This PDF is a selection from an out-of-print volume from the National Bureauof Economic Research

Volume Title: Strategic Factors in Nineteenth Century American EconomicHistory: A Volume to Honor Robert W. Fogel

Volume Author/Editor: Claudia Goldin and Hugh Rockoff, editors

Volume Publisher: University of Chicago Press

Volume ISBN: 0-226-30112-5

Volume URL: http://www.nber.org/books/gold92-1

Conference Date: March 1-3, 1991

Publication Date: January 1992

Chapter Title: Biographies, Indexes

Chapter Author: Claudia Goldin, Hugh Rockoff

Chapter URL: http://www.nber.org/chapters/c6975

Chapter pages in book: (p. 475 - 492)

Biographies

Howard Bodenhorn is assistant professor of economics at St. Lawrence University in New York State.

Michael D. Bordo is professor of economics at Rutgers University and was previously at the University of South Carolina. He is also a research associate of the National Bureau of Economic Research.

Ann M. Carlos is associate professor of economics at the University of Colorado at Boulder and has recently moved there from the University of Western Ontario.

Stephen Crawford is an advertising executive with Leo Burnett, Inc. in Chicago.

Stanley L. Engerman is the John H. Munro Professor of Economics and professor of history at the University of Rochester and a research associate of the National Bureau of Economic Research.

Gerald Friedman is assistant professor at the University of Massachusetts at Amherst.

David W. Galenson is professor of economics at the University of Chicago and a research associate of the National Bureau of Economic Research.

Claudia Goldin is professor of economics at Harvard University where she moved recently from the University of Pennsylvania. She is program director and research associate of the National Bureau of Economic Research and was the editor of the Jour- nal of Economic History from 1984 to 1988.

Alice Hanson Jones was, until her death in 1985, professor emeritus of economics at Washington University in St. Louis. She served as president of the Economic History Association from 1982 to 1983.

John Komlos is associate professor of history and economics at the University of Pittsburgh.

475

476 Biographies

Michael Kurth is associate professor of economics at McNeese State University in Louisiana.

Frank Lewis is professor of economics at Queen’s University in Ontario.

Robert A. Margo is professor of economics at Vanderbilt University and was previ- ously at Colgate University and the University of Pennsylvania. He is also a research associate of the National Bureau of Economic Research.

Donald N. McCloskey is the John F. Murray Professor of Economics and professor of history at the University of Iowa and is the director of the Project on the Rhetoric of Inquiry.

Clayne L. Pope is professor of economics at Brigham Young University and a research associate of the National Bureau of Economic Research.

Peter Rappoport is assistant professor of economics at Rutgers University.

Joseph D. Reid, Jr., is associate professor of economics at George Mason University.

Hugh Rockoff is professor of economics at Rutgers University and a research associate of the National Bureau of Economic Research.

Winifred B. Rothenberg is assistant professor of economics at Tufts University.

Anna J. Schwartz is research associate emerita of the National Bureau of Economic Research.

Boris Simkovich is a graduate student in economics at Harvard University.

Kenneth L. Sokoloff is associate professor of economics at the University of Califor- nia at Los Angeles and a research associate of the National Bureau of Economic Re- search.

Richard H. Steckel is professor of economics at the Ohio State University and a re- search associate of the National Bureau of Economic Research.

Georgia C. Villaflor teaches economics at San Diego State University.

Jenny Bourne Wahl is assistant professor of economics at St. Olaf College in Minne- sota.

Donghyu Yang is associate professor of economics at Seoul National University, Korea.

Contributors

Howard Bodenhorn Department of Economics Hepbum Hall St. Lawrence University Canton, NY 136 17

Michael D. Bordo Department of Economics New Jersey Hall Rutgers University New Brunswick, NJ 08903

Ann M. Carlos Department of Economics Campus Box 256 University of Colorado Boulder, CO 80309

Stephen Crawford Leo Burnett, Inc. 35 West Wacker Drive Chicago, IL 60601

Stanley L. Engerman Department of Economics University of Rochester Rochester, NY 14627

Gerald Friedman Department of Economics Thompson Hall University of Massachusetts Amherst, MA 01003

David W. Galenson Department of Economics University of Chicago 1126 East 59th Street Chicago, IL 60637

Claudia Goldin Department of Economics Harvard University Cambridge, MA 02138

John Komlos Department of History University of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh, PA 15260

Michael Kurth Department of Economics and Finance McNeese State University Lake Charles, LA 70609

Frank Lewis Department of Economics Queen’s University Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6 Canada

Robert A. Margo Department of Economics Calhoun 109 Vanderbilt University Nashville, TN 37235

477

478 Contributors

Donald N. McCloskey Department of Economics University of Iowa Iowa City, IA 52242

Clayne L. Pope Department of Economics 154 Faculty Office Building Brigham Young University Provo, UT 84602

Peter Rappoport Department of Economics New Jersey Hall Rutgers University New Brunswick, NJ 08903

Joseph D. Reid, Jr. Department of Economics 4400 University Drive George Mason University Fairfax, VA 22030

Hugh Rockoff Department of Economics New Jersey Hall Rutgers University New Brunswick, NJ 08903

Winifred B. Rothenberg Department of Economics Tufts University Medford, MA 02 155

Boris Simkovich Department of Economics Harvard University Cambridge, MA 02138

Kenneth L. Sokoloff Department of Economics 405 Hilgard Avenue University of California Los Angeles, CA 90024

Richard H. Steckel Department of Economics Ohio State University 410 Arps Hall 1945 North High Street Columbus, OH 43210

Georgia C. Villaflor 3521 Columbia Street San Diego, CA 92103

Jenny Bourne Wahl St. Olaf College 1520 St. Olaf Avenue Northfield. MN 55057

Donghyu Yang Department of Economics Seoul National University Sillim-dong, Kwanak-gu Seoul, Korea

Anna J. Schwartz National Bureau of Economic Research 269 Mercer Street, 8th floor New York. NY 10003

Author Index

Adams, Donald R., Jr., 30, 35n16.64, 70n7, 174n24, 175t

Adams, John W., 2721114 Adams, T. M., 42n26 Addams, Jane, 428113 Aitken, Hugh G. J., 4071119 Akerlof, George, 1921110 Albert, Peter J., 2501113 Alchian, Armen A, , 921154.4311118 Aldrich, Nelson W., 69n6 Alston, Lee J., 135n2, 143n23, 145nn27,29 Alter, George, 1411118, 3561112, 360n32, 363 Altgeld, John P., 4631157 Anderson, Barbara, 376n6 Anderson, Ralph V., 108nll Aries, Philippe, 382n22 Arrington, Leonard J., 2281110, 2301113 Atack, Jeremy, 31116, 351116, 120n29, 137,

