biodiversity part 1/2

8/8/2019 Biodiversity Part 1/2

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EARLIEST:

Carl Linnaeus Proposed Binomial System Of Nomenclature

2 kingdom system introduced by Aristotle

FOUR KINGDOM:

Stanier and van Niel

FIVE KINGDOM:

Robert Whittaker(proposed) BUT L.Margulis AND Schwartz (modified)

1. Monera Prokaryotae and 4 Eukaryote Kingdoms2. Protista Prototista3. Fungi4. Plantae5. Animalia

Summary:

Linnaeus

1735[17]

2 kingdoms

Haeckel

1866[18]

3 kingdoms

Chatton

1925[19][20]

2 empires

Copeland

1938[21][22]

4 kingdoms

Whittaker

1969[4]

5 kingdoms

Woese et al.

1977[5][23]

6 kingdoms

Woese et al.

1990[24]

3 domains

Cavalier-Smith

2004[9]

6 kingdoms

(not treated) Protista

ProkaryotaMonera Monera

Eubacteria Bacteria

Bacteria

Archaebacteria Archaea

Eukaryota

Protoctista

Protista

Protista

Eukarya

Protozoa

Chromista

Vegetabilia

Plantae

Fungi Fungi Fungi

Plantae

Plantae

Plantae

Plantae

Animalia

Animalia

Animalia

Animalia

Animalia

Animalia


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Hierarchy Of Groups Of Organisms.-

o

xoo

y

* o pst

x p / t

x n s

FORE WE GO ANY FURTHER,FIRST WE LEARN A OUT

IRUSFOR REVENTING

ONFUSION

VirusesW y !

"

! s # o"

! #

c$ %

&

'

&

! #

(

$

) ss ! f! c)"

! o # OfFive 0 ingdo 1 s?

2 ec) % se of3

4

5 Non- 6 iving7

8 Itis co 9 p 6 ex @ ssociation A etween9 ainly p B oteinandnucleic acidCh

C

D

C

E teD F G

tF E G

Of VF D

u G e G

y Vary in size,normally smallerH I x than P acteriay Can pass through fine filtersy Can Q emutated orreproduced/undergo replicationy Specific to theirhosty No cytoplasm, organelles and plasmamembraney Canbe crystalisedy ContaineitherRNA or DNA as theirgenetic materialy Its nucleic acid surroundedbyProte R n Coat (capsid)composed of S ap T omere T


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eUV. O

W

retrovirus known as HIX

virus (contain enzyme reverse transcri V tase to catalysesW

ormation oW

Y

NAW

rom

RNA)

X

irus Reproduction Cycle (LYTIC CYCLE)

Firstly, hage invades host cell. Then, the tail sheath contracts and a NA injected into host cell. Later, host a NA

broke down by the b hage enzyme and its cell metabolic activities have been taken over. Fourthly, new b hages

produced along b rotein coats. Lastly, b hages b roduce lysozyme to digest the cell membrane (the b rocess called as

cell lysis)..and the b hages are trans b orted out and inc

ect other cells d

KINGDOM PROKARYOTAEy Organism inside called as prokaryotesy Has 2 e rou f s: Eubg h t i rig [bacteria and cyanobacteria (blue-green algae) ]

Ar p q r s br p

ts rir [ halo t hilicu

salt-loving, thermoacidic t hilicu

heat-acid loving bacteria ]

Ev amtle o

w

trokaryotes: Escherichia coli (food poisoning)


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Characteristics xy

Prokaryotes

y Unicellulary Have circular NA without histoney No membranous organellesy 70S ribosomey Cell wall containing o murein e tidoglycany Can be Gram-Positive large amount o murein that tra s a violet dye

Gram-Negative less murein but with another outer li o rotein membrane with

li o olysaccharides that stained red

y Has mesosomes or res irationy No mitochondrionno mitosis or meiosisno s indle ormationy Some have membrane olded or nitrogen fixation, e : Rhizobium, Nostoc

Nostoc: containing heterocyte that hel s

or nitrogen

i ation but not

or hotosynthesis

y Multi le sha es i)s herical (cocci)

streptococcus

or scarlet

ever

ii)rod-sha ed(bacilli)


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bacillus typhosus

or ty hoid cancer

iii)s iral (s irilla)

treponema

or syhilis

iv)comma-sha ed(vibrio)

vibrio cholerae

or cholera

KINGDOM PROTOCTISTAy Grou ing o eukaryotic organismsy Has 2 Subkingdoms

Algae

y has 5 hylums : chloro hyta, Phaeo hyta, Rhodo hyta, Bacillario hyta, Oomycotay photosynthetic thallusy have other photosynthetic pigments other than chlorophyll ay has great range o size and orms


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Phylum Chlorophyta (green) Phaeophyta (brown)

Dominant photosyntheticpigments

Chlorophyll Fuco anthin

Cell wall material Cellulose Alginic acid

Food reserve Insoluble Starch Soluble manthin and laminarin

Presence o

lagella (2/4) Some yes, some noj

esDistribution Freshwater marine

Shape or Forms Unicellular,

k

ilamentous, thalloidand colonial

Filamentous or thalloid

Examples Chlamydomonas, Spirogyra,Chollerae Laminaria, Fucus

Protozoa

y unicellulary no tissue organisationy movement by using l alse l eet, cilia or l lagella


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y Autotrophic orheterotrophicy Has m n hylums o Rhizopoda,Ciliophora, Zoomastigina

Ph

um h zopoda Ciliophora Zoomastigina

hape Irregular Definite Definite

u leus only

(macro andmicro)

utrition Heterotrophic Heterotrophic Heterotrophic

ocomotion Method Amoeboid

(pseudopodia)

