BIODIVERSITYBIODIVERSITY

• DEFINITION : The wide range of DEFINITION : The wide range of variations among the living organisms variations among the living organisms of the world is termed as Biodiversity.of the world is termed as Biodiversity.

• STEPS :STEPS :

• 1.Diversity in ecosystem.1.Diversity in ecosystem.

• 2. Diversity within species.2. Diversity within species.

• 3. Diversity between species.3. Diversity between species.

FACTORS OF BIODIVERSITYFACTORS OF BIODIVERSITY

• Important factors are given below :Important factors are given below :

• 1. Climate.1. Climate.

• 2. Area and Territory.2. Area and Territory.

• 3. Geographical condition of the earth.3. Geographical condition of the earth.

• IMPORTANCE.IMPORTANCE.

• 1. Ecosystem.1. Ecosystem.

• 2. Economic importance.2. Economic importance.

• 3. Ecological balance.3. Ecological balance.

CAUSES OF LOSS OF CAUSES OF LOSS OF BIODIVERSITYBIODIVERSITY

• NATURAL CAUSES.NATURAL CAUSES.

• 1. Prolong draught.1. Prolong draught.

• 2. Irregular / Less rainfall.2. Irregular / Less rainfall.

• 3. High rainfall.3. High rainfall.

• 4. Flood.4. Flood.

• 5. Earth quake.5. Earth quake.

• 6. Forest fire .6. Forest fire .

• MAN MADE CAUSES.MAN MADE CAUSES.• 1. Deforestation.1. Deforestation.• 2. Filling up of marsh /wet lands.2. Filling up of marsh /wet lands.• 3. Introduction of hybreed.3. Introduction of hybreed.• 4. Lack of knowledge about the 4. Lack of knowledge about the • importance of biodiversity.importance of biodiversity.• 5. Hunting.5. Hunting.• 6. Using of chemicals as fertilizer and 6. Using of chemicals as fertilizer and • pesticide.pesticide.• 7. construction of dams.7. construction of dams.

IMPORTANCE OF IMPORTANCE OF CONSERVATION OF CONSERVATION OF BIODIVERSITYBIODIVERSITY• MEASURES FOR THE CONSERVATIONMEASURES FOR THE CONSERVATION

• 1. Restoration of habitats.1. Restoration of habitats.

• 2. Establishment of Parks / Zoos / Sanctua 2. Establishment of Parks / Zoos / Sanctua ries.ries.

• 3. Use of lands.3. Use of lands.

• 4. To stop filling of low / marshy / wet lands.4. To stop filling of low / marshy / wet lands.

• 5. Forestation.5. Forestation.

• 6. Dredging of rivers.6. Dredging of rivers.

• 7. Fishing.7. Fishing.

• 8. Hunting8. Hunting

CLASSIFICATION OF CLASSIFICATION OF ANIMALSANIMALS

• PHYLUM : SARCOMASTIGOPHORAPHYLUM : SARCOMASTIGOPHORA

• 1. Pseudopodia / Flagella +1. Pseudopodia / Flagella +

• 2. Nuclei monomorphic.2. Nuclei monomorphic.

• 3. Reproduction -Sexually / 3. Reproduction -Sexually / Asexually.Asexually.

• 4 No spore formation.4 No spore formation.

CLASS : CLASS : PHYTOMASTIGOPHORAPHYTOMASTIGOPHORA

• CHARACTERS ;CHARACTERS ;

• 1. Chlorophyl +1. Chlorophyl +

• 2. Autotrophic in nature.2. Autotrophic in nature.

• 3. No. of flagella 1 / 2 .3. No. of flagella 1 / 2 .

• EXAM : 1. Euglena viridis.EXAM : 1. Euglena viridis.

• 2. Volvox xobator.2. Volvox xobator.

CLASS : CLASS : ZOOMASTIGOPHORAZOOMASTIGOPHORA

• CHARACTERS .CHARACTERS .

• 1. No chlorophyl. 1. No chlorophyl.

• 2. Flagella more than one. 2. Flagella more than one.

• 3. Mostly parasitic.3. Mostly parasitic.

• EXAM.EXAM.

• 1. Giardia intestinalis.1. Giardia intestinalis.

• 2. Trypanosoma gambiense.2. Trypanosoma gambiense.

• CLASS: OPALINATA.CLASS: OPALINATA.

• 1. Cilia arranged in oblique rows on the 1. Cilia arranged in oblique rows on the surface of the whole body.surface of the whole body.

• EXAM. 1. Opalina ranarum.EXAM. 1. Opalina ranarum.

• CLASS : LOBOSA.CLASS : LOBOSA.