359, 3961150 Avery, Roger C., 269n6

Balke, N. S . , 223 Bancroft, Frederic, 300nn14,17, 323n37 Bancroft, Hubert H . , 176, 177t, 178 Banfield, Edward C., 428nn4,7, 429n9,

430n17,433nn24-25,44lnn41,44 Bardhan, P. K., 150n39 Barrett, Brian W., 159 Barro, Robert J., 47n33 Bateman, Fred, 351116, 120nn29-30,

Beales, Ross W., Jr., 110n16 Bean, L. L., 272n14

137nn9-10, 148, 151, 153, 359, 396n50

Becker, Gary, 358-59, 375n2, 377nn8.10, 378n11, 380, 392n43, 397n52, 4311118, 44 1 n45

Bennett, Sari J., 458n41 Benson, Lee, 434n28 Berlin, Ira, 322n34 Bernanke, Ben S. , 90n44, 190n4, 192111 I ,

Berry, Thomas Senior, 761119, 87 Bewley, Truman F., 1091113 Bezanson, Anne, 63 Bidwell, Percy W., 49n34, 119n26, 120n30,

Binswanger, Hans P., 105nl. 108n12 Bizzell, William, 136n6, 145n27, 149n34 Blinder, Alan, 205n39 Bodenhorn, Howard, 168t Bogue, Allan G . , 136, 145n25, 150n36, 154,

Bogue, Donald J., 353n6 Boorstin, Daniel I., 30n2 Borcherding, Thomas E. , 434n27 Bordo, Michael D., 195n17 Borjas, George J., 237n21 Boulay, Harvey, 444n57 Bourne, Jennie, 384n27, 386n34. See ulso

Boylan, Anne, 382n23 Brackett, Jeffrey R., 302n21 Brady, Dorothy S . , 32n9, 33nl I , 401124, 63,

Brass, William, 269n6 Bridenbaugh, Carl, 244n2

197nn22-23, 198nn26-27

142n21

459n43

Wahl, Jennie Bourne

65

479

480 Author Index

Bridges, Amy, 429n9,430n14, 457n35 Brown, M. Craig, 427,429n9.438n37, 439t,

Brunner, Karl, 1931112, 209n39 Bryce, James, 428113,4301113 Bushman, Claudia, 3811117 Bushman, Richard, 3811117 Butler, Richard J., 228119

4551130

Cain, Glen G., 129n41 Caldwell, J. C. , 105nl, 358 Calomiris, Charles W., 173n21, 190, 1951117,

197n22,201-2, 204-5, 213n47, 218, 221, 222n59

Cameron, Colin A,, 362n40 Campbell, J . , 82, 84n30 Carlos, Ann M., 416n39 Chambers, J. D., 53n37 Cheung, Steven N. S . , 13511, 137n7 Christianson, Gale E., 171110 Clapham, John H. , 16 Clark, Christopher, 119n27 Coale, Ansley, 271, 291n42, 354n9, 370n46,

Coase, Ronald H . , 43 1 n 18 Cochran, Thomas C., 32n7 Cochrane, John H . , 82, 84 Coehlo, Philip R. P., 69n6 Cogswell, Seddie, 137, 141n18 Cole, Arthur H. , 63, 731114, I01 Coleman, Peter J . , 2321118 Collingwood, R. G., 22 Committee on Post Office and Civil Service,

Commons, John R. and Associates, 30n4,

Condran, Gretchen A,, 1411118, 3561112,

Conrad, Alfred H., IOnl, 161 Cooky, Thomas, 197n23, 198n26 Cornwell, Elmer E. , Jr., 429n9, 433n25,

Cott, Nancy, 377n9, 381-82 Crawford, Stephen, 349n23 Currie, A. W., 402,403n7, 409n25,

37 I n48, 376

437n33.442n46, 444n61

68nn1,3,92n52

360n32, 363

457n34

410nn28,29,41 It, 414, 417, 419n46. 420n48, 421n52

Currie, J. M., 144n24 Curry, Leonard P.. 322n34 Curti, Merle. 226n4, 2321118, 239n25,

240n26

Dahlin. Michel, 2501113 Dalton. Amy H . , 442n49

Danhof, Clarence, 136 Datta, Samar K., 145n27 David, Paul A., 17, 40n24.62, 356-57,

3581121, 360, 3801114, 382n25 Davis, Lance E., 32n9, 105111, 129n44, 159-

60, 1721118, 1 8 3 Davis, Pearce, 381119 Dawley, Alan, 911151 Deacon, Robert T., 434n27 Debow, J . D. B., 320t DeCanio, Stephen, 86, 92n55 Degler, Carl, 248119, 382 De Long, J. Bradford, 2161156 Demeny, Paul, 27 1 d’Emilio, John, 386n34 Demos, John, 127n40, 246n4, 269n4,

2841133, 285134, 290-91, 377n9 Demsetz, Harold, 431n18 Deno, Kevin T., 4441157 Depew, Chauncey M . , 33nll De Tray, Dennis, 3971152 Dexter, Elizabeth A. , 248119 Dickey, David A,, 81n25 Diewert, W. E. , 1011156 DiGaetano, Alan, 4441157 Dockhorn, Robert, 3851128 Doeringer, Peter, 129n4 I Dollar, David, I12n20 Dye, Nancy, 382 Dyke, Bennett, 2721114, 2731116

Earle, Camille, 1121119, 122n35, 4581141 Easterlin, Richard A., 32118, 105111, 141n18,

147n31, 269-70, 352n3, 356n12, 358, 360n32, 363, 376, 382-84, 393

Eatwell, J., IOln56 Edgar, J. H., 409 Edwards, Richard, 452 Eichengreen, Barry, 160 El-Badry, M. A , , 290n39 Eltis, David, 299n9 Elton, Geoffrey R., 17 Ely, Richard, 136n3 Engerman, Stanley L. , 30n2, 31nn5,6,

112n20, 113-14, 121n31, 138n12, 140t, 152n40, 160, 161115, 181, 18%. 226115, 246n4.270n8, 272n14,274n18, 294n44, 297n2, 298nn3,5, 352n4, 353n7, 3581121, 376nn5,6, 4081122

Engle, Robert F., 86n38, 87nn4 I ,42 Erie, Stephen. 456n31,460nn47,49 Emle, Lord, 53n37 Escott, Paul D., 33 In2 Evans, Peter, 464n65

481 Author Index

Evans, Robert, Jr., 161 Eveleth, Phyllis, 298114, 299n11 Everton, George B., Sr., 229n 1 1

