Dal Pastro Filippo 1035010

Marsullo Matteo 1035499

Strada Marco 1039963

Zandarin Simone 1041186

Objective Substitute 10% of Italian petrol by mean of non-fossil energy.

Comparison between two alternatives

Substitution of the Italian car fleet

Non-substitution of the Italian car fleet

Bases of comparison

Environmental aspect

Economic aspect

Energetic aspect

Aims Until 26th April

Preliminary analysis biodiesel

Preliminary analysis electric car

Data search for LCA biodiesel

Data search thermoeconomic analysis

Until 14th May (II presentation) LCA biodiesel

Thermoeconomic analysis biodiesel

Data search electric car

14th June (III presentation) LCA electric car

Final results and conclusions

Preliminary Analysis Biodiesel Annual consumption (2012)

[t/year]

Petrol+ bioethanol 8,38E+06

Petrol 7,96E+06

Diesel + biodiesel 2,48E+07

Diesel 2,36E+07

Biodiesel 1,24E+06

GPL automotive 1,35E+06

Car fleet 2012

Petrol 20163157

Diesel 14484902

GPL 1776255

Total 36424314

Petrol 55%

Diesel 40%

GPL 5%

Petrol 24%

Diesel 72%

GPL 4%

Sources: Ministero dello Sviluppo Economico (website), ACI (website)

Results

Total energy from fossil fuel 1,46E+12 MJ/year

Energy source to replace with non-fossil fuel 1,46E+11 MJ/year

Distance traveled with such energy 7,06E+10 km/year

Quantity of fuel to cover 7,06E+10 Km/year

diesel 3,29E+06 t_diesel/year

biodiesel 3,85E+06 t_BD/year

→ 3,85E+06 t_BD/year

Mixture calculation t/year

New diesel quantity 2,03E+07

New biodiesel quantity 5,09E+06

Mixture (%) 20,05

Yield oil into biodiesel 0,975 t_BD/t_oil

Yield land

rapeseed 1,15 t_oil/ha

sunflower 0,95 t_oil/ha

Land occupied

100% rapeseed 3429723,188 ha

100% sunflower 4151770,175 ha

80% rap - 20% sun 3574132,586 ha

Land currently occupied in Italy

Italian surface 3,00E+07 ha

Italian agricultural land 1,78E+07 ha

of which used (SAU) 1,27E+07 ha

Italian agricultural land to produce biodiesel → 20,08%

Source: Governo Italiano (website)

LCA Biodiesel - Goals & objectives

Functional unit: kgBD

System boundaries: Technological => rapeseed oil biodiesel

Ballestra production plant

200000 t/year

blend: B20

Geographical => Italy

Temporal => nowadays – 2020

10 years plant life

Data category: secondary

LCA Biodiesel - Inventory Analysis

LCA Biodiesel – Air Emissions

Nearly Carbon Neutral (see Carbon Balance)

LCA Biodiesel – CO2 Emissions

12%

12%

5%

2% 69%

Agricultural phase Oil extraction phase

Biodiesel production phase Transportation

Engine

Engine main source of CO2

LCA Biodiesel – Carbon Balance

Unitary operation gCO2eq/kgBD %

Agricultural phase -3234,28 -361,40 absorbed

Oil extraction 586,46 65,53 released

Biodiesel production 255,25 28,52 released

Trasportation 106,87 11,94 released

Use in engine 3180,63 355,41 released

Total 894,92 100

Emissions => Carbon balance

GWP indexes

• CO2 => 1 gCO2eq

• CH4 => 21 gCO2eq

• N2O => 310 gCO2eq

Impact categories

• C1 Greenhouse

• C6 Toxicity

• C7 Non-renewable resources consumption

LCA Biodiesel – Main Flows

Input (kg/kgBD)

Seeds 0,0049

Rapeseed oil 1,025

Methanol 0,141

Water 4319,65

Primary Energy 22,82 MJ/kgBD

Output (kg/kgBD)

Biodiesel 1

Glycerol 0,1026

Meal 1,639

Waste 2,461

CO2 0,895

Thermoeconomic Analysis: Flowsheet

Production: 50000 tBD/year

Operation: 8000 h/year

Thermoeconomic Analysis Exergetic Analysis

Data Mass flow, temperature and

pressure of each stream

Chemical exergy of each input substance

Results Exergetic value of each stream,

exergetic balances (definitions of fuel and product)

