biol 121 chp 2: the chemical level of organization
DESCRIPTION
This is a lecture presentation for my BIOL 121 Anatomy and Physiology I students on Chapter 2: The Chemical Level of Organization (Principles of Anatomy and Physiology, 14th Ed. by Tortora and Derrickson). Rob Swatski, Associate Professor of Biology, Harrisburg Area Community College - York Campus, York, PA. Email: [email protected] Please visit my website for more anatomy and biology learning resources: http://robswatski.virb.com/TRANSCRIPT
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The Chemical Level of
Organiza4on
BIOL 121: A&P I
Chapter 2
Rob Swatski Associate Professor of Biology
HACC – York Campus
Part 1: Inorganic Chemistry
Textbook images - Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
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Contains Mass
Occupies Space MaKer
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How is MaKer Organized?
Elements
Trace Elements
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The 4 Most Abundant Elements of
Life
O
C
H
N
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The Next 4 Most
Abundant Elements of
Life
Ca
P
K
S
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MAJOR ELEMENTS (about 96% of total)
LESSER ELEMENTS (about 3.6% of total)
TRACE ELEMENTS (about 0.4% of total)
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Atomic Structure
Nucleus
Protons (+)
Neutrons (0)
Electron Cloud
Electrons (-‐)
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How Are an Atom’s Electrons Organized?
3rd Shell
2nd Shell
1st Shell
Nucleus
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# of Protons
# of Electrons
Electrically Neutral Atom
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Atomic Number
# of Protons
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# of Neutrons
# of Protons
Atomic Mass
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Isotopes
Same # of protons
Different # of neutrons
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Radioisotopes (tracers)
I-‐131 thyroid study
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Ions
Anions (-‐)
Ca4ons (+)
Gain e-‐ Lose e-‐
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Free Radicals
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Stable Atoms
8 valence
e-‐
Unstable Atoms
< 8 valence
e-‐
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Ionic Bonds
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30 dissocia4on à electrolytes
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Covalent Bonds
Single Double Triple
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Types of Covalent Bonds
Nonpolar
Polar
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Molecules
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Nonpolar Covalent Bonds
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Polar Covalent Bonds
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Chemical Reac4ons
Metabolism
Physiology
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Chemical Equa4ons
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Total Mass of Reactants
Total Mass of Products
Law of Conserva4on of Mass
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Total Energy of Reactants
Total Energy of Products
Law of Conserva4on of Energy
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Energy
Poten4al
Chemical Kine4c
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Energy Energy Exergonic Reac4on
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Energy Energy Endergonic Reac4on
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Coupled Reac4ons
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Ac4va4on Energy
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Increase Reac4on Rate
Decrease Ac4va4on Energy
Catalysts
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Enzymes as Catalysts
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Types of Chemical Reac4ons
Synthesis
Decomposi4on
Exchange
Reversible
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A B AB
Synthesis (Anabolism)
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Two hydrogen molecules
One oxygen molecule
Two water molecules
Combine to form
Synthesis (Anabolism)
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AB A B
Decomposi4on (Catabolism)
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Breaks down into
One methane molecule
One carbon atom Two hydrogen molecules
Decomposi4on (Catabolism)
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AB CD AC BD
Exchange
HCl + NaHCO3 H2CO3 + Na+Cl-‐
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Hydrochloric acid
Sodium bicarbonate
Carbonic acid Sodium chloride
Exchange
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A B AB
Reversible
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Oxida4on
e-‐
e-‐ e-‐
HIGH
low
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Reduc4on
e-‐
e-‐
e-‐
HIGH
low
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Compounds Inorganic
No Carbon
Small
Simple
Ionic bonds
Organic
Carbon-‐based
Large
Complex
Covalent bonds
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Water
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Dehydra4on Synthesis
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Hydrolysis
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Solute Solvent Solu4on
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Hydrophilic
Polar covalent
Water-‐soluble
Hydrophobic
Nonpolar covalent
Water-‐insoluble
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Proper4es of Water
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High Heat Capacity
High Heat of Vaporiza4on
How do they benefit the human body?