Falconer, John I. , 49n34, 119n26, 120n30,

Faler, Paul G. , 30n4, 46n3 1,47n33 Fama, Eugene F., I93n I2 Field, Alexander J., 591142, 1491135 Fields, Barbara, 317n26 Fink, Leon, 459n42 Fiorina, Morris, 4311119 Fishlow, Albert, 341113, 42n26, 403n9,

408n22, 4201150 Flanigan, William, 459n43 Fleisig, Heywood, 90n46 Floud, Roderick, 2741118, 297n2, 29811.5 Fogel, Robert W., I , 7-8, 16-17, 30112,

142n21

31n5.44n28, 59,68111, 75n17, 138n12, 140t, 152n40, 160, 161115, 181, 185t, 246n4, 268, 270, 272n14,274n18, 284n31, 294n45, 295, 297nn1.2, 298nn3.5, 310n23, 353n7, 376n6, 3811115, 384n27, 402, 407-8,410, 413

Foner. Eric, 447n3,463n60 Forster, Colin, 352n3, 3551110, 359 Foust, JamesD., 137n10, 148, 151, 153 Franklin, Benjamin, 247 Fredman, L. E., 429n9 Freedman, Estelle, 386n34 Freemen, Bettie C., 2721114 Frenkel, Jacob A., 2001132 Freudenberger, Herman, 300, 3021118, 307t,

316t, 3251146, 3271154 Friedman, Benjamin, 192n9, 196nn18-20 Friedman, Gerald, 453n21 Friedman, Milton, 189111, 1951116, 223 Fuller, Wayne A., 811125

Galenson, David W., 60, 129n44, 225n1, 226nn3-5, 228n9

Gallman, James M . , 269115 Gallman, Robert E., 30n2, 31nn5,6, 381120,

40n24, 70n9, 87, 108nl1, 129n44, 163118, 226115, 246n4, 270nn7,X. 272n14, 294n44, 297n2, 352n4, 353n7, 3581121, 376nn5,6, 3811118

Galloway, Lowell, 3851128 Galpin, Charles, 136n3 Gardner, Bruce, 3971152 Garlock, Jonathan, 463n60 Gates, Paul W., 49n34, 53n37, 65, 136 Genovese, Eugene, 331nl George, Peter J., 401112, 407 Gertler, Mark, 190n3, 191116

Glazer, Nathan, 429n9, 457n34 Glover, James, 283, 294n47 Goldenweiser, E. A. , 1381113, 146n29,

149n34, 154 Goldin, Claudia, 33nn10.12, 341114, 38n19,

52n36, 112n20, 113-14, 1211131, 2x11130, 358, 381n20

Good, David F., 160113, 187n48 Goodrich, Carter, 32n7 Gordon, David, 452 Gordon, John E., 295115 1 Gordon, Robert J., 33111 I , 65, 1931112, 223 Gorton, Gary, 1951117, 213n47 Gould, Benjamin Apthrop, 353n48 Graff, Harvey J., 3571119 Granger, C. W. J . , 86n38, 87nn41,42 Gras, Norman Scott B . , 166t. 169t Gray, Lewis C., 150, 152n40, 155n43 Gray, Robert D., 63 Green, George D., 172n20 Greenstein, Fred, 4341126 Gregory, Annabel, 297n2 Greven, Philip J., Jr., 246n4, 269n4, 284n33,

285n34, 290-91 Griliches, Zvi, 152 Guasti, Laura, 428116 Guest, Avery, 381n18 Gurley, John, 192118 Gutman, Herbert G., 331111, 4551129

Habakkuk, H. J., 381119 Hahn, Frank, 1961118 Hahn, Stephen, 105111 Haines, Michael R., 102n58, 268113, 269n6,

270, 352n4, 376n6,448n5,451t Halaby, Charles, 427, 429n9,438n37, 439t,

455n30 Hall, S . G., 88t Hallagan, William S. , 105111 Harding, William F., 169t Hareven, Tamara, 1411118, 3561112 Harley C. Knick, 4081122 Hart, Oliver, 108-9, 1121118, 129n42 Hartwell, R. M., 29nl Haskins, George L. , 249111 1 Hassett, Kevin, 86n34 Hays, Samuel P., 4441156 Hazard, Blanche E., 381119 Heckman, James J., 22x119 Heligman, Larry, 290n39 Henry, Louis, 2721114 Hershberg, Theodore, 385128 Higgs, Robert, 135112, 143n23, 146n29,

147n32, 270

482 Author Index

Higman, Barry W., 3251144 Hirsch, Susan E., 30n4, 331112, 38n19,44,

46nn30-32,68111 Hobsbawm, Eric J . , 29nl Hoffman, Philip T., 143n23 Hoffman, Ronald, 1121119, 122n35, 250n13 Hofstadter, Richard, 428n5, 429n9, 443n53 Hollingsworth, T. H. , 2721114 Holmstrom, Bengt, 108-9, 1121118, 129n42 Homer, Sidney, 1651112, 177 Hoogenboom, Ari, 4291110, 438n36,444,

Hoover, Ethel D. , 40n24, 63, 102n57 Honvitz, Morton J . , 106n2, 180n36 Hubbard, R. Glenn, 190, 1951117, 197n22,

201-2, 204-5, 218, 221, 2221159, 223 Hubka, Thomas C., 132n47 Hughes, Jonathan, 434n28 Huntington, Charles C., 175-76, 177t Hurd, Michael, 392n43 Hussey, Miriam, 63 Hutchins, Theresa, 129n44

444n60

Innes, Stephen, 107nn6-8 Innis, Harold A , , 401n2 International Association of Machinists. 454-

International Iron Molders’ Union, 455, 456t Izard, Holly, 110n16

55,456t

Jacobs, Rodney L., 1981126 Jacobson, Paul H., 269n6, 270, 282, 2911140 Jaffee, A. J., 269n6 Jaffee, Dwight, 1961118, 2161154 James, John 159, 160n3, 163118, 1651113,

James, William, 14 Jensen, Michael, 4311118 Johnson, Christopher, 4411145 Johnson, D. Gale, 135nl, 136n6, 137n7 Johnson, Eddis, 273t Johnson, Harry G., 200n32 Johnson, Ronald N . , 437n32 Johnston, Hugh B., 273t Jones, Alice Hanson, 30n2, 249t Jones, Charles P., 213n47, 223 Jones, Robert L., 53n37

2 12n43

Kaminkow, Marion J., 272111 3 Karl, Barry D., 429n9 Kasakoff, Alice Bee, 272n14 Kass, Alvin, 4301116, 434n28 Katznelson, Ira, 464n65