Irreversibilities indroduced by each component

𝐹𝑢𝑒𝑙 = 𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡 + 𝐼𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑏𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑦

Component Component Irreversibility [kJ]

A Pump 1 22,99

B Heat Exch 1 197,00

C Mixer 1 19,46

D Pump 2 25,36

E Mixer 2 252,60

F Reactor 5483,00

G Distillator 8,99

H Pump 3 299,40

I Pump 4 42,30

L Heat Exch 2 262,50

M Wash 114,00

N Distillation 1 1834,00

O Neutralization 48,62

P Distillation 2 350,30

Thermoeconomic Analysis Unit Costs Hypothesis:

Definition of the unit cost of each input

Energy cost: 10 c€/kWh

Steam cost: 1,15 c€/kg

Definition of the cost of each component

Use of postulates

𝑈𝑛𝑖𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡𝑘 ∙ 𝐸𝑥𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒𝑘𝑘 +𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑜𝑛𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡 𝑘 = 0

Stream Unit Costs [€/MJ]

1 2,02

2 2,021

3 2,024

4 0,76

5 1,88

6 0,7708

7 0,7794

8 1,565

9 2,104

10 2,1

11 2,272

12 2,1

13 2,102

14 2,102

15 0

16 2,106

17 2,123

18 2,123

19 2,123

20 2,106

21 2,29

22 2,112

23 2,316

24 2,316

Thermoeconomic Analysis Indicators Cost increases

∆𝐶 = 𝐶𝑃 − 𝐶𝐹 =𝑍

𝑃+ 𝐶𝐹 ∙

𝐼

𝑃

Component Increase of Cost (*10-8) Exergoeconomic Factor

Pump 1 1,71 0,2627 Heat Exch 1 6,59 0,1161

Mixer 1 10,83 0,004359

Pump 2 22,91 0,2441

Mixer 2 80,64 0,002945 Reactor 275,80 0,005045

Distillator 3,61 0,9209 Pump 3 299,50 0,01349

Pump 4 2,97 0,1622

Heat Exch 2 9,03 0,08971 Wash 3,40 0,08677

Distillation 67,45 0,02773 Neutralization 65,69 0,1067

Distillation 258,40 0,0473

Exergoeconomic factor

𝑓 =𝑍

𝑍 +𝐶𝐹∙𝐼

Preliminary Analysis Electric Car

Fuel quantity to

substitute with

electric energy

Substitution

with electric

energy

Electric energy

from fossil

sources

Electric energy

from renewable

sources

Fossil fuel

consumption Comes from

Thermoelectric

efficency (Italy):

η=0.42

- Grid losses

- Electric energy production in Italy - km/MJ electric car and ICE

(Internal Combustion Engine)

- Efficiency of the batteries

Y

X

Preliminary Analysis Electric Car Data

Battery Efficiency: 95%

Fuel consumption => Electric cars = 1,634 km/MJ

=> ICE = 0,485 km/MJ

Grid losses: 6%

Thermoelectric efficiency (Italy): 42%

Electricity production in Italy

Non-renewable sources: 74,9%

Renewable sources: 25,1%

Sources: previous courses, ACI (website)

Preliminary Analysis Electric Car Calculation

𝑇 − 𝑌 + 𝑋 = 0,9 ∙ 𝑇

𝑌 =0,42 ∙ 0,94 ∙ 0,95 ∙ 2,063

0,749 ∙ 0,612∙ 𝑋

X = fossilfuelconsumption in powerplants (%)

Y = totalfuelquantity to substitute (%)

T = totalfuelenergyconsumption (100%)

Results

𝑋 = 14,53𝒀 = 𝟐𝟒, 𝟓𝟑

Preliminary Analysis Electric Car

Hypothesis: substitution of about 25% of the private Italian car fleet.

Note that 60% of the Italian drivers covers less than 30 km per day: this distance can be easily done with an electric car that uses batteries that are already sold.

