (rails, boards, information points, picnic areas, signposts etc.), WHP website and promotional materials objective 15 and objective 16 (St 9.1)

Natural heritage components including ecology and biodiversity of the site is integrated with all touristic panels used on site, in the website, social media page and others of the site

# of interpretation panels set on site introducing biodiversity ecosystems and components on site # of information panels introducing best practices on site towards conservation of biodiversity A dynamic-website for WHP considering the biodiversity components

Lead: EQA, Partners: MoTA, related municipalities and village councils, JSCTDB, and private sector


#3 Need to be secured (Funding sources of MCP)

Action 26: Promote the local traditional and natural products as a brand for the

Local traditional and natural products are

# of products given a property brand for the WHP

Lead: EQA, Partners: MoTA, related



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property, as part of the promotion setup of the MCP objective 16 Action 75 (St 9.1)

protected and promoted for the site

# of promotion sessions # of monitoring reports by EQA anf MoTA site manager

municipalities and village councils, JSCTDB, and private sector

(Funding sources of MCP)

125

8.3 Action Plan for Conservation strategies for the Biodiversity Conservation and Restoration Phase The following action plans are related to the objectives and strategies set to fulfil the accomplishment of the Biodiversity Conservation

and Restoration Phase of this BCP.

Biodiversity Conservation and Restoration Phase

Objective 10: To conserve and monitor the ecosystem of the WHP property in a manner that sustain the habitats and their diverse biota Strategy 10.1: Safeguarding the natural regeneration of existing Mediterranean maquis forest within WHP specifically within the high conservation areas, to ensure a gradual long-term shift towards a dominance of deciduous Mediterranean forest by 15% by 2030. Strategy 10.2: Ensure an increase of the proportion and diversity in young Mediterranean forest species specifically within the high conservation areas as a result of natural forest regeneration by 10% increase by 2030. Strategy 10.3: Safeguard the natural regeneration of existing garrigue and batha associations within WHP specifically within the high conservation areas, to ensure a gradual native natural vegetation succession at forest level by 15% increase by 2030. Strategy 10.4: Ensure an increase of the proportion and diversity of grass and shrub lands young species and native young trees as a result to natural vegetation succession by 10% increase by 2030. Strategy 10.5: Safeguard the integrity of olive groves with natural ecosystems within WHP specifically within the high conservation areas, to ensure that olive groves are maintained healthy.


Priority Funding

Ation 27: Stop plantation of coniferous or other wise non-native trees and shrubs/subshrubs within the WHP especially within the areas of high conservation value (St 10.1, 10.3)

Mediterranean native maquis oak forest and garrigue/ baths associations are enhanced and predominant

Natural rejuvenation of Mediterranean forest species has increased by at least 20% on average, throughout the WHP

A baseline report to initiate necessary indicator to be measured for monitoring purposes along the BCP implementation and to build on the 2020 data level. With focus

Lead: EQA, Partners: MoTA, MoA and related municipalities and village councils

Life time of this BCP / 2021-2030

#1 Not needed

126

conservation areas in comparison to 2020 levels

on native vegetation cover succession and enhancement

Action 28: Monitor effectiveness of non-intervention forest restoration policy set in action 27 and reflect on by setting relevant adaptable plans (St 10.1, 10.3)

Trend in proportion and density of native tree/shrub rejuvenation is increased

Native Med- Maquis Forest/garrigue is maintained

Response plans are set

# of monitoring reports done every year for forest inventory studies specifically detailed map of forest/habitat communities, tree species distribution, percentages of seedlings of native tree/shrubs species, and percentages of palatable species coverage, the various threats still affecting the WHP, and other as relevant. A database built for the site

Lead: EQA, Partners: MoTA, MoA and related municipalities and village councils

Life time of this BCP / 2021-2030

#1 Need to be secured - Local resources – municipalities /village councils and/or MoA staff

127

encompassing comparable indicators to obe used along the lifetime of this BCP # of response plans in relation

Ation 29: Enhance integrity of maquis forest and garrigue/bath associations through improving forest composition by planting selected native trees and shrubs/subshrubs (of existing vegetation) in mixed stands within the

open areas within the areas of high conservation value with support of local communities (St 10.2, 10.4)

Proportion and diversity in young native forest, garrigue/battha species is increased

Natural rejuvenation of Mediterranean forest species has increased by at least 20% on average, throughout the WHP conservation areas in comparison to 2020 levels.