• 1. Blunt pseudopodia / Thread like rhizoids +1. Blunt pseudopodia / Thread like rhizoids +

• 2. No axial filament. 2. No axial filament.

• 3. Free living / parasitic.3. Free living / parasitic.

• EXAM : 1. Amoeba proteus. 2. E. histolytica.EXAM : 1. Amoeba proteus. 2. E. histolytica.

• CLAS S: HELIOZOA.CLAS S: HELIOZOA.

• 1. Pseudopodia axopod type.1. Pseudopodia axopod type.

• 2. Axial filament +2. Axial filament +

• 3. Body is covered with test3. Body is covered with test

• EXAM : 1. Actinophrys sol.EXAM : 1. Actinophrys sol.

PHYLUM : PHYLUM : LABYRINTHOMORPHALABYRINTHOMORPHA

• CHARACTERS:CHARACTERS:

• 1. All are parasitic.1. All are parasitic.

• 2. Spindle shaped / roundish.2. Spindle shaped / roundish.

• 3. Species form zoospore.3. Species form zoospore.

• EXAM : 1. Labyrinthula.EXAM : 1. Labyrinthula.

PHYLUM : APICOMPLEXAPHYLUM : APICOMPLEXA

• CHARACTERS.CHARACTERS.

• 1. Parasitic. 1. Parasitic.

• 2. Apical complex is present. 2. Apical complex is present.

• 3. No cilia. 3. No cilia.

• 4. Reproduce by Syngamy.4. Reproduce by Syngamy.

• EXAM : 1. Perkinsus Sp.EXAM : 1. Perkinsus Sp.

• xCLASS : PERKINSEAxCLASS : PERKINSEA

• 1. Sporozoite with flagella. 1. Sporozoite with flagella.

• 2. No sexual reproduction.2. No sexual reproduction.

• EXAM : 1. Perkinsus sp.EXAM : 1. Perkinsus sp.

• CLASS : SPOROZOA>CLASS : SPOROZOA>

• 1. Sexual / Asexual reproduction +1. Sexual / Asexual reproduction +

• 2. Oocysts are found.2. Oocysts are found.

• EXAM : 1. P. vivax.EXAM : 1. P. vivax.

• PHYLUM : MIXOZOAPHYLUM : MIXOZOA• 1.Insect like appearance.1.Insect like appearance.• 2. Ciliated.2. Ciliated.• EXAM : 1. Rhopalura.EXAM : 1. Rhopalura.• PHYLUM :MICROSPORA>PHYLUM :MICROSPORA>• 1. Spores are present.1. Spores are present.• 2. Sporocyst may be present.2. Sporocyst may be present.• 3. Parasite in invertebrate.3. Parasite in invertebrate.• EXAM : 1. Nosema.EXAM : 1. Nosema.

• PHYLUM : ASCETOSPORA.PHYLUM : ASCETOSPORA.

• 1. Spores are unicellular / 1. Spores are unicellular / Multicellular.Multicellular.

• 2. Spores are with one / more 2. Spores are with one / more sporoplasms.sporoplasms.

• 3. Parasite both in invertebrate / 3. Parasite both in invertebrate / vertebrate.vertebrate.

• EXAM : 1. Haplosporidium.EXAM : 1. Haplosporidium.

PHYLUM : CILIOPHORAPHYLUM : CILIOPHORA

• CHARACTERS :CHARACTERS :• 1. Cilia +1. Cilia +• 2. Macro / Micro Nuclei +2. Macro / Micro Nuclei +• 3. Pellicular alveoli +3. Pellicular alveoli +• CLASSES :CLASSES :• 1. Kineto pharage minophorea.1. Kineto pharage minophorea.• a) Oral cilia not distinct.a) Oral cilia not distinct.• b) Cytosome apical or midventral.b) Cytosome apical or midventral.• EXAM : 1. Balantodium coli.EXAM : 1. Balantodium coli.

• CLASS : OLIGO HYMENOPHOREACLASS : OLIGO HYMENOPHOREA

• 1. Oral cilia distinct.1. Oral cilia distinct.

• 2. Ventral cytosome2. Ventral cytosome

• EXAM : 1. P. caudatum.EXAM : 1. P. caudatum.

• CLASS : POLYMENOPHOREA>CLASS : POLYMENOPHOREA>

• 1. Cilia + 1. Cilia +

• 2. Uniform body .2. Uniform body .

• EXAM : 1. Stentor coeruleus.EXAM : 1. Stentor coeruleus.