Preliminary Analysis Electric Car

0

0,5

1

1,5

2

2,5

3

2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013

Mil

lio

ns

of

cars

Year

Registrations

Substitution: time

Preliminary Analysis Electric Car

Hypothesis: 2 millions of cars substituted per year Cases: 1. All the new registered cars are electric => 4,55 years

2. 50% of the new registered cars per year are electric => 9,11 years

3. 25% of the new registered cars per year are electric => 18,21 years

4. 15% of the new registered cars per year are electric => 30,35 years

Task to be completed

Electric cars:

Economic analysis:

Evaluation of the costs for substitution

Environmental analysis

LCA

THANK YOU FOR THE ATTENTION

GRAZIE PER L’ATTENZIONE

LHV [MJ/kg] Density [kg/l]

Petrol 43,6 0,725

Diesel 44,4 0,825

GPL 46,1 0,525

Biodiesel 38 0,88

Average consumption of MCI

km/l km/kg km/MJ MJ/km

Petrol 15,3 21,103 0,484 2,066

Diesel 17,7 21,455 0,483 2,069

GPL 12,3 23,429 0,508 1,968

mean 15,1 21,996 0,492 2,034

Weighted mean of car on the road 0,485 2,063

Source: ACI (website)

LCA Biodiesel - Inventory Analysis

input kg/ha MJ/kgBD kg/kgBD

water 800000 4310

total primary energy 8,82

fossil energy 8,21

fuel 116,5 0,1371

lubricating oil 3,6 0,0042

seeds 4,15 0,0049

fertilizer and weed killer 175,66 0,2067

output kg/ha kg/kgBD

seeds 2445 2,876

crop residues 4800 5,647

waste 0,446

Agricultural phase

LCA Biodiesel - Inventory Analysis Oil extraction

phase

input kg/h MJ/kgBD kg/tseeds kg/kgoil kg/kgBD

water 311 3,28 0,008 7,51

total primary energy 6,2

fossil energy 6,2

hexane 191 2,02 0,005 0,0051

steam 13584 143,5 0,357 0,3679

air 317,5 3,35 0,008 0,0085

output kg/h kg/tseeds kg/kgBD

meal 60515 639,356 1,639

stack gas 7972 84,226 0,216

excess steam (hexane) 2467 26,064 0,067

waste water 3093 32,678 0,084

skins 6702 70,808 0,182

gums 579 6,117 0,016

waste 1,98

Input from agricultural phase kg/h

seeds 94697

Output to biodiesel production kg/h

oil mixture 70438

crude seed oil 37973

LCA Biodiesel - Inventory Analysis Biodiesel production

phase input kg/h MJ/kgBD kg/kgBD

water 2,14

total primary energy 6,48

fossil energy 6,48

caustic solution 9,5% 252,09 0,038

methanol 940,17 0,141

output kg/h kg/kgBD

glycerol 2716 0,1026

recovered methanol 2527 0,0955

methanol steam 3378 0,1276

sodium methoxide 252,71 0,0095

hydrocloric acid (sol 10%) 792,26 0,0299

waste water 1802 0,0681

waste 2306 0,0026

Input from oil extraction kg/h

crude degummed rapeseed oil 10896,64

Output to usage kg/h

ester 10522

LCA Biodiesel - Inventory Analysis Transportation

Vehicles

Tractor (agricultural phase), mean journey 20 km

Truck (seed to oil extraction plant), mean journey 100 km

Truck (oil to biodiesel production plant), mean journey 100 km

input MJ/kgBD t (steel) kg/kgBD