Natural resilience and eco-balance of the local ecosystem is enhanced

Ecosystem services improved

A study specifiying area of priority for plantation # and type of plantations done on site # of follow up visits # of irrigations done on site # of yearly monitoring reports (especially during the implementation of the forest inventory)

Lead: EQA, Partners: MoTA, MoA, related municipalities and village councils, and local communities

Medium to Long term / 2021-2030

#1 Need to be secured Local resources – MoA’s nurseries

128

Local communities in proximity are encouraged to plant native trees within the WHP

assessing the plantation inventory on site # of response plans in relation

Action 30: Study the seasonal use of WHP as a grazing and natural resource (wood, wild plants, wildlife resources) collection area, and local resource users in-depth (St 10.1, 10.2, 10.3, and 10.4)

The natural reources of use at the WHP, their use extent and impacts are well identified and interrelinked to their geographical distribution

A comprehensive assessment for utilization of ecosystem services on site; highliting the mis-utilizations and their adverse impacts on site # of monitoring reports during two periods medium term (2021-2025) and long term (2025-2030)

Lead: EQA, Partners: MoTA, MoA, PWA and experts in related field from public or private organizations

Medium term and later on the long term / 2021-2030


129

Action 31: Improve enforcement and thereby suppression of unsustainable resource use based on Action 30, support of local communities, and by enforcing the environmental & agricultural laws (St 10.1, 10.2, 10.3, 10.4)

Mis-utilization, overgrazing and over-exploitation activities are suppressed including all causes of land degradation on site; especially within the areas of high conservation value by the management body set to follow this BCP

Local communites are aware of valuation of ecosystem services provided by WHP and best practices for their sustainability – compatible with BCP’s objective 8: Action 20.

# of recorded law enforcements on site regarding mis-utilization of resources on site # of awareness sessions performed to enhance the knowledge and practices of locals regarding valuation, sustainability of the site and biodiversity conservation # of yearly monitoring reports of relation # of response plans in relation

Lead: EQA, Partners: MoTA, MoA, related municipalities and village councils, and local communities


#1 Need to be secured -Local resources

Action 32: Initiate agricultural projects to promote and protect the local & native varieties of olive trees and agricultural terraces within the areas of high conservation value; with

Olive groves extent and health are maintained and protected within the areas of high conservation value

# of projects target the health of olives groves on site

Lead: EQA, Partners: MoTA, MoA, related municipalities and village


#1 Need to be secured -Local

130

support of MCP’s Objective 8, and objective 11 (St 10.5)

supporting the growth of wild native species and the dwelling of wildlife.

Local communites are aware of valuation of olive groves and their relation to natural ecosystems within the WHP and best practices for their sustainability – compatible with BCP’s objective 8: Actions 21 & 22.

Yearly Monitoring reports

# of projects target the sustainability of agricultural terraces based on terraces rehabilitation criteria set by EQA, MoTA and MoA (see Annex 8.1) # of research studies focus on interrelations and ecosystem functions between native vegetation cover and olive trees # of yearly monitoring reports regarding this purpose

councils, and local communities

resources

Objective 11: To conserve and monitor the population of species of high conservation value; specifically the flora, fauna and avi-fauna species inhabiting the WHP.

Strategy 11.1: Maintain and systematically assess/monitor the health, size and trend of the viable population of plant species of high conservation value; specifically those key stone, endemic, threatened and those of high economic value, in amanner that ensure the increase of 10% of the population.

Strategy 11.2: Maintain and systematically assess/monitor the status of viable population of mammal, herpetofauna species of high conservation value; specifically those threatened, and ecosystem indicator species.

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Strategy 11.3: Maintain and systematically assess/monitor the status of population of breeding bird species of high conservation value; specifically those threatened, and and ecosystem indicator species.


Priority Funding

Action 33: Prevent native trees, shrubs or herbaceous species removal specially those identified among plant species of high conservation value including key stone species, endemic, and threatened plant species (identified under BCP’s section 5) by enforcing environmental & agricultural laws and by raising awareness and capacity building of local communities. Supported by BCP’s Objective 8: Action 20 (St 11.1, 11.2, and 11.3)

Plant species of high conservation value are maintained and their viable population is sustained.

Local communities are aware of and support the protection of plant species of conservation priority

Natural rejuvenation of Mediterranean forest species has increased by at least 20% on average, throughout the WHP conservation areas in comparison to 2020 levels

# of law enforcement for preventing cutting of native plant species on site # of awareness sessions and media campaigns to enhance locals’ attitudes towards a sustainable manner # Yearly monitoring reports

Lead: EQA, Partners: MoTA MoA, related municipalities and village councils, and local communities



Action 34: Regulate poaching or poisoning actions that could cause loss of passing birds, breeding birds, and animals especially those of high conservation value (identified under BCP’s section 5) by enforcing

Animal and bird species of high conservation value are maintained and their viable population is sustained

# of law enforcements for no poaching or poisoning on site

Lead: EQA, Partners: MoTA, MoA, related municipalities and village

Short, Medium to Long term / 2021-2030


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environmental & agricultural laws, support of local communities upon raising their awareness and capacity building. Supported by BCP’s Objective 8: Action 20 (St 11.2, 11.3)