PHYLUM : PORIFERAPHYLUM : PORIFERA

• CHARACTERS CHARACTERS • 1. Pores “ ostia “ + on the body .1. Pores “ ostia “ + on the body .• 2. Tissue formation +2. Tissue formation +• 3. Difft types of cells +3. Difft types of cells +• 4. Spicules +4. Spicules +• 5. No organ system 5. No organ system • 6 . No mouth 6 . No mouth • 7. No digestive system.7. No digestive system.• 8. Fresh water / marine .8. Fresh water / marine .

• CLASS- 1. CALCAREA.CLASS- 1. CALCAREA.

• 1. Calcarious spicules +1. Calcarious spicules +

• 2. Spicules are niddle / 3 / 4 rayed .2. Spicules are niddle / 3 / 4 rayed .

• 3. 3 types canal system +3. 3 types canal system +

• 4. All marine .4. All marine .

• EXAM : 1. Sycon gelatinosum.EXAM : 1. Sycon gelatinosum.

• CLASS : HEXACTINELLIDACLASS : HEXACTINELLIDA

• 1. Siliceous spicules +1. Siliceous spicules +

• 2. Spicules are 6 rayed.2. Spicules are 6 rayed.

• 3. Body funnel shaped or cylindrical.3. Body funnel shaped or cylindrical.

• 4. Spicules are united and formed net.4. Spicules are united and formed net.

• 5. Syconoid / Leuconoid c system +.5. Syconoid / Leuconoid c system +.

• 6. All are marine. 6. All are marine.

• EXAM : 1. Hyalonema longissimum.EXAM : 1. Hyalonema longissimum.

• CLASS : DEMOSPONGIAE.CLASS : DEMOSPONGIAE.

• 1. Silicous spicules +1. Silicous spicules +

• 2. Spicules are 1 / 4 rayed2. Spicules are 1 / 4 rayed

• 3. Spicules are spongied.3. Spicules are spongied.

• 4. Leuconoid C. System +4. Leuconoid C. System +

• 5. Body is coloured .5. Body is coloured .

• 6 . Marine / fresh water6 . Marine / fresh water

• EXAM : 1. Spongilla locustrisEXAM : 1. Spongilla locustris

PHYLUM : CNIDARIAPHYLUM : CNIDARIA

• CHARACTERS.CHARACTERS.

• 1. Diploblastic animal.1. Diploblastic animal.

• 2. Radially symmetry.2. Radially symmetry.

• 3. Gastrovascular cavity +3. Gastrovascular cavity +

• 4. Cnidoblast cells are +.4. Cnidoblast cells are +.

• 5. Mouth is encircled by tenyacles.5. Mouth is encircled by tenyacles.

• 6. Polyp and medusa +6. Polyp and medusa +

• Exam. 1. Exam. 1. Hydra vulgaris.Hydra vulgaris.

• CLASS : HYDROZOACLASS : HYDROZOA

• 1. Body is covered with Perisarc.1. Body is covered with Perisarc.

• 2. Both polyp and medusa are 2. Both polyp and medusa are present.present.

• 3. germ cells developed from 3. germ cells developed from ectoderm.ectoderm.

• Exam : 1Exam : 1. Hydra vulgaris. 2. Obelia . Hydra vulgaris. 2. Obelia geniculata.geniculata.

• CLASS : SCYPHOZOACLASS : SCYPHOZOA

• 1. Polyploid stage either absent or short.1. Polyploid stage either absent or short.

• 2. Medusa bell shaped.2. Medusa bell shaped.

• 3. No velum.3. No velum.

• 4. Germ layers developed from ectoderm.4. Germ layers developed from ectoderm.

• All marine.All marine.

• EXAM : EXAM : 1.Aurelia aurita1.Aurelia aurita

• CLASS : ANTHOZOACLASS : ANTHOZOA

• 1. Medusoid stage is absent.1. Medusoid stage is absent.

• 2. All polyps.2. All polyps.

• 3. Mouth is surrounded by 3. Mouth is surrounded by tentacles.tentacles.

• EXAM . 1. EXAM . 1. Metridium senil. 2. Metridium senil. 2. Gorgonia verrucosa.Gorgonia verrucosa.

• PHYLUM: CTENOPHORA.PHYLUM: CTENOPHORA.

• 1. Biradially symmetrical.1. Biradially symmetrical.

• 2. No nematocyst.2. No nematocyst.

• 3. 8 radial hair comb +3. 8 radial hair comb +

• 4. If tentacles + do not encircle the mouth.4. If tentacles + do not encircle the mouth.

• 5. Free swimming and marine.5. Free swimming and marine.

• EXAM : 1EXAM : 1. Hormiphora plumosa. 2. . Hormiphora plumosa. 2. Ctenoplana sp.Ctenoplana sp.

