biofuels sustainability criteria & certification...

Biofuels Sustainability Criteria & Certification Scheme

Francisco GírioHead of Research at Bioenergy Unit of LNEG

Cristina Matos, Cristina Oliveira, Luís Silva, Rafał Bogel-Łukasik , Aurora Cardoso

National Laboratory for Energy and Geology

LEN - Energy Laboratory, Campus of Lumiar, Estrada do Paço do Lumiar, Lisboa

LNEG current studies on Biofuel Sustainability(Unit of Bioenergy)

Assessing the impact of biofueltechnologies;

R&D studies on 2nd generationbiofuels (international and nationalprojects)

GHG emissions calculations;

Public policy support on theregulation of biofuel sustainability;

Creating of the National Authorityfor Monitoring the SustainabilityCriteria of Biofuels and Bioliquids.

Adapted from: http://www.profissionaisti.com.br/2009/01/sustentabilidade-em-ti-indo-alem-da-ti-verde/

Environmental

SocialEconomicalSustainable

Socio-Economical

Socio-EnvironmentalEco-efficiency

Advanced Biofuel Technologies underdeveloping at LNEG (R&D contracts)

Biofuel type Specific name Raw material Technology Technologicalmaturity

Synthetic biofuels Biomass-to-liquids (BTL): diesel FT; bioMeOH; Bio-DME

Lignocellulosic materials, microalgae

Gasification & syntesis R&D(3-10 years)

Bioethanol Cellulosic bioethanol Lignocellulosic materials, microalgae

Advanced hydrolysis & fermentation

R&D(3-10 years)

Biodiesel (FAME) Biodiesel Microalgae Growth, oil extraction & transterification

R&D(5-20 years)

Biodiesel(HVO)

Biodiesel hybrid between 1st and 2nd generation

Vegetable oils, animal fat, microalgae

Hydrogenation (refining) Commercialization(1-5 years)

Biogas SNG (synthetic natural gas) Lignocellulosic materials, microalgae, Wastes

Gasification & syntesis R&D(5-20 years)

Biohydrogen Biohydrogen Lignocellulosic materials, wastes

Gasification & syntesis orfermentation

R&D(10-20 years)

Renewable Energy in Portugal and the Renewable Energy Directive 2009/28/EC

RED Renewable Energy Shares Portuguese Perspective for 2020

Mandatory share of 31% for 2020

Increase of 11.3% of renewable energies comparing with thevalue of 2005.

This increase will correspond to the following renewableshares for each sector:

• 30.6 % of RES in heating and cooling• 55.2 % of RES in electricity• 10 % of RES in transports

Source: PNAER

Source: PNAER

20%

31%

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

7000

2005 2010 2020

Co

nsu

mp

tio

n o

f E

nerg

y f

rom

R

ES

(kT

oe

)

transportes

electricidade

aquecimento e arrefecimento

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

Shar

e o

f e

ne

rgy

fro

m r

en

ew

able

so

urc

es

in g

ross

fi

nal

co

nsu

mp

tio

n o

f e

ne

rgy

(%)

2005

2020

Transports

Electricity

Heating and

cooling

Source: A factura energética portuguesa 2009, DGEG

Energy Consumption in theTransport sector (2009)

Indústria Transporte Outros sectores**

Mto

e

*Inclui uso não-energético

**Inclui sector residencial, comercial e serviços públicos, agricultura/floresta, pesca e outros não especificados***Inclui o uso directo de geotérmica/solar térmica e calor produzido por unidades CHP

Comb. renov. e resíduos

Carvão/Turfa

Petróleo

Gás

Electricidade

Outros***

The transport sector is still extremely dependent on fossil fuel( 95 % in 2010)

Services

OtherIndustry

Household

Transports

TransportsIndustry Other

Coal

Petroleum

Gas

Electricity

Combustion

Others

global warming

Flooded village

Source: Greenpeace

Bleached coral

(high water

temperatures)

“The most powerful tool that the developed

World has to reduce the CO2 emmissions in

the transportation sector is called Biofuels“

José Socrates, portuguese prime-minister

speaking as President of the European Union,

Brussels, (In: Diário Económico, 6 Julho 2007)

The role of Biofuels to prevent the global warming

Promotion of Biofuels in Portugal (EU): 2006-2010

• Tax exemption for biofuels when blended in diesel or petrol.