Kazin, Michael, 456n32,462n56 Kearl, J. R., 226nn4,5, 227n7 Keehn, Richard, 160n3 Keller, Morton, 4301115 Kent, William, 136n3 Kerr, D. G. G., 406 Kessel, Reuben A., 92n54 Key, V. O . , Jr., 427n2 Keynes, John M., 191 Keyssar, Alexander, 450n14 Kilby, Peter, 3 1 n6 Kindahl, James K., 1851 King, Stephen, 196n20 Kiple, Kenneth F., 298113 Klingamen, David, 3851128 Kloppenburg, Jack Ralph, 119n25 Knight, Frank H., 187 Knodel, John, 2731116, 361 Koehler, Lyle, 248n9 Komlos, John, 295, 297n2, 298113, 299n10,

310n23, 323n38, 326n49, 3271154 Kulikoff, Allan, 3001116, 322n33, 324n43 Kunitz, Stephen, 294-95 Kunze, Kent, 270, 2811129, 284 Kurth, Michael, 432n21, 4421150, 4451162 Kussmaul, Ann, 106115, 127n39

Lamar, Howard, 105111 Landale, Nancy, 356 Lande, Carl H., 428116 Lane, F. C., 16115 Lang, William W.. 194n13 Larkin, Jack, 331111, 40n24, 63, 65, 110n16,

122n35, 127n39, 12% 129n41, 132n46, 133t

Laurie, Bruce, 68nnl,4, 463n61 Laurie, W. I . , 269n6 Layer, Robert G., 70n7, 84, 911150 Learner, Edward, 1981126 Lebergott, Stanley, 68113, 70n7, 911147,

Lee, Ronald Demos, 356n14 Leet, Don R. , 352n4 Leff, Nathaniel H. , 429n9 LeRoy, Stephen, 197n23, 1981126 Lesesne, J. Mauldin, 169t Levenstein, Harvey, 381n17 Levy, Daniel S . , 269n5, 284n33, 2851134 Lewis, Frank D., 281n30,408n23,416n39,

4 18n4 1, 420n49 Lewis, H. Gregg, 359, 375n2, 377118 Lewis, Kenneth A., 160113 Lewis, Lawrence, Jr., 169t

150n38

483 Author Index

Libecap, Gary D., 437n32 Lindert, Peter, 341114, 77n21, 381n19,

Lindley, James G . , 182n43 Lindstrom, Diane, 32n7,46n31, 3261150 Link, Arthur, 428116, 4351129 Lipset, Seymour Martin, 447n2 Lopez, Alan D., 2711112, 290nn38.39 Lucas, Robert E., 90 Lyman, Richard B., Jr., 110n16 Lynch, Katherine A , , 272n14

382n24

Macaulay, F. R., 176t. 223 McCloskey, Donald N., 200n32 McCormick, Robert, 428n6,435n29 MacGill, Caroline E., 341113, 44n28 McGuire, Robert A, , 4351129 McIlwraith, Thomas F., 404111 1 McInnis, Marvin, 356, 359 MacKinnon, Mary, 408n23,418n41,420n49 McMahon, Sarah, 120n28 McPherson, James, 375111, 377 Maitland, Frederick W., 106n4 Malin, James, 232n18 Malthus, Thomas, 247 Mandelbaum, Seymour J. , 428115, 4411142 Mankiw, N. Gregory, 82, 84n30 Mann. Arthur, 429nn9,lO Marglin, Stephen A., 29111 Margo, Robert A., 30, 39n22,40, 52n36, 70,

73nl1, 76n20, 77nn21,23,94-100t, 101. 2951150, 298nn5,6, 299118, 310n23, 316t, 319n27, 323n37

Mar , William L., 402 Marshall, William, 4311118 Martin, Joseph G. , 169t May, D. L., 2721114 Mayhew, Anne, 4351129 Meckling, William, 4311118 Meech, Levi, 269n6, 282, 291 Meeker, Edward, 270 Mehay, Stephen L., 4441157 Meltzer, Allan, 1931112, 209n39 Menard, Russell, 269n5, 284n33, 319n28,

Menchik, Paul, 392n43 Menken, Jane, 386n34 Mercer, Lloyd J., 401n2, 407, 409n26, 412-

Meredith, Howard V., 12n3 Merton, Robert, 428114 Meyer, Balthasar, 34n13. 44n28 Meyer, John R., IOnl, 161

3271152

13,417n40, 4201150

Michael, Robert, 3771110 Milgate, M., 1011156 Miller, David E., 229n11 Miller, William, 32n7 Mineau, G. P., 2721114 Mingay, G. E. , 53n37 Mink, Gwendolyn, 447n2 Mishkin, Frederic S . , 202nn35.37, 2161154,

Mitchell, B. R. , 53n37 Mitchell, John, 4581139 Mitchell, Wesley Clair, 92n54 Moen, Jon R., 152n40 Mokyr, Joel, 86, 921155 Montgomery, David, 462n55,463n58 Montgomery, Royal, 462n54 Morrill, Warren T., 2721114, 2731116 Morris, Richard B . , 248119 Mosley, W. Henry, 386n33 Moynihan, Daniel P., 429nn9.10, 457n34 Mundaca, B. Gabriela, 392n43 Munro, W. B. , 457n34, 4581138 Myers, Gerald, 14111 Myers, Gustavus, 459nn43,44 Myers, Margaret, 212nn43-46, 213n48

Nakamura, Leonard, 194n 13 Neal, Larry, 186 Neher, Philip A., 3611137 Nelson, Bruce, 46111.51. 463n62 Nelson, Lowry, 2301112 Newberry, David N. G., 150n39 Newman, P., 1011156 Newton, Isaac, 17 Norton, Mary Beth, 248119 Norton, Susan, 269n4, 2731116, 284n33,

Nugent, Jeffrey B. , 1451127

Oestreicher, Richard J., 447n3 Oliver, William, 145n25 Olson, Mancur, 429111 1,436n30.4431154,

Ommer, Rosemary, 105nl Ostrogorski, M. I . , 429n9

Palmore, James A., 353n6 Parker, William N. , 105111 Parkin, Frank, 4581139 Parkman, Francis, 4571137 Paterson, Donald G., 402 Payner, Brook, 228119 Pearson, Frank A , , 63

223

2851134

4551128

484 Author Index

Peterson, Jon, 381n17 Petrocik, John, 433n25 Phelps-Brown, Henry, 447n1 Piore. Michael, 129n41 Pollock, Frederick, 106n4 Pollock, Linda, 382n22 Pope, Clayne, 31115, 60, 225111, 226nn4.5,

