Biodiversity TestReview

Biodiversity• Why important• Definition• 3 types• Genetic• Species• Richness• Evenness

• Ecosystem

• How does human development (building stuff) affect Biodiversity?• Where does diversity come from? (result of what)• If can’t adapt, what happens to species

Niche• Fundamental• Realized

Natural Selection & Evolution• Process - traits (through adaptations / mututions) that

allow an organism to survive and reproduce• Artificial Selection• Humans are breeding for desired traits• Faster than natural selection• Can result in “resistance” ex: bacteria that come resistant

to antibiotics

• Genetic drift, bottle neck, and founders effect• All 3 – small populations (regardless of cause) have less

genetic diversity – smaller gene pool – less biodiversity• More uniformity • But more vulnerable

Natural Selection & Evolution• Must have genotype in gene pool before it can be

expressed – one reason biodiversity is important• Large pop – has __larger gene pool – _more_ stable• But small pop can change more quickly

• Pace of Evolution• environmental change – fast or slow• Genetic variation (gene pool) – a lot or little• Pop size – large or small• Generation (reproduce) time – quicker or slower

Species• Keystone• Indicator• Generalist• Specialist• Introduced• Native• Non-native• Invasive• Exotic• K vs r

Laws• Endangered Species Act• CITES – Convention on International Trade of

Endangered Species• Taylor Grazing Act• Lacey Act• Marine Mammal Protection Act• NEPA – National Environmental Policy Act• EIS – Environmental Impact Statement

Loss of Biodiversity• HIPPCO• H = • I = • P =• P =• C =• O =

Invasive Species• Give 3 examples• Why are they a problem• Characteristics of an Invasive Species• Characteristics of a ecosystem vulnerable to Invasive

Species

Extinction• Give several examples• Why are the in danger

• Characteristics that make species vulnerable • What is 6th mass extinction• Why is fossil record incomplete

• Which animals are most at risk

Forests• Logging Timber• Clear cutting• Selective cutting• Strip Cutting• Tree plantations

• Can you log in National Forests• Does govt make money?

• Who manages Nation Forests?• What goals• Fire Policy

Rangeland• Who manages• Goals• Can ranchers graze cattle• Does fed govt make money

• What are risks of overgrazing

National Parks• Who Manages• Goals• What use allowed

National Wildlife Refuges• Who manages• Goals• What use allowed

National Wilderness Area• Who manages• Goals• Allowed use

Size, Shape, Connectedness of Protected areas

• Island of Biogeography• Does it apply to land• Corridors • What are they, are they needed, what benefit

• Fragmentation• Edge Habitat• Beneficial?

• Biosphere Reserves

Protect• Focus on species or habitat• Human demands on resources

• Restoration• Remediation• Mitigation

• Prevention vs restoration

Sustainable Use• Externalities

• Maximum sustainable yield

• Tragedy of the Commons

Residence land is expanding

• Fastest growing• Urban sprawl• Urban blight• Zoning• Smart growth

• Eminent Domain