• Setting non-binding shares of biofuels 2% for 2005 and 5.75%for 2010 (energetic value).

• Creation of incentives for the incorporation of biofuels fromresidues and endogenous feedstocks.

DL 66/2006, 206/2008; Portarias 1391-A/2006, 3-A/2007, 1554-A/2007, 13/2009, 134/2009.

From 2006 to 2009

• Setting minimal mandatory shares for the incorporation ofbiofuels in diesel:

• 6% (v/v) for 2009;• 7% (v/v) for 2010.

From 2009 to 2010

Directive 2009/28/EC the goal of 10% share of renewables in the transport sector will beaccomplished with ≈90% of biofuels and ≈10% of electricity. Source: PNAER

CompanyCapacity

(ton/year)

Production

Start-Up (year)

Iberol 120 000 2006

Torrejana 109 500 2005

Prio-Biocombustíveis 100 000 2007

Biovegetal (SGCEnergia) 120 000 2007

Sovena 95 000 2008

Valouro 50 000 2011

Bioportdiesel 31 536 2011

Total 626 036 -

Rapeseed

Soya

Palm

Source: DGEG

Current major biodiesel producers and their maximal industrial capacity

Raw Materials used in the production of 1st generation biodiesel

Portuguese Biodiesel Producers

Fuel 2008 2009 2010

Fossil fuels

Petrol (ton) 1 678 058 1 446 177 1 400 000

Diesel (ton) 4 761 420 4 840 159 5 000 000

DL 49/2009

(2009 e 2010)

% de adição ao

gasóleo (vol)- 6 7

% de adição aos

combustiveis

(teor energético)

2

2,3 (vol)

3,9

4,5 (vol)

4.7

5,4 (vol)

Biofuels

BIOETHANOL

(ton)0 0 0

BIODIESEL

(FAME) (ton)149 000 294 000 350 000

Biofuels in Portugal: current situation

Biofuels: too much dependence from vegetableoils and cereals led to generalised criticisms

•Sets the minimal mandatory of 10% for renewables in the transport sector.

• Sets the biofuel sustainability criteria for GHG emissions and land use.

1) GHG emission reduction: 35 % until 31.12.2016; 50 % from 01.01.2017; 60 % from 01.01.2018

2) Land use, biofuels shall not be made from raw materialobtained from :

land with high biodiversity value(e.g. primary forest, protective lands, grasslands – tobe defined by national law after EC decision);

land with high carbon stock(e.g. wetlands, continuously forested areas) and

peatlands.


Environmental


Socio-Economical


The Novel “Rules” of Biofuels in Europe (2011 -2020)

RED: 2009/28/EC

• Sets the minimal Mandatory shares forrenewables in the transport sector (10%).

• Sets the biofuel sustainability criteria;

1) GHG emission reduction: 35 % until 31.12.2016; 50% for newplants (01.01.2011) 50 % from 01.01.2017; 60 % from 01.01.2018

•Promotes the more sustainable technologies(double counting);

• Establish a system of Biofuel Titles to control thebiofuel incorporation goals (TdB)

• LNEG is in charge for establishing the “NationalScheme” for Monitoring the Compliance ofSustainaibility Criteria for Biofuels and Bioliquids .


Environmental


Socio-Economical


DL nº 117/2010 25th October 2010: transposition of RED articles 17-19 and annexes III and V:

The Novel “Rules” of Biofuels in Portugal (2011 -2020)

Minimal mandatory shares for biofuels in the transport sector:

2011-2012 2013-2014 2015-2016 2017-2018 2019-2020

% of biofuels incorporation in fossilfuels (energetic value)

5 5.5 7.5 9 10

% of bioethanol incorporation in fossilfuels (energetic value)

0 0 2.5 2.5 2.5

Biofuels

Bioethanol (kton)* 0 0 58 58 58

Biodiesel (kton)* 365 402 506 615 688

* Calculations based on diesel and petrol sales from 2009

Promotion of Biofuels in Portugal: 2011-2020DL nº 117/2010

DGEGIdentification of

Biofuel production quantities

ECSMonitorization of the sustainability

criteria compliance

DGEGVerification of Biofuel

incorporation

Verification of the Sustainability Criteria

Compliance with the:

1. GHG reduction Criteria2. Land Use Criteria

TdBs Emission

Emited to:

1. Biofuel producers2. Biofuel importers

“NATIONAL SCHEME” - Verification of BiofuelSustainability Criteria Compliance

LNEG

DL nº 117/2010

monitoring the amount of sustainable biofuels.

post-verification of sustainability criteria compliance.Emission

Function

One TdB represents one Toe of biofuel.Value

Promotion for the use of wastes, residues, non-food cellulosic material, lignocellulosic material and endogenous material.