Local communities are aware of and support the protection of animal and bird species of conservation priority

# of awareness sessions regarding hunting law, less disturbance on site, and adverse impacts of biodiversity loss on site # of Yearly monitoring reports

councils, and local communities

Action 35: Conduct systematic monitoring and build response plans specifically for those animals’ and/or birds’ dependant/sensitive habitats such as rock formations, caves, stone pools, breeding and roosting locations, etc. (St 11.2, 11.3)

Highly dependant and sensitive habitats (rock formations, caves, natural stone pools, breeding and roosting locations, etc.) are well managed and systematically monitored

Yearly monitoring reports

Response plans set to reflect on status of targeted habitats

An assessment report for species dependant habitats such as rock formations, caves, stone pools, breeding and roosting locations, etc. # of monitoring actions for the status of those habitats # of respons plans in relevance

Lead: EQA, Partners: MoTA, MoA, and experts in related fields from public or private organizations



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# of monitoring reports by EQA and Site manager

Action 36: Conduct systematic monitoring assessments supported with research studies targeting native plant, animal, and bird species specifically the targeted species of high conservation value (identified under BCP section 5). Comparison analysis between three assessments are concluded reflecting on relevant adaptable plans (St 11.1, 11.2, and 11.3)

The viable population, occurrence, distribution, densities conservation status in the different habitats and other indicators for targeted plant (vascular), animal (mammals (small terrestrial), reptiles and amphibians), and bird (breeding, resident, and migrant) species are assessed/monitored

Each biotic category is reflected using specific indicators set for each case distinctly.

Baseline inventory for birds and animals on site (2021) Species richness index for breeding birds and mammal /reptiles and amphibians on site (2021) # of monitoring assessment reports finalized in 2022, 2025, and 2028 between medium term phase and long term phase and used for setting response action plan to be annexed later to this BCP


Short, Medium to Long term / 2021-2028


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Objective 12: To eradicate and manage the occurrence or the spread out of the invasive and alien species present within the WHP; incorporated with the context of this BCP

Strategy 12.1: Set a management and control programe to eradicate the expansion invasive alien species inhabiting the WHP, all done incorporated with this BCP.


Priority Funding

Action 37: Identify and study types and distribution of plant, animal and/or bird invasive species occur at the WHP and set in response proper measures and actions to control them (St 12.1)

Appropriate and well planned response measures are set in relation to types and distribution of invasive species occur at WHP

A study for invasive alien species available on site in reference to their geo-distribtuion, extent of occurrence and spread, and other related factors Set best control measure for invasive alien species (IAS) on site based on

EQA’s IAS control and management plan and strategy # of monitoring plans and reports

EQA, MoTA, MoA, and experts in related fields from public or private organizations

Medium term 2021-2022


Action 38: Conduct necessary measures to reduce presence of

Seeds and/or roots and/or rhizomes

# of mowing, mechanical

Lead: EQA, Medium / long

#1 Need to be

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plant invasive species through effective control methods such as mechanical, manual, or cultural control methods or by using organic herbicides or targeted grazing depending on the type of the plant and its expansion. Measures taken depends on the results of Action 37. This action is supported by MCP’s objective 11, Action 48 (St 12.1)

production of invasive species is controlled through mowing or mechanical cutting or manual pulling or applying organic herbicides or targeted grazing targeting specifically the invasive species (more than once in a growing season) to achieve desired results. Without jeopardizing the non-target species or the environment.

cutting, pulling or applying of organic herbicides and others implemented on site # of studies for response of invasive species upon different interventions # of monitoring reports and response plans in relation to this purpose based on EQA’s IAS control and management plan and strategy

Partners: MoTA, MoA, and experts in related fields from public or private organizations

term 2022-2030

secured

Action 40: Prevent introduction of plant invasive species through implementing prevention measures such as minimizing soil disturbance, use native local seeds for cultivation and if purchased use weed free seed mixes or vegetation, monitor new

The introduction of new invasive species is prevented to the minimum at the WHP

# of research studies for best prevention measures for the spread of invasive species on site # of prevention actions took place


Medium / long term 2021-2030


136

infestation especially near vehicle or path ways (St 12.1)

on site based on EQA’s IAS control and management plan and strategy # of awareness sessions done for locals regarding best prevention measures for halting introduction of invasive species on site # of monitoring reports and response plans in relation to this purpose

Aciton 41: Conduct necessary measures to reduce presence of animal and bird invasive species through effective control methods such as biological control, mechanical control and/or chemical control. Measures taken depends on the results of Action 37. This action is supported by MCP’s objective 11, Action 48 (St 12.1)