227n7, 246n4, 2741118, 29811.5, 3811115, 384n27

Power. Eileen, 248119 Powlison, Keith, 182, 183t Preston, Samuel H., 268n3, 290n38 Pritchett, Jonathan B. , 300, 302n18, 307t,

Province of Canada, Legislative Assembly,

Prude, Jonathan, 30n4, 59n42, 105111

316t, 325146, 3271154

404n12, 405nnl3-I6

Ransom, Roger L. , 109n13, 135112, 152, 298113, 356-57, 360-61, 3801114, 382n25

Rathbun, Ted A., 3271153 Rawick, George P., 331111, 334nn6-8,

335nn10,11, 336nn12-14, 337nn15,16, 3381117, 340nnl8.19, 341 n20, 3481122

Regehr, T. D., 401n2 Reich, Michael, 452 Reid, Joseph D.. Jr., 1 3 5 1 , 137n7, 139n15,

1431123, 429111 1 , 432n21, 442n50, 443n55,445n62

Reynolds, Lloyd V., 150n39 Rhodes, Aaron A, , 428115,4431152 Rice, Bradley Robert, 427n1, 440nn38,39 Riemersma, J. C . , 16115 Riker, William, 431n19 Rikoon, J . Sanford, 1151124 Riordon, William L.. 429n9, 432nn22,23,

Robbins, William G., 232n18 Robinson, David W., 416n39 Rock, Howard B . , 30n4 Rockoff, Hugh, 159n2, 180n34, 182n39,

183t, 186n45 Rogin, Michael, 464nn64,66 Romer, Christina, 193n12, 196n21 Romer, David, 193n12, 196n21 Roosa, Robert, 192n7 Rosen, Sherwin, 107n9, 108, 129n43 Rosenberg, Charles, 322n34 Rosenbloom, Joshua, 449n7 Rosenzweig, Mark R., 105111, 1081112 Ross, Stephen J., 30n4, 38n19, 68nl

433n25

Rothenberg, Winifred, 30, 39, 40t, 75n18, 84, 106n3, l l l t , 113t. 115t. 121, 124- 26t, 131

Royal, William. 182nn40.42 Rueschenmeyer, Dietrich, 464n65 Russell, John H., 319n29, 322n34, 323n35,

Rutman, Anita H., 26911.5, 284n33, 290-91 Rutman. Darrett B., 269115. 284n33, 290-91 Ruzicka, Lado T., 2711112, 290nn38.39

324n43, 3261151

Sachs, Jeffrey, 86 Salmon, Marylynn, 249nn10-12. 2501113 Samuelson, Paul A. , 341115 Sanderson, Warren C., 3581121, 376n6,

Schaefer, Donald F., 226n4 Schapiro, Morton 0.. 3561113, 360n32. 363 Scharnaau, Ralph. 459n45 Schmidt, Peter, 388n37, 389n39 Schmidt, Steffen W., 428n6 Schneirov, Richard, 4611152, 462n54 Schob, David E., 112n20, 120n30, 122n34 Schultz, Theodore W., 359n27, 3771110 Schutjer, Wayne, 3811118 Schwartz, Anna J., 165111 I , 1711116, 189111,

Schweikart, Larry, 173n21 Schwert, G. William, 2161155 Scobey, David, 457n36 Scott, James C., 428n6 Scrimshaw, Nevin, 295115 I Sen, Amartya, 290n39 Sengupta, Sunil, 2901139 Shammas, Carole, 250n13 Shannon, Fred A. , 136 Shaw, Edward, 192n8 Shefter, Martin, 428n8.430n15.4411143,

Shepherd, James F., 69n6 Shepsle, Kenneth, 4411145 Shklar, Judith N . , 15 Shorter, Edward, 2731116 Sibley, Joel, 459n43 Sims, Christopher, 197n23, 1981125 Skelton, 0. D., 402 Skocpol, Theda, 464n65 Skolnick, S., 272n14 Skowroneck. Stephen, 427n2, 4301116,

438nn34.35.442n47.4441159 Smiley, Gene, 19n2, 159, 160n3, 163 Smith, Adam, 178n32, 191

377n 10

1951116, 223

444n57.456n31, 459nn43,46

485 Author Index

Smith, Daniel Blake, 269115, 382 Smith, Daniel Scott, 130n45, 247n6, 269n4,

284n33,285n34,381n16 Smith, Josiah Renick, 251115 Smith, Walter B., 70n7 Sokoloff, Kenneth L., 30n2. 31116,

33nn10.12, 34nn13,14, 38111119.20, 44nn28,29,46n32, 59n43, 64, 70n7, 1 I2n20

Solar. Peter, 40n24, 62 Soltow, Lee, 239n25, 3581120, 3851128.

Somerville, James K . , 269n4, 284n33,

Sorauf, Frank J., 427n2.429n9.443115 1 Spillman, W. J., 136n3, 146n29, 149n34 Sprague, Olive M. W., 212n46, 2161155,

Srinivasan, T. N., 150n39 Stabler, Lois K . , 1091115 Stampp, Kenneth M., 300n17 Stanton, William, 322n34 Stave, Bruce M., 428nn3,4, 430n13, 4441156 Steckel, Richard, 77n22, 295n50.297n1,

298nn5,6, 299nn7J.12, 30011 14, 304n22, 306t, 310n23, 312, 314n25, 316t, 319n27, 323n37, 324, 3251145, 351111, 352nn4,5, 3561115, 359, 361n39, 363n41, 371n50, 386n36

396n50

2851134, 291

222n59

Steffens, Lincoln, 427n1 Stevens, award , 3581120 Stewart, Ian, 16n4 Stigler, George J., 163n7, 4311119 Stiglitz, Joseph, 190n3, 1921110, 193-94,

1961118, 2091139, 2161154 Stokes, C. Shannon, 3811118 Stone, Lawrence, 381 Suhrbur, Thomas J., 4611152 Sullivan, William, 68nl Sundstrom, William, 356-57, 360, 380n14,

Sushka, Marie E., 159 Sutch, Richard, 109n13, 135112, 152, 298113,

356-57, 360-61, 3801114, 382n25 Sylla, Richard E., 159, 163118, 1711116,

213n47, 223 Synenki, Alan, 132n46

382n25

Taeuber, Conrad, 270 Taeuber, Irene, 270 Takaishi, M., 306t, 3251144

Tanner, James M., 280n27, 298114, 299n I 1,

Taylor, Carl, 295115 1 Taylor, George Rogers, 32n7, 341113 Tchakerian, Viken, 32118, 381120 Teaford, Jon, 456n33 Temin, Peter, 52n36.68-69, 90n44, 911148 Themstrom, Stephan, 59n42, 60, 225111,