Raw Material Nº of TdBs per Blended Toe

WastesNon-food cellulosic materialLignocellulosic material Non-food Endogenous material Endogenous agric raw materials

2 TdBs2 TdBs2 TdBs

1,3 TdBs1,1 TdBs

Biofuel Title System DL nº 117/2010

TdB Emission

GHG reduction Criteria

Land Use Criteria

Raw materials cultivation

Raw materials transportation

ProcessingBiofuel Plant

Transportation, Blending and Distribution

Proof of compliance of sustainability criteria from the entire value chain, through a mass balance system.

Verification of Biofuel Sustainability: the two criteria

DL nº 117/2010

FARMER DECLARATION (for biomass imported from outside

European Union)

FARM

NAME____________________________________________________________________

FARM

OWNER___________________________________________________________________

GEOGRAFIC LOCATION (COUNTRY AND

REGION)_______________________________________

FULL

ADDRESS__________________________________________________________________

For sustainability of biomass pursuant to the Directive 2009/28/EC of the European

Parliament and of the Council of 23 April 2009 on the promotion of the use of energy from

renewable sources and amending and subsequently repealing Directives 2001/77/EC and

2003/30/EC – cultivation in the European Union.

________________(tons) of _______________________(type of biomass) grown in the

previously mentioned farm, harvested on __________________(harvesting date) and

supplied by me to __________________________________(name of the purchaser) fulfils

the requirements of the aforementioned directives; all data needed to verify this declaration

are available.

(Please check the items that apply)

Land Use Criteria

1

The supplied biomass originates from cropland that was already cropland prior to 1st of January

2008. It also does not originate from protected areas (Article 17 of the Directive 2009/28/EC)

that were converted to cropland after 1st of January 2008.

2

The supplied biomass originates from areas within protected areas where farming is permitted. The requirements for protected areas have been complied with.

3

The documentation on the location of biomass cultivation (verification of the area via field blocks, plots of parcels )

is available and can be viewed at any time.

is kept with the primary distributor of the biomass I supply.

4 The default value is to be used for calculating the greenhouse gas balance (Article 17 § 2 and

Annex 5 of the Directive 2009/28/EC).

5 The greenhouse gas balance of the biomass supplied is _____________ gCO2 eq./ha. The

documentation that allows the verification of this value is available and can be viewed at any time.

6* The land use for growing the supplied biomass falls into one of the following categories:

severely degraded land

land heavily contaminated

7*

A factor reflecting emission savings from soil carbon accumulation via improved agricultural management may be used in the greenhouse gas balance.

* items 6 and 7 will be accepted only when accompanied by an official declaration proving the

veracity of these statements.

Note: With this declaration, the agricultural producer accepts that auditors from verification

bodies can check whether the requirements of Article 17 of the Directive 2009/28/EC have been

complied with.

Place___________________ , date _______________ Signature_____________________

Soja, colza, palma

Cultivo

Unidades Valor

ha.ano

kg semente/(ha.ano)

%

MJ ou L/(ha.ano)

kg N/(ha.ano)

kg P2O5/(ha.ano)

kg K2O/(ha.ano)

kg CaO/(ha.ano)

kg /(ha.ano)

kg /(ha.ano)

MJ/ kg sementeElectricidade e combustível gastos na

secagem

Dados Agrícolas

Área Cultivada

Produtividade

Gasóleo gasto

Fertilizantes Azotados

Fertilizante P2O5

Fertilizante K2O

Fertilizante CaO

Pesticidas

Sementeira

Humidade do Produto

Calculating real values for GHG Emissions (gCO2/MJ biofuel)

GHG reduction Criteria

Transporte

Unidades Valor

Km

Extracção do Óleo

Unidades Valor

kg semente/kg óleo

kg co-produto/kg óleo

MJ/kg semente

MJ/kg semente

MJ /MJ vapor

MJ/MJ vapor

kg/kg semente

kg/kg semente exp. n-Hexano

Vapor consumido

Tipo de caldeira

GN ou outro combustível

Electricidade

Químicos

Dados

Rendimento (indicar a humidade da

semente se possível)