Each animal and bird invasive species is delt with specifically and reduced its numbers using one of the effective control methods depending on its life cycle and dependent parameters without jeopardizing the non-

# of biological, mechanical, and/or chemical control done on site to reduce the spread of invasive species on site # of monitoring reports and response plans in


Medium / long term 2021-2030


137

target species or the environment.

relation to this purpose

Action 42: Conduct monitoring assessments to study the status and expansion of plant, animal, and bird invasive species at WHP. Two assesements will be done in parallal to the assessments done in Action 36 (St 12.1)

Follow up and monitor over three time intervals (2022, 2025, and 2028) between medium term phase and long term phase and used for setting response action plan to be annexed later to this BCP

# of monitoring assessment reports finalized in 2022, 2025, and 2028 between medium term phase and long term phase and used for setting response action plan to be annexed later to this BCP Comparisons between the initial study done on site as set in action 37 and the two following assessments is concluded; upon which response plans are set in accordance and for each phase with the aim to reduce the invasive species




138

occurrence to the minimum. Each biotic category is assessed using specific indicators set for each case distinctly.

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9. MONITORING PLAN

Systematic monitoring for the Biodiversity Conservation Plan (BCP) will start effectively from the BCP’s mid-term until the end of the

long term phase (2021-2030) of the plan; in an attempt to ensure the proper improvement of the effectiveness and potential for long

term success of this BCP. The outcomes of the monitoring plan will be used to set the necessary action to follow after the lifetime of

this BCP in a manner that secures the continuation and sustainblity of the BCP.

Monitoring of the state and management effectiveness of WHP shall be based on the conceptual model and results chains developed

in the BCP and refer to:

The vision and conservation goals formulated for each conservation and human wellbeing targets,

The conservation objectives and strategies,

The additional attributes of the conservation targets,

The threat reduction objectives defined for each identified threat to the conservation targets, and

The actions responding to each conservation strategy set in this BCP

The monitoring system is established to undertake the regular monitoring of the natural components of the World Heritage Property

specifically the areas of high conservation value, in conjunction with the Operational Management System responsible for the

implementation of the MCP (Management and Conservation Plan). Hence, it takes into account the protection of the natural ecosystems

and their biotic and abiotic components within the WHP through conservation and restoration works and in conformity with

international standards, and the engagement of the local community in the WHP.

Of the key monitoring action are the following:

BCP Plan Phase BCP Strategic Action

Monitoring Action Means Responsibility Rate

Planning and Enabling Phase

Strategy 2.2 Monitor the ecology/biodiversity impact assessments mechanism done prior to the implementation of any intervention within the WHP

Strictly implement the EIA for any intervention Revise every intervention / project request prior to its implementation, set recommendation regarding

EQA, Site Manager and SMC (Site Management Committee)

Every time an intervention is going to take place on site

140

its impact on ecology/biodiversity

Environment and Related Regulations Enhancenment Phase

Strategy 4.1 Monitor the mechanism for granting permissions for activities/projects undertaken within the WHP; specifically within the conservation areas of high priority in a manner that secure no negative impact on ecology/biodiversity of the site

Revise every requested permission and set necessary recommendation regarding its impact on ecology/biodiversity of the site

EQA, Site Manager and SMC

Every time a permission for activity/project is going to be granted to take place on site

Strategy 5.1, and 5.2

Monitor the management system set to reduce all types of pollution including the accumulation of solid waste, the discharge of waste water in natural areas, and the utilization of agro-chemicals.

Conduct visits, field inspection, and revision to implemented regulations and settings regarding sewage system, cleaning mechanisms, and agro-chemicals use, in addition to inspection to extension programs and orientation done with local farmers, and related stakeholders


Annual

Strategy 6.2 Monitor the status of water resources

Conduct inspection visits, tests and reporting and set recommendation in accordance


Annual

Strategy 7.1-7.3 Monitor the programs set to conserve and store the local seeds, documentation and protection of local agrarian

Conduct field visits during harvesting season and to farmers’ stores, follow up the documentation and the


Annual

141

knowledge, and market promotion of local products.

promotion done by stakeholders

Strategy 8.4 Monitor feedback from research studies done on site to help the operational management system to run the site properly in terms of biodiversity and agro-biodiversity, forest restoration and adaptation, invasive species control and others

Revise outcomes of research studies and refine/abstract findings for the interest of the proper site management


Biannual

Strategy 9.1 Monitor the ouputs of the visitor management system

Inspect the adverse impacts of tourist practices especially in the conservation areas of priority in line with the set “Visitors Management System” and response plans in accordance


Annual

Biodiversity Conservation and Restoration Phase

Strategies 10.1 and 10.3

Monitor results of forest inventory studies regarding the effectiveness of non-intervention restoration policy