• CLASS : TENTACULATACLASS : TENTACULATA

• 1. No of tentacles 2 .1. No of tentacles 2 .

• EXAM : 1. EXAM : 1. Hormiphora. plumosaHormiphora. plumosa

• CLASS : NUDACLASS : NUDA

• 1. No tentacle.1. No tentacle.

• EXAM : 1. EXAM : 1. Beroe sp.Beroe sp.

PHYLUM : PHYLUM : PLATYHELMINTHESPLATYHELMINTHES• CHARACTERSCHARACTERS

• 1. Acoelomate animal.1. Acoelomate animal.

• 2. Bilaterally symmetrical animal.2. Bilaterally symmetrical animal.

• 3. 3 germinal layers +3. 3 germinal layers +

• 4. Alimentary canal +4. Alimentary canal +

• 5. No anus.5. No anus.

• 6. Flame cells acts as excretory 6. Flame cells acts as excretory organ.organ.

• 7. Mostly parasitic.7. Mostly parasitic.

• EXAM : 1. EXAM : 1. Taenia solium. 2. F. hepatica.Taenia solium. 2. F. hepatica.

• CLASS : Terbellaria.CLASS : Terbellaria.

• 1. Body is covered with thick 1. Body is covered with thick cuticle.cuticle.

• 2. Sucker +2. Sucker +

• 3. No hook.3. No hook.

• 4. More than one larval stage +4. More than one larval stage +

• EXAM : 1. EXAM : 1. Dugesia tigrina.Dugesia tigrina.

• CLASS : CESTODACLASS : CESTODA

• 1. Body is tape or ribone like.1. Body is tape or ribone like.

• 2. 800-900 segments are + in the 2. 800-900 segments are + in the body.body.

• 3. Scolex is + on the head.3. Scolex is + on the head.

• 4. No alimentary canal.4. No alimentary canal.

• 5. All are parasitic.5. All are parasitic.

• EXAM : 1EXAM : 1. Taenia solium.. Taenia solium.

• CLASS : APHASMIDACLASS : APHASMIDA• 1. No phasmid.1. No phasmid.• 2. Coelomocytes well developed.2. Coelomocytes well developed.• 3. Mostly free living.3. Mostly free living.• EXAM : 1EXAM : 1. Trichinella spiralis.. Trichinella spiralis.• CLASS : PHASMIDACLASS : PHASMIDA• 1. Phasmids are +1. Phasmids are +• 2. Coelomocytes are 4-6 .2. Coelomocytes are 4-6 .• 3. Mostly parasitic.3. Mostly parasitic.• EXAM : 1.Ascaris lumbricoidesEXAM : 1.Ascaris lumbricoides

PHYLUM : PHYLUM : NEMATHELMINTHESNEMATHELMINTHES• CHARACTERS.CHARACTERS.

• 1. Long / round / unsegmented / 1. Long / round / unsegmented / cylindrical body.cylindrical body.

• 2. Alimentary canal complete.2. Alimentary canal complete.

• 3. Cilia absent.3. Cilia absent.

• 4. Pseudocoelomate animal.4. Pseudocoelomate animal.

• 5. Free living / Parasitic.5. Free living / Parasitic.

• EXAM : 1. EXAM : 1. A. lumbricoides.A. lumbricoides.

PHYLUM : ANNELIDAPHYLUM : ANNELIDA

• CHARACTERS.CHARACTERS.

• 1.Body elongated , cylindrical, 1.Body elongated , cylindrical, metamerically segmented .metamerically segmented .

• 2. Coelomate animal.2. Coelomate animal.

• 3. Excretory organ is nephridia.3. Excretory organ is nephridia.

• EXAM : 1. EXAM : 1. P. posthuma.P. posthuma.

• CLASS : POLYCHAETA.CLASS : POLYCHAETA.

• 1. Head is distinct and with tentacles 1. Head is distinct and with tentacles andand

• eyes.eyes.

• 2. Locomotory organ is parapodia.2. Locomotory organ is parapodia.

• 3. No clitellum.3. No clitellum.

• 4. Trocophore larva is +4. Trocophore larva is +

• 5. Mostly marine.5. Mostly marine.

• EXAM : 1. EXAM : 1. Neanthes limnicolaNeanthes limnicola..

• CLASS : OLIGOCHAETACLASS : OLIGOCHAETA

• 1. Head is not distinct.1. Head is not distinct.

• 2. Clitellum is +2. Clitellum is +

• 3. Setae is +3. Setae is +

• 4. No larval stage4. No larval stage

• EXAM : 1. EXAM : 1. Metaphire posthuma.Metaphire posthuma.

• CLASS : HIRUDINEACLASS : HIRUDINEA

• 1.Head indistinct.1.Head indistinct.