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Cohesion
How?
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Surface Tension
How?
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Mixtures
Solu4on
Colloid Suspension
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81 anions ca4ons both
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pH
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Acidic [H+] > [OH–]
Neutral [H+] = [OH–]
Basic [H+] < [OH–]
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0
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Buffering Systems
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Carbonic Acid H2CO3
Bicarbonate ion
HCO3-‐
Carbonic acid-‐Bicarbonate buffer system
H+
OH+
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The Chemical Level of
Organiza4on
BIOL 121: A&P I
Chapter 2
Rob Swatski Associate Professor of Biology
HACC – York Campus
Part 2: Organic Chemistry
Textbook images - Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
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Bonds with variety of elements
Diverse sizes & shapes
More insoluble in water
Many covalent bonds
Organic molecules
Monomers à Macromolecules
Proper4es of Carbon-‐Based Molecules
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Func4onal Groups
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Estradiol Testosterone
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Carbon Molecules
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Carbohydrates: Func4ons
Energy Structure Storage
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Structure
C, H, O
C-‐H2O
Size
Simple: glucose
Complex: starch
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3 Major Groups of Carbohydrates
Mono-‐saccharides Disaccharides Polysaccharides
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Monosaccharides
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C6H12O6
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Glucose (C6H12O6)
Sucrose (C12H22O11)
Dehydra4on synthesis and hydrolysis of sucrose
Dehydration synthesis
Fructose (C6H12O6)
Hydrolysis
Water
Disaccharides
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Lactose Intolerance
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Polysaccharides
largest carb
100’s of mono’s
glycogen
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C, H, O hydrophobic
few polar covalent bonds
insoluble in water
glycerol & 1-‐3 faZy acids fats & oils
Lipids – General Characteris4cs
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Lipid Structure
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Triglyceride Structure
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Func4ons of Triglycerides
Protec4on Insula4on
Energy source short-‐ or long-‐term
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Phospholipids
Cell structure & func[on
Plasma membrane
Amphipathic
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Head
Polar
Hydrophilic
Glycerol & phosphate
Tails
Nonpolar
Hydrophobic
2 FaZy acids
Phospholipid Structure
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Steroids
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Proteins
C, H, O, N
Diverse shapes & sizes
Amino acids
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Func4ons of Proteins
Structure & protec[on
Regulate metabolism
Muscle contrac[on
Chemical & organelle transport
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Amino Acids
Amino group -‐ NH2
Carboxyl group -‐ COOH
R group
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Primary
Secondary
Ter4ary Quaternary
Levels of Protein Structure
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Primary Structure
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Secondary Structure
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Ter4ary Structure
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Quaternary Structure
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Denatura4on
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Enzymes = Catalysts
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Substrates
Ac4ve Site
Enzyme
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Enzymes = Catalysts
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How do Enzymes Increase Reac4on Rate?
Increase collision frequency
Lower ac[va[on energy
Properly orient
molecules
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C, H, O, N, P Nucleo[des
DNA RNA
Regulates cell ac[vi[es
Guides protein synthesis
Nucleic Acids
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Nucleo4des
Nitrogenous Base
Pentose Sugar
Phosphate Group
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RNA Single
stranded
Ribose = sugar
Uracil = base
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3 Types of RNA
mRNA rRNA tRNA
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Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)
Primary source of chemical poten[al energy
Powers muscle
contrac[on, chemical transport, organelle movement
Adenine, ribose, and 3 phosphate groups
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Energy P P P P i P P Adenosine Adenosine
ADP ATP
Reacts with H2O
Energy
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ATP Cycle
P i ADP +
H2O ATP + ATP
ATP hydrolysis
ATP synthesis
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