Revise the inventory studies in relation to the effectiveness of non-intervention forest restoration policy set in action 27 and set accordingly response plans if necessary (to be annexes to this BCP)


Annual

Strategies 10.2 and 10.4

Monitor results of forest inventory studies regarding

Revise the inventory reports in relation to the effectiveness of planting


Annual

142

effectiveness of plantation policy

selected native trees and shrubs/subshrubs (of existing vegetation) in mixed stands within the

open areas within the areas of high conservation value, especially in relation to the improvements in forest composition and integrity

Strategies 10.1 – 10.4

Monitor the utilization of ecosystem services including grazing, exploitation of resources, hunting, cutting of trees and others

Conduct evaluation mechanisms for outcomes of the enforcement of laws in terms of suppression of unsustainable use of resources the status of shrubs and grasslands, wildlife breeding, migratory sites and paths, density of vegetation cover especially those of economic and cultural value, and others. Several mechanisms can be adopted including field visits for inspecting set of indicators and measurements at targeted sites or species levels


Annual

Monitor the extent and health of olive groves and their integrity with natural habitats

Conduct field visits to assess the status of olive groves, and their supporting agricultural


Annual

143

terraces and water resources with the areas of high conservation value, etc. using set of indicators reflecting on number of issues such as trees varieties, health of the trees (pathogens and diseases), soil conditions, extent and diversity of native natural vegetation and wildlife, and others.

Strategies 11.2, and 11.3

Monitor those animals’ and/or birds’ dependant/sensitive habitats such as rock formations, caves, stone pools, breeding and roosting locations, etc.

Conduct field visits and report the status of special habitats of important to animals or birds occuring on site especially those of high conservation value. Set response plans to reflect on status of targeted habitats


Annually

Strategies 11.1-11.3

Monitor native plant, animal, and bird species specifically those of high conservation value (identified under BCP section 5).

Conduct comparison assessments reflecting on status of targeted species through field inspection visits using relvant measures and indicators. Respons plans are concluded. Of studied indicators: the viable population, occurrence, distribution,


Three times during the life of this BCP: 2022, 2025, and 2028

144

densities conservation status in the different habitats and other indicators for targeted plant (vascular), animal (mammals (small terrestrial), reptiles and amphibians), and bird (breeding, resident, and migrant) species and others as found appropriate

Strategy 12.1 Monitor the status and expansion of plant, animal, and bird invasive species at WHP.

Three assessement shall be done; the first to identify in depth the invasive species and another two to measure the impact of Actions 38-40. Comparisons between the initial study done on site as set in action 37 and the two following assessments is concluded; upon which response plans are set in accordance and for each phase with the aim to monitor the reduction of invasive species occurrence to the minimum.


Three times during the implementation of this BCP: 2022, 2025, 2028

Cross-cutting aspects

Cross cutting Action, Monitor the Climate – relevant

Climate-relevant environmental information are collected to assess the drought, meteorological data,

Three assessements shall be done; the first is a baseline for status of climate – relevant and another two to measure the impact of


Three times during the implementation of this BCP: 2022, 2025, 2028

145

environmental information to assess trends in climate vulnerability of the habitats, environment, and communities at risk on site

water supply and quality information, and others. Done in parallel with monitoing action for action 36 and 37 Production of climate risk information, Response plans are set in accordance

climate change on biotic and abiotic components of the site. Comparisons between the initial study done on site and the two following assessments is concluded; upon which response plans are set in accordance and for each phase with the aim to monitor the adverse affects of climae change and reduce these effects to the minimum. This is complimentary with monitoring assessments done for forest inventory

146

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Annex 1.1 Multilateral Environmental Agreements and International Conventions to which

Palestine seek to Accede or signed as a Matter of Priority 1.Atmosphere:

(i) Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution (LRTAP Convention)

http://www.unece.org/fileadmin/DAM/env/lrtap/full%20text/1979.CLRTAP.e.pdf

(ii) Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer

http://ozone.unep.org/pdfs/viennaconvention2002.pdf

(iii) Montreal Protocol

http://ozone.unep.org/pdfs/Montreal-Protocol2000.pdf

2. Climate

(i) UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC)

http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/convkp/conveng.pdf

(ii) Kyoto Protocol

http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/convkp/kpeng.pdf

3. Nature Conservation and Biodiversity (i)(Ramsar) Convention on Wetlands of International Importance especially as Waterfowl Habitat

http://www.ramsar.org/cda/en/ramsar-documents-texts-convention-on/main/ramsar/1-31-

38%5E20671_4000_0__

(ii)(UNESCO) Convention Concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage

http://www.unesco.org.uk/uploads/Cultural%20and%20Natural%20Heritage%20Convention.pdf