• 2. Clitellum is distinct.2. Clitellum is distinct.

• 3. No setae or parapodia.3. No setae or parapodia.

• 4. Sucker is +4. Sucker is +

• EXAM : 1. EXAM : 1. Hirudo medicinalis.Hirudo medicinalis.

PHYLUM : ARTHROPODAPHYLUM : ARTHROPODA

• CHARACTERSCHARACTERS

• 1. Segmented body .1. Segmented body .

• 2. Appendages jointed.2. Appendages jointed.

• 3. Haemocoelate animal.3. Haemocoelate animal.

• 4. Excretory organ is Malpighian 4. Excretory organ is Malpighian tubules.tubules.

• 5. Bilaterally symmetrical animal.5. Bilaterally symmetrical animal.

• EXAM : 1EXAM : 1. Apis indica.. Apis indica.

• CLASS : INSECTACLASS : INSECTA

• 1. Body is divided in to 3 regions like1. Body is divided in to 3 regions like

• Head, Thorax,and Abdomen.Head, Thorax,and Abdomen.

• 2. Respiration by Trachea.2. Respiration by Trachea.

• 3. Wings are 2 pairs.3. Wings are 2 pairs.

• 4. Legs are 3 pairs .4. Legs are 3 pairs .

• 5. No appendages in abdomen.5. No appendages in abdomen.

• EXAM : 1. EXAM : 1. Apis indica .Apis indica .

• CLASS : CRUSTACEACLASS : CRUSTACEA• 1. Body is divided in to two regions like 1. Body is divided in to two regions like • ,Cephalothorax and abdomen.,Cephalothorax and abdomen.• 2. Cephalothorax is covered by Carapace2. Cephalothorax is covered by Carapace• 3. Biramous appendages +3. Biramous appendages +• 4. Head appendages are Antenna, Maxilla 4. Head appendages are Antenna, Maxilla

and Mandible.and Mandible.• 5. Telson and Uropod +5. Telson and Uropod +• EXAM : 1EXAM : 1. Palaemon carcinus. Palaemon carcinus..

• CLASS : ARACHNIDACLASS : ARACHNIDA

• 1. Body is divided in to 2 regions 1. Body is divided in to 2 regions like Cephalothorax and Abdomen.like Cephalothorax and Abdomen.

• 2. Legs are 4 pairs .2. Legs are 4 pairs .

• 3. Respiration by Gills ,Trachea and 3. Respiration by Gills ,Trachea and Booklungs.Booklungs.

• EXAM : 1. EXAM : 1. Limulus polyphemusLimulus polyphemus..

• CLASS : MYRIAPODACLASS : MYRIAPODA

• 1. Commonly known as Centipedes, 1. Commonly known as Centipedes, Mellipeds.Mellipeds.

• 2. Body is long ,cylindrical and With 2. Body is long ,cylindrical and With

• large number of segments.large number of segments.

• 3. Each segment is with one pair of legs.3. Each segment is with one pair of legs.

• 4. Legs are uniramous.4. Legs are uniramous.

• EXAM : 1EXAM : 1. Julus terrestris .. Julus terrestris .

PHYLUM : MOLLUSCAPHYLUM : MOLLUSCA

• CHARACTERSCHARACTERS

• 1. Soft bodied animal.1. Soft bodied animal.

• 2. Body is covered by hard shell 2. Body is covered by hard shell /mantle./mantle.

• 3. Unsegmented body.3. Unsegmented body.

• 4. Muscular foot is +4. Muscular foot is +

• 5. Terrestrial / Marine / Fresh water.5. Terrestrial / Marine / Fresh water.

• EXAM : 1EXAM : 1. Pila globosa.. Pila globosa.

• CLASS : CAUDOFOVEATACLASS : CAUDOFOVEATA

• 1. Body worm like.1. Body worm like.

• 2. No shell.2. No shell.

• 3 . No head.3 . No head.

• 4. No excretory organ.4. No excretory organ.

• 5. Calcareous scales +5. Calcareous scales +

• 6. Sexes separate.6. Sexes separate.

• EXAM : 1EXAM : 1. Chaetoderma nitidulum.. Chaetoderma nitidulum.

• CLASS : SOLENOGASTRESCLASS : SOLENOGASTRES

• 1.Body worm like.1.Body worm like.

• 2. No head.2. No head.

• 3. No shell.3. No shell.

• 4. No excretory organ.4. No excretory organ.

• 5. Harmaphrodite.5. Harmaphrodite.

• EXAM : 1. EXAM : 1. Neomenia carinata.Neomenia carinata.