Thompson, Norman, 409n24 Thompson, Warren, 269-70, 376 Thomson, William (Lord Kelvin), 15-16 Thorp, Willard, 47n33 Throne, Mildred, 2321118 Tiebout, Charles M., 440n38 Tilly, Charles, 352n4 Tobin, James, 196n20 Tolnay, Stewart, 381n18 Tomes, Nigel, 375112, 377nn8,10, 378111 I ,

Trivedi, Pravin, K . , 362n40 Trout, Edward, 401111, 420n47 Trout, J. M., 401n1, 420n47 Truesdell, Leon, 1381113, 146n29, 154 Trussell, James, 2741118, 297n1, 298115,

Tryon, Rolla Milton, 32n9, 341113 Tucker, G. S . L . , 352n3, 355n10, 359 Tucker, George, 322n34 Tullock, Gordon, 442n49

Ulrich, Laurel T., 248n9 United Bricklayers and Masons, 454-55,

456t United Brotherhood of Carpenters and Join-

ers, 452n19, 454-55, 456t, 463n63 United Nations, 359n29 U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, 453n22 U.S. Bureau of the Census, 441129, 1381113,

2991113, 306t. 3251144

2311116, 363n41

3801112, 392n43, 3971152

386n34

247n7, 267111, 268n2, 292t, 3681145, 3711149, 393n44.436nn30.31, 439t, 460n48

U.S. Census Office, 320t, 367t, 3681145, 3691, 370t, 448115, 451t, 453n22, 454t, 456t, 458n40,459n42

458nn40,41 U.S. Commissioner of Labor, 451t. 454t,

U.S. Comptroller of the Currency, 2141150 U.S. Department of Agriculture, 138n14,

U.S. Department of Commerce, 267n1, 146n29

460n48

486 Author Index

U.S. Department of Commerce and Labor,

U.S. Department of Labor, 122n35 U.S. Department of the Interior, 4601150 U.S. House of Representatives, 31116, 169t U.S. Special Commission on Farm Tenancy,

Uselding, Paul, 2941144 Utah Income and Wealth Project, 233t, 234t,

448n4

136n4

236t. 240t

Vallin, Jacques, 2711112, 290n39 Van Fenstermaker, J., 166t. 173n22, 174n25 Van Riper, Paul P., 4401140 Vedder. Richard, 3851128 Vickers, Daniel, 107nn6-9 Villatlor, Georgia C., 30nn2,3, 39n22, 40t,

59n43, 70, 73111 I , 75t, 76n20, 77nn21,23, 94-IOOt, 101

Vinovskis, Maris A , , 1411118, 269-70, 2731115, 282, 284n33, 291, 352nn3,4, 3561112, 359, 381n18

Wachter, Kenneth, 297n2 Waciega, Lisa W., 245n3 Wahl, Jennie Bourne, 2721114, 352n4,

358nn21,24, 359, 376n5, 377118, 378111 1, 381n15, 386n34, 389n39, 396n49, 397n53

Wainwright, Nicholas, 169t Waldron, Ingrid, 290n38 Walett, Francis B., 109n15, 1341148 Wallis, John, 38n20, 40n24, 70119 Walsh, Lorena S., 269115, 2841133, 319n28 Ward, Michael, 1981126 Ward, W. Peter, 326n51 Ware, Norman, 68nl Warner, Sam Bass, Jr., 244n2, 429119 Warren, George G., 63 Watkins, Susan, 386n34 Weeks, Joseph D., 69n6 Weingast, Barry, 4311118, 441n45 Weinstein, James, 4441156 Weir, David R. , 54n39 Weiss, Andrew, 190n3, 1921110, 193

Weiss, Thomas, 87n40, 370n47 Whelpton, P. K. , 269-70, 376 White, Eugene N . , 213n47, 223 White, Leonard D., 440n40, 444 Whitehouse, R. H.. 306t, 3251144 Wilcox, E. V., 1381114, 149n34 Wilentz, Sean, 30n4, 44n30, 46n31, 47n33,

49n34, 68nn1,2,4, 70n9, 911150, 92nS3, 463n60

Williams, Anne, 386n34 Williamson, Jeffrey G. , 34n14, 62, 77n21,

Williamson, Oliver, Jr., 43 ln20 Willigan, J. Dennis, 272n14 Willis, Robert, 3771110, 3971152 Wilson, Jack W., 213n47, 223 Wilson, James Q., 427n2, 428nn4,7, 429n9,

Wilson, Lonny, 449nn7,9 Wimmer, Larry T., 226114, 2741118, 298115,

Winkle, Kenneth J. , 225112, 231n16 Winters, Donald, 137, 1391115, 143nn22,23,

Wolfinger, Raymond, 429n9 Wright, Carroll, 63 Wright, Gavin, 90n46, 135112, 143n23,

149n35 Wright, James M., 302n21, 319n29, 3211132,

322nn33.34, 323n35, 326n49, 328t

159

4301117, 433nn24,25, 440n40

384n27

150, 152n40

Xenophon, 251115

Yamamura, Kozo, 160n3 Yang, Donghyu, 1371110, 138nn11.12,

Yarbrough, Beth, 4311118 Yarbrough, Robert, 4311118 Yasuba, Yasukichi, 10, 270, 294n46, 352n3,

1411119

3551110, 356n13, 376n3

Zabler, Jeffrey, 70117 Zecher, J. Richard, 2001132 Zelnick, Melvin, 2911142, 354n9, 370n46,

3711148, 376

Subject Index

Agricultural sector: effect on labor markets, 90; exogenous shocks (1830~-1850s), 47-53, 62; growth in 1839-60 period, 294, 326; labor shift out of (1810-60), 59, 370; price impact on wages (1820- 60). 47-53; seasonality of employment in, 112-21

Artisans: wages (182Os-I85Os), 76-77, 80 Availability doctrine, 192

Bank Act (1874) regulations, 21 1-12 Banking system: antebellum rates of return to

equity, 180-82; antebellum structure of, 189; effect of Civil War on, 182-84, 1987; role in decline of antebellum fertil- ity, 367-68, 370-72

Bank panics, 44, 52, 67-68, 173, 212-13 Banks, national: credit policy of, 191-93; in-

vestment of reserves of, 190-91, 21 1- 20; loans during period of, 213; postbel- lum problems of national, 189; state bank notes of, 189. See also Availability doctrine; Credit rationing; Real bills doc- trine

fertility decline, 356-57; proxies of con- ceptual variables for, 360

Bargaining model, parent-child: to explain

Bills of exchange, 179-80 Business cycles. See Cyclical fluctuations

Call loan market: effect on stock market of, 21 1-13; investment of national banks in, 190-91, 211-13