Cilia Flagella

eproduction z inary Fission,Sporulation

z inary fission(transverse),conjugation

Multiple/longitudinalfission

Example

Amoeba P{ oteus Pa{ ameciumcaudatum Euglena


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KINGDOM FUNGIy Mycelium body from hyphae (fine filaments)y No chlorophyllno photosynthesisy Heterotrophic nutritiony Chitin forms cell wally Food storage glycogen granule

-lipid droplets

y No cilia| flagellay Ase } ual sporesy Se~ ual conjugation, ascospores, basidiosporesy Hyphae maybe septate

-non-septate co ocytic(fungal tissue not

Iffor parasitic fungi haustoria separated from cell walls)

Phylum ZygomycotaA

scomycota BasidiomycotaPresence

Septa inhyphae

absent present Present

Asexual Reproduction Formation in Conidia,spores in sporangia

Conidia Usually rarelyoccur(

spores)

Sexual Reproduction Conjugation Ascospores by ascus Basidiospores by basidia

Examples Mucor, Rhizo u

east( ccharo yces),

Penici iu

Agaricus(mushroom)

Charateristics

Zygomycota

y Mucor (pin mould)damp soilsy Rhizopus (black bread mould)y Chitinous Cell wall around hyphaey Are saprotrophs (which obtain nutrients from dead organic compounds)y E crete hydrolytic enzymes to e ternal resources and digest e ternallyy Rate ofspore formation depends on 1. temperature

2. air humidity

3. food source


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KI GDOM P ANTAEy Autotrophic eukaryotesy Multicellular containing chlorophylly Enclosedby cellulose cellwall + vacuolewithtonoplast surroundingaround.y If for parasitic plant,they losttheirability to photosynthesise.y Has types of phylum:

( ) Ph

lum B

roph

ta

y Thallus (differentiated) bodyy Anchoredinthe substrateby rhizoidshaploid, filamentous outgrowths ofthegametophyte,roots are

diploid

y Do nothavetrue stems. Leaves,rootsy Oftenlivein crackofrocks,barks oftrees,damp and shady placesto enablethemto toleratedesiccation

by producingresistant spores andalso forreproduction process: swimming

y No truevascular system (xylemand phloem)y has three classes whichareHep c e, c andHornworts


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AlternationOf Generations inlife cycle of plants

Characteristics epaticae (liverworts) Musci (mosses)

O

erallshape rostateleaf-like structure Uprightminiature plant-likestructure

ize bigger smaller

hizoids unicellular Multicellular

Capsule ofsporoph

tes Splitinto fourto release spores With operculumand special control

Presence of laters resent Absent

examplesMarchantiapolymorpha,

Pellia

Funaria, Mnium, Sphagnum


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(II) Phylum Filicinophyta (Ferns)

y e hibit the Alternation OfGenerationsy Dominant visible generation diploid sporophytesy has true stem, leaves and rootsy has only tracheids and sieve tubesy grows in shady and damp habitatsy has common class : Filicinae

Class Filicinae1. has large comple leaves( fronds ) with wa y cuticle called as Tracheophytesto reduce water loss and

provide mechanical support and transport material efficiently between root-leaves

2. underground rhizome stem3. adventitious rootsmany, fine fibrous4. homosporous sporesone type ofspores5. cluster ofsporangia calledSori and protected by indusium.6. E amples : Dryoteris Pteridium


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(III) Phylum Coni

erophyta

y Dominant visible generation diploid sporophytesy Reproductive organs conesy Do not need water as medium for fertilisation because they produce polleny E hibit the Alternation OfGeneratioms

LIFE CYCLE OF CONIFERS

Firstly, produce heterosporous ( megaspores and microspores)

1) Megaspores(2n) will divide to form egg-containing female gametophyte (n)2) Male cones contain microspore mother cell and produces 4 microspores(n) and released as pollen grains3) The microspores will be transported with assistance ofwinds to reach the female cone, the microspores will

divide to form male gametophyte

4) The male gamete will travel down towards female gametophyte in ovule and fertilisation occurs5) Sporophytes embryo(2n) will be developed and released as winged seed.


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(I

) Phylum Angiospermophyta

y Have true flowersy Are seed-bearing plantsy The seed is enclosed in a fruit formed from an ovaryy After fertilisation, OVULESEEDS , OVAR FRUITy Has 2 classes: dicotyledonae and monocotyledonaey Dominant visible generation diploid lowering planty Contains ylem tissue: tracheids and ylem vessels ANDphloem: companion cells and sieve tubes

ASPECTS DIC TYLED NAE MONOCOTYLEDONAE

SEED 2 1

FLOWERS y 4 or 5 or multiples floral partsy 2 distinct whorls: outer sepals

and inner petals

y Often insect-pollinated

y 3 or multiples floral partsy 2 similar whorlsy Often wind-pollinated

LEAV

EV

EINS Net-like or branching Usually parallelSTEMS y Vascular bundle in ring formy Distinct corte and pithy Has vascular cambium

y Scattered Vascular bundley Non-Distinct corte and pithy No vascular cambium

ROOTS Tap root system Fibrous root system

SECONDARYGROWTH

oody or Herbaceous Never woody

EXAMPLES Hibiscus, rose, sunflower, buttercup

(Ranunculus)

Grasses, orchids, Titicum

(w eat)


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LHS: Structure ofhibiscus which is dicotyledonous flower

RHS: Structure ofgrass which is a monocotyledonous flower

biodiversity part 1/2

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