• CLASS : MONOPLACOPHORACLASS : MONOPLACOPHORA

• 1. Shell made up of single plate.1. Shell made up of single plate.

• 2. Mantle cavity with 5 / 6 gills.2. Mantle cavity with 5 / 6 gills.

• 3. Radula +3. Radula +

• 4. 6 pairs nephridia +4. 6 pairs nephridia +

• 5. Sexes separate.5. Sexes separate.

• EXAM : 1. EXAM : 1. Neopilina galatheae.Neopilina galatheae.

• CLASS : POLYPLACOPHORACLASS : POLYPLACOPHORA

• 1. Shell made up of 8 plates.1. Shell made up of 8 plates.

• 2. Dorsoventrally flattened body.2. Dorsoventrally flattened body.

• 3. Trochophore larva +3. Trochophore larva +

• EXAM : 1, EXAM : 1, Chiton tuberlatus.Chiton tuberlatus.

• CLASS : SCAPHOPODACLASS : SCAPHOPODA

• 1.Tubular shell opens at both ends.1.Tubular shell opens at both ends.

• 2. Foot conical.2. Foot conical.

• 3. Mouth with radula and tentacles.3. Mouth with radula and tentacles.

• 4. Trochophore larva +4. Trochophore larva +

• EXAM : EXAM : 1.Dentalium verneda.1.Dentalium verneda.

• CLASS : GASTROPODACLASS : GASTROPODA

• 1. Body is asymmetrical.1. Body is asymmetrical.

• 2. Body is coiled shell of one olate.2. Body is coiled shell of one olate.

• 3. Head is well developed with 3. Head is well developed with radula.radula.

• 4. Foot is large and flat.4. Foot is large and flat.

• EXAM : EXAM : 1.Pila globosa1.Pila globosa..

• CLASS : BIVALVIACLASS : BIVALVIA

• 1. Shell is of two lateral valves.1. Shell is of two lateral valves.

• 2. Mantle two lobed.2. Mantle two lobed.

• 3. Head is reduced.3. Head is reduced.

• 4. Mouth with labial palps.4. Mouth with labial palps.

• 5. No radula.5. No radula.

• 6. Gills are plate like.6. Gills are plate like.

• EXAM : 1. EXAM : 1. Lamellidens marginalis.Lamellidens marginalis.

• CLASS : CEPHALOPODACLASS : CEPHALOPODA

• 1. Head is well developed.1. Head is well developed.

• 2. Shell reduced / remain inside / 2. Shell reduced / remain inside / absent.absent.

• 3. Feet modified into siphon.3. Feet modified into siphon.

• 3. Development Direct.3. Development Direct.

• EXAM : 1EXAM : 1. Octopus vulgaris. Octopus vulgaris..

PHYLUM : ECHINODERMATAPHYLUM : ECHINODERMATA

• CHARACTERSCHARACTERS

• 1. Body unsegmented.1. Body unsegmented.

• 2. Radial / pentamerous symmetry.2. Radial / pentamerous symmetry.

• 3. Spines on the body.3. Spines on the body.

• 4. Locomotion by tube feet.4. Locomotion by tube feet.

• 5. Water vascular system +5. Water vascular system +

• 6. All are marine.6. All are marine.

• EXAM : 1. EXAM : 1. Asterias rubens.Asterias rubens.

• CLASS : CRiNOIDEACLASS : CRiNOIDEA

• 1. Body cup like with calyx.1. Body cup like with calyx.

• 2. Arms branched.2. Arms branched.

• 3. Open ambulacral grooves.3. Open ambulacral grooves.

• 4. No madreporite.4. No madreporite.

• 5. Mouth and anus are on the oral 5. Mouth and anus are on the oral surface.surface.

• EXAM : EXAM : 1.Antedon bifida.1.Antedon bifida.

• CLASS : CONCENTRICYCLOIDEACLASS : CONCENTRICYCLOIDEA

• 1. Body disc like with marginal 1. Body disc like with marginal spines.spines.

• 2. No arms 2. No arms

• 3. No anus.3. No anus.

• 4. Gut + / -4. Gut + / -

• EXAM : 1. EXAM : 1. Xyloplax medusiformis.Xyloplax medusiformis.

• CLASS : ASTEROIDEACLASS : ASTEROIDEA

• 1. Body star shaped.1. Body star shaped.

• 2. Open ambulacral groove.2. Open ambulacral groove.

• 3. Tube feet is on oral side.3. Tube feet is on oral side.

• 4. Aboral anus and madreporite.4. Aboral anus and madreporite.

• EXAM : 1EXAM : 1. Asterias rubens.. Asterias rubens.

• CLASS : OPHIUROIDEACLASS : OPHIUROIDEA

• 1. Body star shaped.1. Body star shaped.