Canal construction, Canada, 404 Capital markets. See Financial markets

Central bank: role according to credit and money views, 194; when absent, 89-90, 194-96

377-82, 393. See also Free black chil- dren; Slave children

182-84, 187; life expectation during and after, 281-82, 284, 293

Clerks: wages (1820~-1850s), 73, 76-77, 80 Cointegration analysis, 86-87 Communications technology, 436-37 Comptroller of the Currency, 189 Consumption levels, Northeast (1 820-60). 33 Contract labor: in England, 106-7; factors

contributing to rise of, 3; increase in New England of, 107; seasonal wage differentials for, 120-21; wage compari- son with day labor, 122-23; wages and other remuneration of, 122-23. See also Day labor

Credit rationing, 191-92; equilibrium theory of, 192; in national banking era, 213-14; when used by banks, 190

Children: price of quality and quantity of,

Civil War: effect on financial markets of,

Crisis of 1825, 67 Cyclical fluctuations: advancement of wages

during (1830s-l85Os), 47-53; effect on employment and economic activity, 67- 69; monetarist and credit-rationing views of, 194

Data sources: for estimates of nominal wages, 35; family histories as, 271-76; for farm labor analysis, 110-12; for farm tenancy analysis, 137-43; for fertility decline

487

488 Subject Index

Data sources: (continued) analysis, 384-85, 394-95; for interest rate analysis, 161-64, 174; for instru- mental wealth variables, 396-97; for manufacturing worker market, 3 1 ; for marital fertility analysis, 352; for nutri- tion of slave children, 299-301; for price indexes (1820-60). 40-41,62-65; for slave family analysis, 331-32; for study of nutritional adequacy for slaves, 298; for Utah precedence and wealth analysis, 227-3 1 ; for wages, prices, and labor market analysis, 70, 73, 75-76

David-Solar index, 41, 62 Day labor: decline in America, 107; distinc-

tion from contract labor, 106; wage com- parison with contract labor, 121-23

Economic growth: in Northeast (1820-60), 32; in 1839-60 period, 294, 296. See also Agricultural sector; Manufacturing sector

Economic shocks: action of central bank for, 194; analysis of transmission mechanism for, 196-21 I ; factors influencing trans- mission of, 193-96; persistent effects on real wages of, 80-89, 92-93; transmis- sion with gold standard, 183, 194-95

Education: availability of public, 381; effect on family size, 357-58

Embargo of 1807.67, 69

Factors of production (1820-60). 33 Farm labor. See Agricultural sector; Contract

labor; Day labor; Free labor; Labor mar- ket

147-50, 155; doctrine of inefficiency of, 136; economic rationale for, 135-37; ef- ficiency of production under, 136-37; estimates of productivity under, 150-56; market-equilibrium model for, 143-47; speculator and agricultural ladder theses of, 136, 144, 146-47, 149-50, 155; val- uation of output, input, and productivity, 141-42

Farm tenancy: characteristics of, 138-43,

Federal Reserve Act (I9 13), 222 Federal Reserve Bank, 192-94 Fertility: child-woman ratio as indirect mea-

sure of, 353-55; controls for, 357-58, 377; decline in America of, 351, 375- 77; financial-institutions hypothesis of, 361; hypotheses of long-term decline in , 355-59, 362-67, 372; occupational pat-

terns of, 359, 370-71; possible influ- ences on, 355-62; quantity-quality model, 380; relationship to wealth of, 389, 391-94; suggested research in, 373-74; target-bequest model, 382-84

Financial-institutions hypothesis, 36 I , 372, 374

Financial markets: antebellum and postbellum integration of, 186-87; crises during na- tional banking era, 212-13; integration in U.S. of, 187. See also Bank panics

Free black children: height compared with slave children, 304, 321-33, 324; height differentials between boys and girls, 326

Free labor, 105-6, 110

Gallman-Berry index, 87 Gold dollar, I83 Gold standard, 183, 194-95 Gold Standard Act (1900), 159 Government, a model of, 430-34 Greenback dollar, 183-84

Height: causes of decline in, 31, 326; decline for free black males and whites, 326; differences in rural and urban, 328; re- gional pattern of slave (Maryland sample), 316-21; of slave children, 299, 321-22; of slaves, 304-16, 327. See also Nutritional status

Immigration: effect on real wages, 44, 60, 62; in 1839-60 period, 294; possible effect on mortality rates, 295; probable effect on fertility rate, 371

Income distribution, colonial and early na- tional periods, 30

Information: adjustment with imperfect, 90- 92; effect of asymmetric, 192

Infrastructure development (1 820-60), 34 Interest groups, transregional, 435-37 Interest rates: antebellum integration of short-

term, 166-78; calculation of proxy, 165- 66; cross-sectional analysis ( I 850-54). 175-78; differences in regional (1814- 1914). 184; expected antebellum, 160; measuring differentials in, 163-64, 184- 86; postbellurn regional differences in, 183-84; postbellum variation of short- term, 159-60, 172. See also Banking system; Bills of exchange; Usury laws

436 Interstate Commerce Commission ( I 887).

489 Subject Index

Labor contracts: in England and America, 106-7; motivation for, 107-9, 112; pos- sible effect on agricultural labor force, 1 I4

boom, 91; demands of (1820-60), 32- 34; effect of immigration on supply, 44; factors influencing flexibility in, 90; measuring competition in, 58-60; mobil- ity in (1820-60), 58-60; n~obility to capture high wages, 30, 449; segmenta- tion in farm, 123-30; skilled and un- skilled in, 33-34, 56, 58, 61-62. See also Agricultural sector; Contract labor; Day labor; Free labor

Labor unions: activity in large cities of, 458- 59; effect on urban wage differentials of,

Labor market: demand in Midwest land

452-55 Laborers: wages (1820~-1850s), 76, 80 Land-availability model: number of births

controlled by, 355-56; proxies of con- ceptual variables for, 360; test against al- ternative hypotheses, 363. See also Target-bequest model

Lender of last resort: absence in antebellum period, 90; Federal Reserve Bank as, 194; in national bank era, 195

Life-cycle transition model: to explain fertil- ity decline, 357-58; proxies of concep- tual variables for, 360-61

Life expectation: during and after Civil War, 281-82, 284, 293; antebellum, 268-70, 281, 284, 293; colonial period, 269; esti- mates of cohort, 277-79; factors in ante- bellum reduction in, 294-96; of mi- grants and non-migrants, 287-94; regional comparisons (before 1900), 284-90, 293. See also Mortality rates