(iii) Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES)

http://www.cites.org/eng/disc/E-Text.pdf

(iv) (Bonn) Convention on Migratory Species of Wild Animals

http://www.cms.int/documents/convtxt/cms_convtxt_english.pdf

(v) Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD)

http://www.cbd.int/doc/legal/cbd-en.pdf

4. Chemicals and Wastes (i) Basel Convention on the Control of Trans boundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and their

Disposal

http://www.basel.int/Portals/4/Basel%20Convention/docs/text/BaselConventionText-e.pdf

(ii) Rotterdam Convention on the Prior Informed Consent Procedure for Certain Hazardous

Chemicals and Pesticides in International Trade

http://www.pic.int/TheConvention/Overview/TextoftheConvention/tabid/1048/language/en-

US/Default.aspx

(iii) (Stockholm) Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants

http://chm.pops.int/Convention/ConventionText/tabid/2232/Default.aspx

5. Land (i) United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification

http://www.unccd.int/Lists/SiteDocumentLibrary/conventionText/conv-eng.pdf

6. Marine

(i) Barcelona Convention for the Protection of the Mediterranean

http://195.97.36.231/dbases/webdocs/BCP/bc95_Eng_p.pdf

(ii) Agreement for the Implementation of the Provisions of the United Nations Convention on the

Law of the Sea relating to the Conservation and Management of Straddling Fish Stocks and Highly

Migratory Fish Stocks

http://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N95/274/67/PDF/N9527467.pdf?OpenElement

7. Freshwater (i) United Nations Convention on the Law of Non-Navigational Uses of International Watercourses

http://untreaty.un.org/ilc/texts/instruments/english/conventions/8_3_1997.pdf

http://www.unece.org/fileadmin/DAM/env/lrtap/full%20text/1979.CLRTAP.e.pdf

http://ozone.unep.org/pdfs/viennaconvention2002.pdf

http://ozone.unep.org/pdfs/Montreal-Protocol2000.pdf

http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/convkp/conveng.pdf

http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/convkp/kpeng.pdf

http://www.ramsar.org/cda/en/ramsar-documents-texts-convention-on/main/ramsar/1-31-38%5E20671_4000_0__

http://www.ramsar.org/cda/en/ramsar-documents-texts-convention-on/main/ramsar/1-31-38%5E20671_4000_0__

http://www.unesco.org.uk/uploads/Cultural%20and%20Natural%20Heritage%20Convention.pdf

http://www.cites.org/eng/disc/E-Text.pdf

http://www.cms.int/documents/convtxt/cms_convtxt_english.pdf

http://www.cbd.int/doc/legal/cbd-en.pdf

http://www.basel.int/Portals/4/Basel%20Convention/docs/text/BaselConventionText-e.pdf

http://www.pic.int/TheConvention/Overview/TextoftheConvention/tabid/1048/language/en-US/Default.aspx

http://www.pic.int/TheConvention/Overview/TextoftheConvention/tabid/1048/language/en-US/Default.aspx

http://chm.pops.int/Convention/ConventionText/tabid/2232/Default.aspx

http://www.unccd.int/Lists/SiteDocumentLibrary/conventionText/conv-eng.pdf

http://195.97.36.231/dbases/webdocs/BCP/bc95_Eng_p.pdf

http://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N95/274/67/PDF/N9527467.pdf?OpenElement

http://untreaty.un.org/ilc/texts/instruments/english/conventions/8_3_1997.pdf

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Annex 3.1: WHP ECOSYSTEM SHEET16

Ecosystem field sheet 1. The studied site

Name Al Makhrour Valley

2. The valley Eco-region

Mediterranean Region (Mountainous Zone Environment) Central Highlands Range of the West Bank Region Series of hills and a valley that flows from Beit Jala city encircling Battir villages towards Husan village

3. The valley plant territory geo-element

Mediterranean plant geo-element

4. The valley typology

A mix between; natural maquis forest and a man-made coniferous forest It is a Mediterranean landscape composed of different interacting vegetation patches. Pine and oak ecosystems form contiguous patches within this landscape, in pure stands, or as mixed pine–oak ecosystems. AL Makhrour landscape typically form a patch mosaic where different vegetation types are intermingled in complex patterns created by the variation in physical, biological, and anthropogenic landscape conditions. Further, the mosaics are a heterogeneous combination of both “natural” and man-made patches interleaved with one another in complex patterns that result from different edaphic conditions, topography, exposure to wind and sun, fire and other disturbances, and land-use histories.