Co-produto (exemplo farinha)

Electricidade

Dados

Distância

Tipo de transporte e combustível


Refinação do Óleo

Unidades Valor

kg óleo não refinado/kg óleo refinado

MJ/kg óleo não refinado

MJ/kg óleo não refinado

MJ GN/MJ vapor

MJ/MJ vapor

kg/kg óleo não refinado

Transporte óleo

Unidades Valor

Km

Vapor consumido

Tipo de caldeira


Electricidade

Químicos

Dados

Distância


Dados

Rendimento

Electricidade


Transesterificação

Unidades Valor

kg óleo /kg FAME

kg co-produto/kg óleo

MJ/kg óleo

MJ/kg óleo

MJ GN/MJ vapor

MJ/MJ vapor

kg/kg óleo

kg/kg óleo

Transporte FAME

Unidades Valor

Km

Média de distribuição e blending (a definir ) 0,55

valor do JRC gCO2/MJ

Dados

Distância


Vapor consumido

Tipo de caldeira


Electricidade

Químicos

Exp. (H3PO4; HCl; Na2CO3; NaOH;

Metanol

Electricidade

Co-produto (exemplo Glicerol)

Dados

Rendimento


Emissões de TdBs e Verificação mensal dos critérios de sustentabilidade

Até ao dia 15 do mês n: Os operadores económicos entregam os seus pedidos para emissões de TdBs para o mês n+1 e

a informação referente à caracterização dos lotes (artigo 7º da Portaria) declarados em entreposto fiscal durante o mês n-1

Até ao dia 25 do mês n: A ECS emite os TdBs para o mês n+1 solicitados pelos operadores económicos até ao dia 15 do mês n, após validação dos

critérios de sustentabilidade (reporting mensal nos teros do artº 7º) dos lotes produzidos no mês n-1

Nota: Casos se detecte incumprimento dos critérios de sustentabilidade em alguns dos lotes do mês n-1, na emissão de TdBs

serão deduzidos os TdBs equivalentes ao volume correspondente a lotes do mês n-1 não sustentáveis.

Verificação anual dos critérios de sustentabilidade No 11º mês do ano os operadores económicos terão de entregar toda a documentação referida no artigo 8º da Portaria assim como os

relatórios das auditorias efectuadas. As inspecções da ECS decorrerão nos 6 meses seguintes.

mês n-1

mês n

mês n+1

15º dia 25º dia

15º dia 25º dia 15º dia 25º dia

“Portuguese National System” is based on Non-Bureaucratical burden for economic operators

Nº LoteTipo de

biocombustível

Matéria

Prima

País de

origem da

Matéria

Prima

%

Quantidade

(m3)

Quantidade

Total

(Tep)

nº de TdB´s solicitados

3

2

1

REGISTO DE PEDIDOS DE TdB´s

EMPRESA: TdB

Nº 3 do Artigo 13º do Anexo I da Portaria nº

(Example) Type of information required by ECS before day 15 (month n) for issue TdBs for month n+1 upon

request from the economic operator

Nº LoteTipo de

biocombustível

nº da

Declaração do

Vendedor de

Matéria-Prima

nº do

Documento

Alfandegário

nº da

Declaração de

Extracção do

Óleo

Matéria-

Prima%

Quantidade

(Tep)

Quantidade

Total

(Tep)

Origem

Lote

Origem

Matéria-

Prima

NUT II

Europeia

Discrição Genérica do

Processo

Palma 20 10.000 MY N/A Com recuperação de

MetanoSoja 50 25.000 BR N/A N/A

Colza 30 15.000 FR FR43 N/A

Trigo 50 1.000 PT PT16

Milho 50 1.000 PT PT11

Soja 50 50.000 BR N/A N/A

Girassol 30 30.000 PT PT18 N/A

Jatropha 20 20.000 MZ N/A N/A

PT

GN em Caldeira

50.000

Biodiesel

1

Bioetanol

PT

PT2 2.000

3

Biodiesel

100.000

(Example) Type of monthly information required by ECS before day 15 (month n) about the Characterization