Life tables, 270-71, 275-76, 282-84 Louisiana Certificates of Good Character, 325

Manufacturing sector: growth and changes in Northeast (1820-60). 32-34; increased division of labor in, 33, 46-47; produc- tivity of (1820-60), 33

Maryland Certificates of Freedom, 302-3 Migrants: to cities (1820-60). 59-60; life ex-

pectations (before 1900), 288-90, 293; separation in analysis from non- migrants, 285-87; to and within Utah (1860-70), 231-32, 239-40. See also Life expectation

434-35; effect on fertility of westward, Migration: effect on federal patronage of,

357; effect on mortality of westward, 268, 285-87, 294

Monetary forces, antebellum, 89-90. See also Signal processing theory

Money and credit: credit model, 201-5; em- pirical evidence for actions of, 196-99, 221-22; hybrid credit model, 208-1 I ; hybrid monetarist model, 205-8; mone- tarist model, 199-201

1880), 276-284; of children in antebel- lum period, 371-72; comparison of male and female, 268, 290-94; differences in rural and urban areas, 294-95; effect of nutrition on, 294-95; family histories as data source for, 274-75; in 1840-60 pe- riod, 296; regional differences in, 268,

Mortality rates: analysis of trends (1760-

284-90

Napoleonic Wars, 67 National Banking Act (1863, 1865): effect of,

186-87, 189; rationale for, 189 National banking era: factors influencing

shock transmission during, 194-96; mo- netarist and credit-rationing views of, 189-90, 195-96, 221-22; relation of re- serves to bank loans during, 21 1-20. See also Banks, national; Banking system; Credit rationing; Economic shocks; Money and credit

Nutritional status: in antebellum period, 307, 326; decline for females (1820-60), 329; effect of, 297; limits to information about slave, 298-300

Open market operations, 192-94

Panic of 1819, 67. 173; 1837, 44,52,67-

Patronage: explanations for decline of, 7, 68; 1857. 67

441-45; as form of political transaction, 445; pattern of urban, 438-41,445; rise and decline of federal, 434-38

Patronage machines: common explanation for existence of, 427-29; Progressive expla- nation of, 429-30

226; measurement of, 225; in Utah coun- ties (1860-70), 232-37

Political activity, of construction workers, 463-64. See also Labor unions

Political machines: role in large cities of, 7, 455-60; union alliances of, 460-63

Persistence rates: link to precedence rate of,

490 Subject Index

Political transactions, 431-32, 441, 455-57.

Population: colonial, 247; growth in Utah See also Public works

(1860-70). 231. See also Fertility; Life expectation; Migration; Mortality; Per- sistence rates; Precedence rates

Precedence rates: measurement of, 225-26; in Utah counties (1860-70). 232-37

Price fluctuations, antebellum period, 89-90 Price indexes: construction for manufacturing

workers market, 62-65; construction for wage-price analysis, 101-4; construction for antebellum, 101-4; for real wage es- timates (1820-60), 39-44

Property, personal, 252, 260-62 Public works, 460

Quantity-quality model: comparison with target-bequest model, 383; creating data sample for, 394-97; description of, 377- 80; estimating fertility equation, 386, 388-91, 393; estimating wealth equa- tion, 391-94; to understand declining fertility, 375-82

Railroads, Canada: discounted bonds as ti- nancing for, 417-21; legislation related to, 404-5; loan guarantees as financing for, 7,402-5,408-9, 413-15,417-22; private profitability of, 7, 401-2, 407- 15, 417, 422; role of government in ti- nancing, 7,402-5,407-8,417-22; so- cial profitability of, 7, 415-17, 422; sub- sidies as financing for, 7, 403, 407, 412- 15,419,422

Real bills doctrine, 191

Servants, indentured, 252 Servants-in-husbandry. See Contract labor Sharecropping. See Farm tenancy Shocks. See Economic shocks Signal processing theory (Lucas), 90-92 Slave children: effect of different family types

on, 349-50; growth patterns and heights of, 299-300; height compared to free black children, 324; height differences among, 323; height of, 299, 304, 321- 22, 325; nutritional differences of rural and urban, 323; separated from parents, 339-44, 349-50. See also Height; Nutri- tional status; Slave family

Slave family: permanence of, 345, 349-50;

single-parent, 334-38, 346-49; two- parent consolidated, 332-33, 338-39, 343, 346-47, 349-50; two-parent di- vided, 333-34, 343, 346-47, 349-50

Slave household distribution, 346-47 Slavery: effect on free labor markets of, 90;

profitability of, 160-61, 180-82 Slaves: age of marriage of, 344; heights of

all, 327; personal property of, 252 Standard of living: measurement of, 267; of

slaves, 297-98 Stock market: crashes during national banking

era, 213; effect on call loan market of, 191, 21 1. See also Banks, national; Call loan market

Strikes, labor, 92

Target-bequest model: effect on size of fam- ily, 356; as explanation of fertility de- cline, 382-84, 393

33-34 Technology advancement in manufacturing,

Urban areas: labor unions in, 458-59; migra- tion to, 59-60; mortality rates in, 294- 95; politics in, 7, 438-41, 445, 455-60; nutrition of slave children in, 323; wages in, 35-47, 53-58,452-55. See also La- bor market

change Usury laws, 178-80. See also Bills of ex-

Wage differentials: in construction crafts, 447-50, 452-55; contract and day labor, 121-23, 126-27; regional, 448-49; for seasonality, 120-21

Wage indexes, 101 Wages, nominal: convergence of, 35, 37; dif-

ferentials and levels of antebellum, 76- 80; estimates for differentials (1820-60). 35-39,41

Wages, real: advances with cyclical changes for, 47-53, 62; in agricultural sector (1820-60), 52; analysis of variation in, 53-58; convergence of, 54-56, 60; dif- ferentials in manufacturing, 3 1-32; esti- mates for (1820-60), 39-47, 61-62; im- pact of Midwest land boom on, 91; lag of, 92-93; multivariate analysis of, 53- 58; persistent effects of economic shocks on, 80-89; rise in levels of antebellum, 30; rise in periods of unemployment, 91

War of 1812, 67

491 Subject Index

Wealth: effect on family size of, 358-59; fer- tility relationship to parental, 389, 391- 92; increase in 1860-70 period, 393;

Wealth, colonial: of men and women, 254- 63; ratio of female to male, 248; valua- tion of, 25 1-52

tion and, 237-41; distribution in (1860 and 1870), 239; duration of residence as determinant of, 226,232-37

Williamson index, 41, 62 Women, colonial American: activities, 245-

48; property rights, 248-5 I , 254; wealth, 255-63 Wealth, household: correlation between dura-