water 4,05E-03

total primary energy 1,32

fossil energy 1,32

fuel (diesel) 0,028

steel 242 0,577

output MJ/kgBD t (steel) kg/kgBD

waste 3,27E-02

Trasport 64,6 q seeds per journey 160 q oil per journey 160 q BD per journey

Steel 82 t for tractor 80 t for every truck

LCA Biodiesel – Impact Analysis Resource consumption

Unitary operation

Primary energy Water

MJ/kgBD % kg/kgBD %

Agricultural phase 8,82 38,65% 4310 99,77651%

Oil extraction 6,2 27,17% 7,51 0,17386%

Biodiesel production 6,48 28,40% 2,14 0,04954%

Trasportation 1,32 5,78% 4,05E-03 0,00009%

Use in engine 0 0,00% 0 0,00000%

Total 22,82 100,00% 4319,65 100,00%

LCA Biodiesel – Impact Analysis Output

Unitary operation

Waste Water waste

kg/kgBD % kg/kgBD %

Agricultural phase 0,446 18,12% 0 0,00%

Oil extraction 1,98 80,44% 0,084 55,17%

Biodiesel production 2,64E-03 0,11% 0,0681 44,83%

Trasportation 3,27E-02 1,33% 0 0,00%

Use in engine 0 0,00% 0 0,00%

Total 2,461 100,00% 0,152 100,00%

LCA Biodiesel – Air Emissions air emissions g/kgBD

agricultural phase

oil extraction

biodiesel production Trasportation

use in engine total

CO2 (fossil) 544 550 235 102 3180,63 4611,63

CO2 (biomass) -3875 0 0 0 0 -3875

CH4 0,308 1,68 0,949 5,90E-02 0,215 3,211

CO 5,04 0,185 7,70E-02 0,358 13,59 19,25

HC (except CH4) 4,701 0,164 0,238 8,16E-02 3,54 8,7246

Benzene 0,0000408 1,38E-03 5,75E-05 1,68E-03 / 3,16E-03

Formaldehyde 0,000218 7,98E-04 1,47E-04 4,75E-05 / 1,21E-03

Particulate 0,871 3,33E-02 0,1 4,01E-02 1,56 2,6044

SOx 1,87 2,24 2,57 1,13E-01 / 6,7930

N2O 0,275 3,80E-03 1,04E-03 1,17E-02 0 0,2915

NOx 5,18 1,75 0,991 1,52 68,94 78,381

HCl 0,00371 9,91E-03 9,22E-03 1,69E-04 0 0,0230

HF 0,000237 1,20E-03 4,72E-04 2,88E-05 0 0,0019

NH3 0,0374 1,06E-04 3,69E-05 1,31E-06 0 0,0375

LCA Biodiesel – Air Emissions % air emissions g/kgBD

agricultural phase

oil extraction

biodiesel production Trasportation

use in engine total

CO2 (fossil) 11,80 11,93 5,10 2,21 68,97 100,00

CO2 (biomass) 100,00 0,00 0,00 0,00 0,00 100,00

CH4 9,59 52,32 29,55 1,84 6,70 100,00

CO 26,18 0,96 0,40 1,86 70,60 100,00

HC (except CH4) 53,88 1,88 2,73 0,94 40,57 100,00

Benzene 1,29 43,69 1,82 53,19 / 100,00

Formaldehyde 18,01 65,92 12,14 3,92 / 100,00

Particulate 33,44 1,28 3,84 1,54 59,90 100,00

SOx 27,53 32,98 37,83 1,66 / 100,00

N2O 94,33 1,30 0,36 4,01 0,00 100,00

NOx 6,61 2,23 1,26 1,94 87,95 100,00

HCl 16,12 43,07 40,07 0,73 0,00 100,00

HF 12,23 61,93 24,36 1,49 0,00 100,00

NH3 99,62 0,28 0,10 0,00 0,00 100,00

LCA Biodiesel – Air Emissions air emissions gCO2eq/kgBD

agricultural phase

oil Extraction

biodiesel production Trasportation

use in engine total

CO2 (fossil) 544 550 235 102 3180,63 4611,63

CO2 (biomass) -3875 -3875

CH4 6,468 35,28 19,929 1,239 0 62,92

CO

HC (except CH4)