Biofuel Batches produced under month n-1

Sim Não

Discrição Genérica do

Processo

Data de Início

de Operação

Norma de

Sustentabilidade

Uso da

terra

01/2008

Emissões

de GEE

g CO2eq /

MJ

%

Redução

GEE

Emissões

GEEBiodiversidade

Solos

Ricos em

CarbonoConformidade

com REDCom recuperação de

MetanoRSPO Cultivo 32 61,8 sim Sim Sim Sim

N/A RTRS Pastagens 50 40,3 sim Não Sim Não

N/A N/A N/A 46 45,1 sim Não Sim Não

CEN Cultivo 46 45,1 sim Não Sim Não

CEN Cultivo 37 55,8 sim Sim Sim Sim

N/A RTRS Cultivo 44 47,5 sim Sim Sim Sim

N/A CEN Cultivo 60 28,4 Não Sim Sim Não

N/A N/A Cultivo 39 53,5 sim Sim Não Não

2011GN em Caldeira

2005

2008

INDICADORES DE

SUSTENTABILIDADE

CUMPRIMENTO

CRITERIOS RED

+ Declaration, signed by the economic operator, that the produced biofuel

batches fulfills all the RED sustainability criteria.

(“self-regulation system”)

40%

45% 45%

58%

42%

47% 47%

61%

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

Soya Wheath (NG Boiler)

Rapeseed Sunflower

GH

G E

mis

sio

n S

avin

gs (

%)

Typical GHG Savings RED, JEC Data

UB studies, JEC data

GHG Emissions gCO2eq/MJBiofuel

Process StageInitial UB studies,

JEC DataTypical GHG valeus RED

Cultivation of Sunflower 17 18

Biodiesel Production 15 16

Biodiesel Transport 2 1Total 34 35

GHG emissions calculations (typical GHG RED values versus LNEG calculator)

60 %

Reproduction of the typical values of annex V of RED, using JEC results;

Life cycle assessment performed for several biofuels’ value chains;

Differences of about 3%.

Diesel = 83,7 gCO2eq/MJBiofuel

35 %

60 %

GHG Emissions gCO2eq/MJBiofuel

Process StageUB studies, JEC

DataTypical GHG valeus RED

Cultivation of Sunflower 18 18

Biodiesel Production 16 16

Biodiesel Transport 1 1Total 35 35

40%

45% 45%

58%

40%

45% 45%

58%

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

Soya Wheath (NG Boiler)

Rapeseed Sunflower

GH

G E

mis

sio

n S

avin

gs (

%)

Typical GHG Savings RED, JEC Data

UB studies and Biograce input, JEC data

Biograce Input

List of standard conversion values, from JEC consortium;

Correction of the global warming potentials used by JEC consortium.

GHG emissions calculations typical GHG RED values versus LNEG calculator using Biograce input

Assessment of the GHG emissions from feedstockcultivation in different Portuguese regions;

Sunflower in Centro and Alentejo and Maize in Centroshowed lower GHG emissions than RED default values.

13 gCO2eq/MJ

14 gCO2eq/MJ

18 gCO2eq/MJ

18 gCO2eq/MJ

50 gCO2eq/MJ

13gCO2eq/MJ

33 gCO2eq/MJ

Harmonization is important for the N2O soil emissions.

50%

16%

30%

1% 2% 1%

Soil N2O emissions

Diesel

N fertilizer

K2O fertilizer

P2O5 fertilizer

Pesticides

GHG emission calculations for Feedstock Cultivationonly (LNEG calculator)

Take-Home Messages

The renewable energy share in the transport sector will be, at least, 10% in2020.

Gradual mandatory shares of biofuels (both biodiesel and bioethanol) are setuntil 2020.

Portugal is adopting a “National Scheme” led by LNEG for Monitoring theSustainability Criteria of Biofuels and Bioliquids

No portuguese-based “voluntary schemes “ are currently available

The “National Scheme” will entry into force after publication of a PORTARIAand will:

• verify the sustainability criteria for GHG emissions and land use for allbiofuels and bioliquids that are being consumed in the country;• emit the biofuel title (TdBs).

The created biofuel title system will be used for:• The verification of the sustainability criteria;•The verification of the incorporation shares.

Take-Home Messages

This “new biofuel policy” based on sustainability criteria is necessary forPortugal and Europe, because:

Decrease the national dependence from fossil fuels.

Promote the use of new technologies for the production of moresustainable biofuels, with high reduction of GHG emissions.

Development of biofuels produced from wastes, residues, non-foodcellulosic material, lignocellulosic material and endogenous material.

Thank you

Questions ?

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