• 2. Closed ambulacral grooves.2. Closed ambulacral grooves.

• 3. Tube feet + but is not used for 3. Tube feet + but is not used for locomotion.locomotion.

• 4. No anus .4. No anus .

• 5 No pedicellariae.5 No pedicellariae.

• EXAM : 1. EXAM : 1. Ophiderma.Ophiderma.

• CLASS ; ECHINOIDEACLASS ; ECHINOIDEA

• 1. Body covered by calcareous shell.1. Body covered by calcareous shell.

• 2. No arms .2. No arms .

• 3. Closed ambulacral grooves. 3. Closed ambulacral grooves.

• 4. Tube feet with suckers.4. Tube feet with suckers.

• 5. Pedicellariae +5. Pedicellariae +

• EXAM : 1. EXAM : 1. Echinus esculentus.Echinus esculentus.

• CLASS : HOLOTHUROIDEACLASS : HOLOTHUROIDEA

• 1. Body tubular / cucumber like.1. Body tubular / cucumber like.

• 2. Bilaterally symmetrical.2. Bilaterally symmetrical.

• 3. Tube feet with sucker. 3. Tube feet with sucker.

• 4. Closed ambulacral groove.4. Closed ambulacral groove.

• 5. Pedicellariae -5. Pedicellariae -

• EXAM : 1. EXAM : 1. frondo Cucumariasafrondo Cucumariasa..

PHYLUM : CHORDATAPHYLUM : CHORDATA

• CHARACTERSCHARACTERS

• 1. Notochord +1. Notochord +

• 2. Nerve cord +2. Nerve cord +

• 3. Gill slits +3. Gill slits +

• 4. Permanently bilateral symmetry.4. Permanently bilateral symmetry.

• 5. Tail may / may not persist.5. Tail may / may not persist.

• 6. Closed blood vascular system.6. Closed blood vascular system.

• EXAM : 1EXAM : 1. Homo sapiens. Homo sapiens..

SUB-PHYLUM : SUB-PHYLUM : UROCHORDATAUROCHORDATA• CHARACTERS CHARACTERS

• 1. Body is incased in a semi 1. Body is incased in a semi transparent transparent

• test.test.

• 2. Larvae freeliving and sessile.2. Larvae freeliving and sessile.

• 3. Notochord is found in larval stage.3. Notochord is found in larval stage.

• 4. Marine , solitary / colonial.4. Marine , solitary / colonial.

• EXAM : 1. EXAM : 1. Ascidia andamensis.Ascidia andamensis.

• CLASS : ASCIDIACEACLASS : ASCIDIACEA

• 1. Body bag / sac like.1. Body bag / sac like.

• 2. Tunic is thick.2. Tunic is thick.

• 3. Many gills slits +3. Many gills slits +

• 4. In adult notochord degenerates.4. In adult notochord degenerates.

• EXAM : 1EXAM : 1. Ascidia andamensis.. Ascidia andamensis.

• CLASS : APPENDICULAREACLASS : APPENDICULAREA

• 1. Floating and free swimming 1. Floating and free swimming tunicates.tunicates.

• 2. Gill-slits 1 pair.2. Gill-slits 1 pair.

• 3. No atriopore.3. No atriopore.

• EXAM : 1EXAM : 1. Oikopluora albicans.. Oikopluora albicans.

• CLASS : SORBERACEACLASS : SORBERACEA• 1. All features of ascidians are +1. All features of ascidians are +• EXAM : 1. EXAM : 1. Octonemus ingolfi.Octonemus ingolfi.• CLASS : THALIACEACLASS : THALIACEA• 1. Body contains muscles.1. Body contains muscles.• 2. Tunic is thin and transparent.2. Tunic is thin and transparent.• 3. Mouth pore and atriopore are on 3. Mouth pore and atriopore are on

the opposite side. the opposite side. • EXAM : 1. Doliolum danticulatum.EXAM : 1. Doliolum danticulatum.

SUB- PHYLUM : SUB- PHYLUM : CEPHALOCHORDATACEPHALOCHORDATA

• CHARACRTERSCHARACRTERS

• 1. Notochord and nerve cord + 1. Notochord and nerve cord + along the entire body and persists along the entire body and persists through out life.through out life.

• 2. Gill- slits many.2. Gill- slits many.

• 3. Atriopore in the front of the anus.3. Atriopore in the front of the anus.

• 4. Oralhood with oralcirri.4. Oralhood with oralcirri.

• EXAM : 1. EXAM : 1. Branchiostoma Branchiostoma lanceolatum.lanceolatum.