5. The valley density 40-93% plant density 6. The valley ecosystem

habitats

-Maquis forest –Sclerophyllous - Broad Leaved - Oak Forest and Maquis, Quercus calliprinos woodland on limestone, with Quercus calliprinos dominant species -Man-made Coniferous forest with Pinus halepensis dominant species -Garrigue/Batha forest – shrublands and grasslands -Agricultural land – Olive Groves -Fallow land –abundant land -The valley (5-8ms width)– elongated lowland between the hills

7. The Valley’s soil Rendzina and White rendzina especially on the northern series of hills (oriented towards the south), in some areas with patches of Terra Rossa Terra Rossa pure in patches. The Rendzina series comes along with typical Terra Rossa, and under identical climatic conditions. The parent rocks of this series are soft calcareous formations of the Upper Cretaceous and Eocene, including chalks, soft limestones, marls and nari. The humiferous topsoil, which is formed in the advanced stages above the gray subsoil, is a common feature of the entire series. The light – colored Rendzina (White Rendzina) is a variety of this group that is derived chiefly from soft Senonian chalk, nari, and Cenomanian marls. This type of soil occur most commonly in the central highlands/mountain range of the West Bank region, where MKV is located and supports the growth of Pinus halepensis- and its plant associations. Terra Rossa is a fertile soil, on the whole. It contains fairly high proportion of silt and clay. It supports most of the native trees and shrubs, as well as many

16 Ghattas, R., et-al. May, 2019. Plant Biodiversity Inventory Report at Al Makhrour Valley 2018/2019. Pioneer Consultancy Centre for Sustainable Development (PCC) for Palestine Museum for Natural Heritage/Bethlehem University. Bethlehem Palestine.

153

cultivated trees. It was found mainly as patches along the agriculture terraces (Zohary, M. 1962).

8. The Valley’s water resources

- Number of springs distributed along the valley such as Kabryano spring, Al A’mdan Spring, E’in El Hawieh, and others (to be collected from literature and surveys). -Water collection systems as natural and man-made rainwater harvesting systems (including cisterns and surface stone cistern)

9. The valley Surrounding environment

-Number of Qanateer or Castles (observed: 27 of them) -Cisterns (observed: 4) -Grottos (observed: 2) -Surrounding the valley a buffer area of agricultural lands and terraces, pieces of lands invested for eco-tourism activities such as restaurants, camping areas, etc) -It is surrounded with Palestinian localities such as Battir, Al Walaja, Husan villages and Beit Jala city; the largest Palestinian localities in the Western Bethlehem Area. -It is also surrounded by Israeli settlements such as Har Gilo from northern side and pass road 60 and Betar Illit and Hadar Betar settlements from southern western side which forms part of Gutsh Etzion settlement’s bloc. -From an environmental and water perspective, the area west of Bethlehem including Al Makhrour valley and the surrounding area is considered a high water production zone in relation to the lower part of the water aquifer.

10. Conservation programs and authority

-No conservation actions are taken on the ground although it is a WHS, however a management plan was set by MoTA in a participatory approach with relevant stakeholders for the site for protecting the cultural aspect and developing the site. But there is no conservation plan specific for the biodiversity of the site. -Both Battir village council and Beit Jala municipality are the main authorities that the area is demarcated under their jurisdiction according to the Palestinian Local Government classification. Private ownership is prevailing at site. -The area is located in Geopolitical area “C”; under Israel civil and security control, makes up to 61% of West Bank. No development is allowed unless a permit is taken from Israeli side.

11. The valley threats

There are several reasons for the deterioration of the valley, in general, performing pressure on the vegetation cover in this area, in particular, the following: (1)population growth and pressure, where new construction activities and restoration activities were noticed, (2) human interference where new soil is brought to the valley for the newly built terraces, in addition to replacing natural areas with agricultural lands, (3) the small fires (especially during olives’ harvesting season), (4) stopping farming practices in certain areas along MKV, hence there are few segetal plants, (5) garbage and litter disposal, (6) ruderal plants are widespread along sides of the paths, (7) grazing activites were found in the valley as we found remainings of the livestock’s manure and others.

12. Succession

Different levels of successions in different landscape patches. In general plant succession is most prominent on the series of mountains that face the north, as the slopes of those mountains are deeply steep, hence they face less human interference (no land uses), they have more humus, enjoys higher humidity and hence more dense vegetation cover.

154

Some phenomenae were noticed during the field surveys regarding the presence or absence of some plant species, where the reason behind their occurrence status is not clear; as following: Wild thyme - Majorana syriaca (Origanum syriacum) was found in low numbers, low frequency and small populations. Carob tree - Ceratonia silique was found in low numbers, low frequency and specific locations Greek Sage - Salvia fruticosa was found in low numbers and very low frequency. Lentisk - Pistacia lentiscus was found growing in the valley from Beit Jala side, on a land of high elevation if compared to the land elevation sutiable for the growth of this plant. Usually the Lentisk shrubs prefer lower elvations (than the place it was found growing in) and warmer climates. However, the area where the shrub was found growing in abundantly is almost 800 meters above sea level but still the Lentisk grows there! Officinal Storax - Styrax officinalis was found in few places mainly in (T 9 and T10). Phragmites australis, Arundo donax was not found at all although there are some places along the valley where water is collected and springs are found! Cyperus rotundus and Juncus acutus were also not found while it was expected to find them in the valley especially near springs, and humid areas.

