biofilms – ancient life in breweries
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Research Institute for Beer and Beverage Production of VLB Berlin (FiBGP) – Dr.‐Ing. R. Pahl
Biofilms – ancient life in breweries
Dr. Roland Pahl
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Research Institute for Beer and Beverage Production of VLB Berlin (FiBGP) – Dr.‐Ing. R. Pahl
• A biofilm is an assemblage of microbial cells that is irreversibly associated (not removed by gentle rinsing) with a surface and enclosed in a matrix of primarily polysaccharide material.Biofilms: Microbial Life on Surfaces, R. M. Donlan
• Oldest fossils ever found: Biofilms 3.2 billion years of agehttps://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biofilm
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Research Institute for Beer and Beverage Production of VLB Berlin (FiBGP) – Dr.‐Ing. R. Pahl
Biofilm growth
1. Initial attachment2. Irreversible attachment
3. Maturation I4. Maturation II5. Dispersion
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Research Institute for Beer and Beverage Production of VLB Berlin (FiBGP) – Dr.‐Ing. R. Pahl
„who“ lives in a biofilm?
• Formation of a biofilm begins with the attachment of free-floating (airborne) microorganisms to a surface (“Pioneer” organisms)
• Biofilms can contain many different types ofmicroorganisms, e.g. bacteria, archaea, protozoa, fungi(yeast and mold) and algae
• The majority of microorganisms forms biofilms as a symbiotic community, each group performs specializedmetabolic functions
• Biofilm covers itself in slime
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Research Institute for Beer and Beverage Production of VLB Berlin (FiBGP) – Dr.‐Ing. R. Pahl
Example for Biofilm: dental plaque
Source: google picture search „dental plaque“
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Research Institute for Beer and Beverage Production of VLB Berlin (FiBGP) – Dr.‐Ing. R. Pahl
Example for Biofilm: cellar area
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Research Institute for Beer and Beverage Production of VLB Berlin (FiBGP) – Dr.‐Ing. R. Pahl
Example for Biofilm: product line
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Research Institute for Beer and Beverage Production of VLB Berlin (FiBGP) – Dr.‐Ing. R. Pahl
Example for Biofilm: bottling line
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Research Institute for Beer and Beverage Production of VLB Berlin (FiBGP) – Dr.‐Ing. R. Pahl
Can Biofilms harm the brewer?
Surface
Anaerobic germs
EPS and random MO
O2
H+
Matrix
Yes.
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Research Institute for Beer and Beverage Production of VLB Berlin (FiBGP) – Dr.‐Ing. R. Pahl
Beer spoilage is not harmful for health
but…
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Research Institute for Beer and Beverage Production of VLB Berlin (FiBGP) – Dr.‐Ing. R. Pahl
Important questions
• What grows where• What grows when• After what time occur changes• How is the influence of
– Climate– Product being filled– Cleaning system– Cleaning agents– Cleaning frequency– matrix effects
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Research Institute for Beer and Beverage Production of VLB Berlin (FiBGP) – Dr.‐Ing. R. Pahl
General Idea of Biofilm breeding:
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Research Institute for Beer and Beverage Production of VLB Berlin (FiBGP) – Dr.‐Ing. R. Pahl
Simulating an uncleaned area (a blind spot of cleaning)
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Research Institute for Beer and Beverage Production of VLB Berlin (FiBGP) – Dr.‐Ing. R. Pahl
Ergebnisse
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Research Institute for Beer and Beverage Production of VLB Berlin (FiBGP) – Dr.‐Ing. R. Pahl
Biofilms – Only a hygienic Issue?• Microbial influenced corrosion (MIC) or biocorrosion:• It is estimated, that 20 % of all corrosion damages of metals
and other materials are influenced by microorganisms and cause costs of several billions per year [2]
• MIC is not a “new” mechanism of corrosion, but a factor which influences corrosion together with abiotic processes [2]
• MIC mostly results through the adhesion of a biofilm on a metal surface [3]
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Research Institute for Beer and Beverage Production of VLB Berlin (FiBGP) – Dr.‐Ing. R. Pahl
Mechanisms of MIC (examples)• Biofilm on a surface: Altering of the electrochemical conditions between
surface and fluid. In a biofilm the diffusion of O2 , nutrients and salts is decreased, which leads to the formation of gradients and changes in the redox potential [3].
• Aerobic MO are consuming oxygen and therefore forming areas of low‐oxygen which are acting anodic and lead to corrosion [2]
• Sulfate reducing bacteria are forming H2S which is highly corrosive [2]• Production of acids (e.g. acetic acid) [2]• The EPS layers of biofilms are containing uronic acids which are able to
bond metallic cations and therefore change the electrochemical potential [3]
• Examples of MO involved in MIC: Thiobacillus thiooxidans, Gallionella, Clostridium, Disulvovibrio thermophilus, Pseudomonas, Lactobacillus delbrueckii [4]
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Research Institute for Beer and Beverage Production of VLB Berlin (FiBGP) – Dr.‐Ing. R. Pahl
MIC Trials
Massive biofilm growth on a metal surface ( example: zinc coated low‐quality steel – not state of the art in breweries)
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Research Institute for Beer and Beverage Production of VLB Berlin (FiBGP) – Dr.‐Ing. R. Pahl
MIC Trials
• Material removal: up to 40 % (plate thickness)
• Roughness: Ra 0,13 μm (before); Ra 1,22 μm (after)
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Research Institute for Beer and Beverage Production of VLB Berlin (FiBGP) – Dr.‐Ing. R. Pahl
MIC Trials – SEM / EDX Analysis
EDX Analysis:
Before growth: Zn was theelement detected the most / no Fe detected
After growth: Fe was theelement detected the most / no Zn detected
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Thanks for your attention!!
VLB BerlinResearch Institute for Beer & Beverage ProductionSeestrasse 1313353 BerlinGermany
pahl@vlb‐berlin.orgwww.vlb‐berlin.org