SUB- PHYLUM : SUB- PHYLUM : VERTEBRATAVERTEBRATA• CLASS : MYXINICLASS : MYXINI

• 1. Body eel like .1. Body eel like .

• 2. Skin nacked.2. Skin nacked.

• 3. Mouth placed terminally.3. Mouth placed terminally.

• 4. 4 pairs of tentacles + in the mouth.4. 4 pairs of tentacles + in the mouth.

• 5. 5-15 pairs of gill pouches +5. 5-15 pairs of gill pouches +

• EXAM : 1. EXAM : 1. Myxine glutinosa.Myxine glutinosa.

• CLASS : CEPHALASPIDOMORPHICLASS : CEPHALASPIDOMORPHI

• 1. Body eel like and slender.1. Body eel like and slender.

• 2. Skin naked .2. Skin naked .

• 3. Sucker like oral disc +3. Sucker like oral disc +

• 4. Teeth well developed.4. Teeth well developed.

• 5. 7 pairs of gill pouches +5. 7 pairs of gill pouches +

• EXAM : 1. EXAM : 1. Petromyzon marinus.Petromyzon marinus.

• CLASS : CHONDRICHTHYESCLASS : CHONDRICHTHYES

• 1. Endoskeleton cartilagenous.1. Endoskeleton cartilagenous.

• 2. Skin with placoid scales.2. Skin with placoid scales.

• 3. Tail heterocircal.3. Tail heterocircal.

• 4. Mouth is ventral.4. Mouth is ventral.

• 5. 5-7 pairs gills +5. 5-7 pairs gills +

• EXAM : 1. EXAM : 1. Scoliodon sorrakowahScoliodon sorrakowah..

CLASS : OSTEICHTHYESCLASS : OSTEICHTHYES

1. Bony endoskeleton.1. Bony endoskeleton.

2. Paired / unpaired fins +2. Paired / unpaired fins +

3. Homocircal tail.3. Homocircal tail.

4. Scales are cycloid / ctenoid / 4. Scales are cycloid / ctenoid / ganoid .ganoid .

5. Gills are covered with operculum.5. Gills are covered with operculum.

6. Swim blader +6. Swim blader +

EXAM : 1. EXAM : 1. Labeo ruhita.Labeo ruhita.

• CLASS : AMPHIBIACLASS : AMPHIBIA

• 1. Amphibiotic animal.1. Amphibiotic animal.

• 2. Skin moist and naked.2. Skin moist and naked.

• 3. Heart 3 chambered.3. Heart 3 chambered.

• 4. Ectothermic / poikilothermic.4. Ectothermic / poikilothermic.

• 5. Respiration by gills / skin / lungs / b. 5. Respiration by gills / skin / lungs / b. pharynx.pharynx.

• EXAM : 1. EXAM : 1. Bufo melanostictusBufo melanostictus

• CLASS : REPTILIACLASS : REPTILIA

• 1. Skin dry.1. Skin dry.

• 2. Walking by chest.2. Walking by chest.

• 3. Heart incomplitely 4 chambered.3. Heart incomplitely 4 chambered.

• 4. Ectothermic / poikilothermal.4. Ectothermic / poikilothermal.

• 5. No larval stage.5. No larval stage.

• 6. Respiration by lungs.6. Respiration by lungs.

• EXAM : 1EXAM : 1. Naja naja. Naja naja

• CLASS : AVESCLASS : AVES• 1. Body is covered by feathers.1. Body is covered by feathers.• 2. Fore limb is modified into wings.2. Fore limb is modified into wings.• 3. Jaws modified into beak.3. Jaws modified into beak.• 4. Bones hollow.4. Bones hollow.• 5. Endothermic / Homoiothermal.5. Endothermic / Homoiothermal.• 6. Heart 4 chambered.6. Heart 4 chambered.• 7. Air sacs +7. Air sacs +• EXAM : 1EXAM : 1. Corvus splendens.. Corvus splendens.

• CLASS : MAMMALIACLASS : MAMMALIA• 1. Body covered with hairs.1. Body covered with hairs.• 2. Youngs nourished with milk.2. Youngs nourished with milk.• 3. Teeth diphyodont / Heterodont / 3. Teeth diphyodont / Heterodont /

Thecodont.Thecodont.• 4. Diapharagm +4. Diapharagm +• 5. Endothermic / Homoiothermal.5. Endothermic / Homoiothermal.• 6. Testis is in scotum.6. Testis is in scotum.• 7. Heart 4 chambered.7. Heart 4 chambered.• 8 . 12 pairs cranial nerves .8 . 12 pairs cranial nerves .• EXAM : 1. EXAM : 1. Homo sapiensHomo sapiens..