biol 241-09 lecture 01

8/8/2019 BIOL 241-09 Lecture 01

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BIOL + BMSC 241

TOPICS IN MOLECULAR GENETICS

AND

MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

Dr Geoffrey K. Chambers

2009

8/8/2019 BIOL 241-09 Lecture 01


Introducing our mascot ««..

8/8/2019 BIOL 241-09 Lecture 01


1. THE BASICS

A quick overview of what is known and

what is to be known

8/8/2019 BIOL 241-09 Lecture 01


LEARNING OBJECTIVES

1. Build upon basic knowledge of DN A etc.

2. Develop understanding of biological information: Storage, content and expression

Manipulation and analysis

Case study examples

3. See some applications ± transgenics etc.

8/8/2019 BIOL 241-09 Lecture 01


DELIVERY STYLE

A reading list has been supplied

Lecture notes will be posted on BlackBoard

Class members attend lectures:

± Add explanations to notes; VERY IMPORTANT

Class members must read iGenetics 3rd Ed.: ± Extend knowledge and understanding

8/8/2019 BIOL 241-09 Lecture 01


A SHORT HISTORY (I)

1900s abstract gene concept and mapping

1940/50s DN A is the genetic material

1950/60s DN A structure established

1960s physical gene concept

1960s genetic code worked out

µMolecular Biology¶ bor n in Leeds, UK in 1961

8/8/2019 BIOL 241-09 Lecture 01


A SHORT HISTORY (II)

1970s DN A manipulation enzymes

DN A cloning and sequencing methods

1980s gene isolation and analysis methodsfirst GMOs

1990s application to many fields

2000s whole genome projects

functional genomics

bioinformatics

« so just 40 years later we have the full Human Genome sequence

8/8/2019 BIOL 241-09 Lecture 01


STARTING REQUIREMENTS

1. The language of genetics

2. DNA and RNA structure and proper ties

3. Fundamental cellular processes:

Mutation, repair and synthesis of N A

Transcription and translation

4. Basic concepts of cloning etc.

5. Understanding of µbiological information¶ idea

8/8/2019 BIOL 241-09 Lecture 01


DNA IS A CHEMICAL

Easy to isolate from cells; phenol/CHCl3 etc.

Easy to assay:

±A

260 measurement ± Agarose gel electrophoresis

Easy to read nucleotide sequences in DN A

Easy to copy SHORT segments of genes (PCR)

Easy to make from scratch:

± Commercial suppliers use solid phase

phosphoramidate synthesis

8/8/2019 BIOL 241-09 Lecture 01


BIOLOGICAL INFORMATION

Consider the µcomputer analogy¶

The genome hard drive contents

4 base (A,C,G,T) code vs. binary (1,0) code

Structural Genes files

Regulatory Genes software

Communication via molecules; e.g. cytokines

Self-regulated vs. owner-operated

RNA and/or Proteins

Cellular machines

e.g. ribosome µhardware¶

8/8/2019 BIOL 241-09 Lecture 01


ABSTRACT GENE CONCEPT

Par ticulate entities

Mutational proper ty:

± Alter nate alleles

± Dominant/recessive character (gain/loss of function)

Fixed ordered locations

Re-assor tment proper ty; Mendelian character

Recombination proper ty; valuable for mapping

8/8/2019 BIOL 241-09 Lecture 01


PHYSICAL GENE CONCEPT

Consecutive DNA (RNA) nucleotide sequences

Encode one (or more) product

Genotype phenotype (more or less)

8/8/2019 BIOL 241-09 Lecture 01


THE OLD VIEW OF GENES

The µbead on a string¶ model

?

One gene makes one protein

8/8/2019 BIOL 241-09 Lecture 01


OUR NEW VIEW OF GENES

E1 E2 E3A E3B AAA Stop

ATG

Enhancer Promoter

ATG ± translation star t site

E1 ± E3 ± exons

AAA ± polyadenylation site

Transcription unit star ts from the right arrow and proceeds to Stop

The mature poly A+ mRNA contains either E3A or E3B sequences

due to µalter nate splicing¶

8/8/2019 BIOL 241-09 Lecture 01


THE CENTRAL DOGMA

This set of relationships is commonly known as

the µCentral Dogma of Molecular Biology¶

biol 241-09 lecture 01

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