biogeography of caribbean weevils highlights the importance of founder-event speciation - guanyang...
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Biogeography of Caribbean weevils highlights the importance of
founder-event speciation
Guanyang (GY) Zhang @GYZhang2Usmaan Barashat, Nick Matzke & Nico Franz Arizona State Universitytaxonbytes.org somanyinsects.org
Society for Systematic Biologists 2015 Standalone Meeting, Ann Arbor, Michigan 05/21/2015
© Carlos De Soto Molinari
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Range-evolution processes
Model-based biogeographic inference methods (e.g., DEC, DIVA, BayArea) assume certain range-evolution processes.
Dispersal
ProcessBefore After
Ranges
Modified from Matzke (2013) Frontiers of Biogeography
A A
B B
A, B—area
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Range-evolution processes
Model-based biogeographic inference methods (e.g., DEC, DIVA, BayArea) assume certain range-evolution processes.
Dispersal
ProcessBefore After
Ranges
Modified from Matzke (2013) Frontiers of Biogeography
Extinction
A A
A A
B B
B B
A, B—area
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Range-evolution processes
Model-based biogeographic inference methods (e.g., DEC, DIVA, BayArea) assume certain range-evolution processes.
ProcessBefore After
Ranges
Modified from Matzke (2013) Frontiers of Biogeography
Range copying/Sympatry
A
A
A
Tree
A
A
A
A, B—area
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Range-evolution processes
Model-based biogeographic inference methods (e.g., DEC, DIVA, BayArea) assume certain range-evolution processes.
ProcessBefore After
Ranges
Modified from Matzke (2013) Frontiers of Biogeography
Vicariance
A
B
ABB
B
BA
A
A
Tree
A, B—area
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Founder-event speciation in geographic range evolution
Matzke (2014 Syst Biol) added founder-event speciation process into existing models of geographic range evolution.
Founder-event speciation/Jump dispersal (+J)
DEC—Dispersal-Extinction-Cladogenesis (Ree et al., 2005; Ree & Smith, 2008)DIVA—DIspersal-Vicariance Analysis (Ronquist, 1997)BayArea—Bayesian biogeographic analysis (Landis et al., 2013)
A A
B B
ProcessBefore After
Ranges Tree
A
B
A
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Founder-event speciation in geographic range evolution
BioGeoBEARS implements several models, adds founder-event jump dispersal (J) and enables model selection.
Different biogeographic models (DIVA, DEC, BayArea, BioGeoBEARS supermodel) allow a certain set of biogeographic processes.
BioGeoBEARS specifies each process with a parameter that can be turned on or off, including “jump dispersal (j)”.
Matzke (2013) Frontiers of Biogeography
Processes ModelsBioGeoBEARS
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Caribbean weevils in the Exophthalmus genus complex
High levels of diversity and single-island endemicity in the Caribbean.
Ideal for testing for founder-event speciation & studying Caribbean biogeography.
• Curculionidae: Entiminae (broad-noses)• Generalist plant-feeders• Larvae (aka caterpillar) live in soil
• Caribbean: ~85 species; >95% endemic• Central America: ~47 spp.• South America: ~12 spp.
E. nicaraguensis Bovie E. quadrivittatus (Olivier)
E. quinquedecimpunctatus (Olivier)E. roseipes (Chevrolat)
Images and specimen data @
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Dated phylogeny
65 ingroup species, 26 outgroup.
Sampled major Greater Antillean islands, Lesser Antilles, and Central America.
6 genes, ~4800 bp. Phylogenetic reconstruction and
fossil-calibrated molecular dating with BEAST v1.8 . Three fossil calibration points
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Objective 1 – Testing effects and fit of models with jump dispersal
What are the effects of modeling founder-event jump dispersal (J) on ancestral range evolution estimation? Most probable ancestral ranges were inferred to be a
single area.
DIVA+J DIVA (w/o J)Ancestral ranges as a single area Ancestral ranges widespread at some nodes
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Objective 1 – Testing effects and fit of models with jump dispersal
What are the effects of modeling founder-event jump dispersal (J) on ancestral range evolution estimation? Most probable ancestral ranges were inferred to be a
single area. Jump dispersal accounted for virtually all range
evolution events.
DIVA+JDIVA+J
Dispersal
Sympatry(subset)
Vicariance
Vicariance
Vicariance
Extinction
A variety of range-evolution processes
Jumpdispersal
DIVA (w/o J)Only jump dispersal was inferred
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Objective 1 – Testing effects and fit of models with jump dispersal
Do biogeographic models with founder-event jump dispersal (J) provide a better fit?
Model
Ln L
DIVALIKE -163.1 DIVALIKE+J -115.4
Likelihood-ratio test
AIC analysis
P weight ratio
1.5E-22 2.02E+20 Strong support from
statistical testsAdding jump dispersal led to much higher log likelihood
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Objective 2 – Caribbean biogeography
Inter-island dispersal and within-area in situ diversification were the main drivers of speciation.
Jump dispersal occurred at 25% of all ancestral nodes (n=64), and range-copying (viz. in situ diversification) ~75%.
Cuba Cuba (in situ diversification)
25 MYA
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Objective 2 – Caribbean biogeography
Neotropical mainland was colonized by Caribbean island species in the early Miocene (~18 MYA)
Caribbean Central America
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Objective 2 – Caribbean biogeography
Current finding corroborates an emerging idea that islands can serve as a source for continental diversity.
Bellemain & Ricklefs (2008) TREE
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Objective 2 – Caribbean biogeography
Biogeographic patterns in Caribbean weevils are reminiscent of those found in Caribbean Anolis lizards, frogs and snakes. Extensive in situ diversification, limited inter-island
dispersal and/or island-continent reverse colonization.
Alföldi et al. (2011) Nature
Mainland Caribbean
Caribbean
93-species Anolis phylogeny
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Objective 2 – Caribbean biogeography
Biogeographic patterns in Caribbean weevils are reminiscent of those found in Caribbean Anolis lizards, frogs and snakes.
Heinicke, Duellman & Hedges (2007) PNAS- eleutherodactyline frogs
Hedges, Couloux & Vidal (2009) Zotaxa- alsophiine snakes
Credit: M. Lammertinkhttp://science.psu.edu/
Credit: S. B. HedgeS
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Acknowledgements & Questions
NSF DEB-1155984 USDA (Agreement No. 58-
1275-1-335 Anyi Mazo Vargas, Dr. Robert
Anderson (sequences/specimens)
Dr. Steve Davis (AMNH), Dr. Conrad Labandeira (USNM) (fossils)
Albert Deler Hernandez, Franklyn Cala Riquelme (field assistance in Cuba)