13. notes

- Quercus calliprinos forest of high nature conservation value in the Mediterranean region. Sclerophyllous oak forests are an important ecosystem type of the natural vegetation in the Mediterranean region. As a part of the mosaic-like landscape, old-growth oak forests, in particular, provide a wide range of ecosystem functions and services. The site supports different micro-environments that support the growth of diverse plant species of different life forms and distribution at the site

Annex 2.1: Ghattas, R., et-al. May, 2019. Plant Biodiversity Inventory Report at Al Makhrour

Valley 2018/2019. Pioneer Consultancy Centre for Sustainable Development (PCC) for

Palestine Museum for Natural Heritage/Bethlehem University. Bethlehem Palestine. Add link

Annex 2.2: Handal, E., Qumsyieh, M., 2019. Fauna Inventory Report at Al Makhrour Valley 2018/2019. Palestine Museum for Natural Heritage/Bethlehem University. Bethlehem Palestine. Add link Annex 2.3: Khalilieh, A., 2019. Avi-Fauna Inventory Report at AL Makhrour Valley 2018/2019. Palestine Nature Society (NPS) for Palestine Museum for Natural Heritage/Bethlehem University. Bethlehem Palestine. Add link

http://flora.org.il/en/plants/systematics/origanum

155

Annex 6.1: Letter from UNESCO to BU-PIBS/PMNH regarding the WHP

156

Annex 7.1: The MCP’s Operational Management System that the BCP’s Management System will follow (MoTA, 2018) The MCP’s Operational Management System meets the requirements of the Ministry of Tourism and Antiquities as the legal entity responsible for all of the World Heritage Sites in Palestine, which is committed to the obligations of international conventions, notably the 1972 World Heritage Convention. In 2018, MoTA proposed a new institutional structure that includes a “General Directorate for Site Management and World Heritage Sites in Palestine,” which aims to provide a comprehensive management system for all cultural heritage sites in Palestine. The responsibilities of this proposed directorate are to conserve, manage, valorize, and promote the cultural heritage sites and the inscribed World Heritage Sites, submit new sites to the WHC on the Tentative List, and regularly monitor and report on Palestinian WHPs for the WHCom. For each WHS in Palestine, designated steering committees and site management committees are appointed, and committee members are selected according to the needs and condition of each Site. The proposed World Heritage Department has the following strategic objectives:

1. Manage the World Heritage Properties and conserve their OUV, authenticity and integrity. 2. Promote a participatory management approach based on engagement of all related stakeholders to run World Heritage Properties, especially for complex sites, e.g. landscape and historic cities. 3. Strengthen the international partnership to improve the management and conservation capacity of the World Heritage Properties. 4. Identify and promote the World Heritage Properties. 5. Build capacity for Palestinian professionals, site managers, engineers, conservers, and other individuals involved with WHPs. 6. Strengthen community participation and public awareness.

The proposed World Heritage Department has the following responsibilities: 1. Supervise the preparation of nomination files for heritage sites on the Tentative List to be inscribed on UNESCO’s World Heritage List. 2. Supervise the preparation of the Management and Conservation Plans for inscribed and nominated sites on the list, in cooperation with other stakeholders. 3. Oversee and monitor Palestinian sites in the Tentative List, updating and developing the list, adding new sites or removing existing ones that do not meet the OUV. 4. Conduct all required periodic technical reports and studies to the World Heritage Committee. 5. Contribute to removing the inscribed sites from the List of World Heritage in Danger by achieving the DSOCR and Corrective Measures. 6. Oversee and monitor the activities and projects that take place in the WHPs and affect their OUV. 7. Prevent the activities that have a significant adverse affect on the OUV. 8. Monitor the implementation of the ratified MCP with the cooperation of the related national and international stakeholders. 9. Develop mechanisms to seek funds to implement the MCP’s actions. 10. Implement awareness campaigns and workshops for the local community in the WHPs.

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11. Promote and interpret the World Heritage Sites at a national and international level.

In addition to the responsibilities of MoTA’s World Heritage Department, it is also important to develop successful mechanisms for coordination between other stakeholders that have statutory or management responsibilities in the WHP. The proposed management system will include the following two main entities:

1. The MCP’s Steering Committee 2. The Site Management Committee

These two committees will play an essential role in encouraging, guiding, overseeing and monitoring progress, as well as reviewing and updating the Management and Conservation Plan.

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Annex 8.1: Measures and Standards for Agricultural Terraces Rehabilitation as Set by MoTA, EQA, and MoA

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