Benzene

Formaldehyde

Particulate

SOx

N2O 85,25 1,178 0,3224 3,627 0 90,38

NOx

HCl

HF

NH3

CO2 (total) -3234,282 586,458 255,2514 106,866 3180,63 894,92

LCA Biodiesel – Water Emissions water emissions g/kgBD

agricultural phase

oil extraction

biodiesel production trasportation

use in engine total

BOD5 8,51E-04 1,54E-03 8,88E-04 1,38E-04 0 3,42E-03

COD 2,77E-03 8,07E-03 4,15E-03 2,24E-03 0 1,72E-02

Metalli 4,11E-03 3,15E-03 3,26E-03 4,45E-03 0 1,50E-02

NH4+, NH3 2,48E-02 1,65E-03 5,54E-04 1,58E-03 0 2,86E-02

Nitrati 1,17E-04 1,51E-03 4,76E-04 4,69E-04 0 2,57E-03

water emissions g/kgBD

agricultural phase

oil extraction

biodiesel production trasportation

use in engine total

BOD5 24,90 45,07 25,99 4,04 0,00 100,00

COD 16,08 46,84 24,09 13,00 0,00 100,00

Metalli 27,45 21,04 21,78 29,73 0,00 100,00

NH4+, NH3 86,76 5,77 1,94 5,53 0,00 100,00

Nitrati 4,55 58,71 18,51 18,23 0,00 100,00

Thermoeconomic Analysis Exergy Stream T [°C] p [kPa] portata [kg/h] h [kJ/kg] s [kJ/(kg °C)] Ex_chem [kW] Ex [kW] ex [kJ/kg]

1 25 100 6563,156316 -2612 0,137 77619,21192 77619,21192 42575,424

2 25 400 6563,156316 -2612 0,178 77619,21192 77596,87219 42563,170

3 60 400 6563,156316 -2543 0,533 77619,21192 77529,4842 42526,207

4 25 100 732,5732573 -7473 10454 4936,993699 4936,993699 24261,297

5 25 100 62,50625063 -8766 -26,28 32,5220022 32,5220022 1873,080

6 25 100 791,9541954 -7574 -0,666 4950,057506 4950,057506 22501,563

7 26,7 400 791,9541954 -7568 -0,26 4950,057506 4924,779978 22386,658

8 26,7 400 1490,149015 -7523 0,677 9634,732223 9587,30248 23161,636

9 60 400 8053,305331 -3253 1,093 81974,17867 81817,37549 36574,120

10 28,2 20 695,069507 -6278 5,886 4936,993699 4912,591259 25443,971

11 26,7 400 695,069507 -7466 1,857 4936,993699 4915,147765 25457,212

12 122,3 30 7358,235824 -2721 1,397 77373,61861 77259,38219 37798,976

13 122,3 200 7358,235824 -2723 1,459 77373,61861 77217,5155 37778,492

14 70 150 7358,235824 -2839 0,98 77373,61861 77272,13346 37805,214

15 25 100 68,75687569 -15810 0,364 0,956345635 0,956345635 50,073

16 60 110 6625,662566 -2389 1,103 73202,85779 73146,13336 39743,358

17 193,7 10 48,87988799 -4645 5,206 400,0775078 399,8087309 29445,882

18 414,7 20 328,1578158 -1117 1,606 3877,087709 3902,515252 42811,886

19 193,7 10 6250 -2114 2,135 68747,06221 68725,91009 39586,124

20 50 110 800,080008 -8039 -1,636 4045,4983 4012,963796 18056,531

21 25 100 93,75937594 -2326 -5,886 27,64026403 27,64026403 1061,280

22 60 110 764,4514451 -8270 0,207 4075,045005 4060,874837 19123,712

23 56,2 40 56,38063806 -12660 1,438 138,4263426 138,3013301 8830,776

24 112 50 708,1958196 -8304 1,176 3610,911091 3587,227473 18235,096

Thermoeconomic Analysis Component Costs

Component Cost

Pump 1 40000,00

Heat Exch 1 23000,00

Mixer 1 4000,00

Pump 2 40000,00

Mixer 2 4000,00

Reactor 500000,00

Distillator 480000,00

Pump 3 20000,00

Pump 4 40000,00

Heat Exch 2 23000,00

Wash 40000,00

Distillation 1 240000,00

Neutralization 50000,00

Distillation 2 80000,00

Hypothesis: Life time: 10 years

Cost of maintenance: 5% of the component cost

Inflation rate: 5%

Calculation

𝑍 𝑖 = 𝑍 ∙𝑖 ∙ 𝑖 + 1 𝑛

1 + 𝑖 𝑛 − 1∙

1

8760 ∙ 3600+

0,05 ∙ 𝑍

3600 ∙ 8760