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BIOL 3151:

Principles of Animal

Physiology

ANIMAL

PHYSIOLOGY

Dr. Tyler EvansEmail: [email protected]

Phone: 510-885-3475

Office Hours: M,W 10:30-12:00 or appointment

Website: http://evanslabcsueb.weebly.com/

TODAY’S SCHEDULE

• Course Description

• Unifying themes in

physiology

• the primary goal of this

course is to give you an

understanding of physiology

that will be valuable to you,

not only in attaining your

career objectives but also in

understanding processes

that govern your daily life.

• specific learning outcomes

are listed on the course

syllabus

LEARNING OUTCOMES(What I hope you will gain from this course)

LECTURES

• lectures will be presented using Powerpoint.

• each lecture will be posted on Blackboard prior to class.

• it is important to realize that these Powerpoint slides

represent only a basic outline of the material covered.

Important details that will be covered in exams will be

added by the instructor verbally in each lecture.

• thus attending class and taking detailed notes is the key

to success.

TEXTBOOK AND READINGS• the primary source of information for this course will be

the lectures

• the textbook will be used mainly to illustrate or clarify

materials presented during lectures

• however, specific reading assignments may be given

throughout the course.

• you will be notified of reading assignments and if that

reading assignment will be covered on the exam

LECTURES

TEXTBOOKPrinciples of Animal

Physiology

(2nd edition)

by Christopher D. Myers and

Patricia M. Schulte.

BIOL 3151: Principles of Animal Physiology

ANIMAL PHYSIOLOGY

• provide students with an opportunity to directly observe and discuss the

principles discussed in lecture and described in your textbook

• provide students with hands-on experience in collecting physiological data

• expose students to the scientific method, hypothesis testing and deductive

reasoning

• interpreting experimental data and integrating information from lecture, labs

and the scientific literature

• develop scientific communication skills, both written and oral

• stimulate your scientific curiosity

LABS• you will be performing laboratory exercises designed to help you understand

certain fundamental physiological principles.

• Lab materials will be posted on Blackboard each week

LAB LEARNING OUTCOMES

LABS

ATTENDANCEYour attendance in lab each week is mandatory. In order to get credit for a missed

lab, you must:

1. notify the instructor before your lab session

2. provide written documentation (proof) for your absence

3. attend a lab later in the week (this may be impossible for Thur section students,

so plan accordingly).

Any unexcused absence from a lab will result in 0 credit for the missed lab.

As common courtesy, let your lab partners know ahead of time if you will not be in

the group that week.

You are required to stay for the entire lab session, or until excused by the instructor.

You will check out with your lab instructor, showing you have met the lab learning

objectives, completed your notebook, and that your computer and lab space have

been returned to their original condition.

GRADING

Midterm Exam #1………..20% (April 26)

Midterm Exam #2………..20% (May 20)

Final Exam…………………..30% (June 12)

Lab Component…...…….30% (Weekly April 10-June 6)

Lab Reports/Assignments...20%

Participation/Notebook.…..10%

Problem Sets………………..5% (BONUS)

Your final grade will be determined by three exams and

the laboratory component:

• exams will

focus on

lecture

materials

COURSE POLICIES(in accordance with CSUEB guidelines)

Academic Dishonesty• please review CSUEB’s policies and understand what is considered academic dishonesty:

http://www20.csueastbay.edu/academic/academic-policies/academic-dishonesty.html

Missed Exams• make every effort to avoid missing scheduled exams. In case of an emergency or

legitimate conflict, you may be eligible to take a specially scheduled make-up exam.

However, you must provide verifiable, written documentation for your absence. Any

unexcused absence from an exam will result in a score of 0 for that exam.

Special Academic Accommodations: • if you have a documented disability, accommodations can be arranged for exams and

other activities. For more information please visit:

http://www20.csueastbay.edu/af/departments/as/

Courtesy: • Please turn off all audible sounds to any electronic devices (phones, PDAs, etc.)

while in lecture and refrain from using your laptops for activities not related to

lecture during class time

• Use of these items is strictly prohibited during all exams, unless special

accommodations have been arranged.

KEYS TO SUCCESS IN BIOL 3151

• Attend lectures and labs

• Prepare and take thorough notes

• Study those notes

• Ask questions!

QUESTIONS?

TODAY’S LECTUTREINTRODUCTION AND UNIFYING THEMES IN

PHYSIOLOGY

What is animal physiology?

• study of “how animals work”

-Knut Schmidt Nielsen

• study of the structure and function of

various parts of an animal and how

these parts work together to allow

animals to perform normal behaviors

and respond to the environment

Knut Schmidt Nielsen textbook pg 4

UNITY IN DIVERSITY• there are more than a MILLION different species of animals that

live on Earth

• animals display a large diversity of adaptations to deal with the

challenges posed by a specific environment

Diversity of Environments = Diversity of Animals

• Temperature: -40 – 300oC

• Oxygen: Anoxia (no oxygen) to supersaturated

• Pressure: < 1atm (sea level) to ~ 1200atm (deep ocean)

• Salinity: Freshwater up to many-fold more concentrated than

seawater

UNITY IN DIVERSITY

• despite this great diversity, there are many commonalities within

physiology and unifying themes that apply to all physiological

processes

• this “Unity in Diversity” is the result of:

• organisms are faced with a common set of challenges

• organisms have to follow the same set of “rules”

UNITY IN DIVERSITY

UNITY IN DIVERSITYUNIFYING THEMES IN PHYSIOLOGY

1. Physiological processes obey physical and chemical laws

2. Physiological processes are regulated to maintain internal conditions within acceptable ranges

3. The physiological state of an animal is part of its phenotype, which arises as the product of the genetic make-up (genotype) and its interaction with its environment.

4. The genotype is a product of evolutionary change in a population of organisms over many generations

textbook pg 10



• animals are constructed from natural materials and therefore must obey the

same chemical and physical laws that apply to everything around us

• biological materials, like proteins, lipids and carbohydrates, have characteristic

physical properties that make them useful for some processes but not others

textbook pg 10

The rigidness of bones are

the result of the molecular

properties of bone forming

cells and the nature of the

connections between these

cells



• electrical laws are involved in many physiological processes

• electrical potentials are a fundamental physiological currency

• just like we use electricity to power many machines, animals use to power cells

• cells create a charge difference across membranes by moving ions and

molecules to create an electrical gradient that power physiological processes

Nerve cell Muscle fiber

Muscles and nerve cells

use electrical signals and

changes in membrane

potentials to drive

muscle contraction

textbook pg 11



• differences in body size have a profound effect on physiology

• heat is produced by tissue metabolism and therefore the metabolic rate of an

animal depends on body size

• a larger animal has more difficulty shedding metabolic heat than does a small

animal

A mouse will lose

heat much more

quickly than an

elephant, which

has important

consequences for

thermal biology

textbook pg 11


2. Physiological processes are regulated to maintain internal

conditions within acceptable ranges

• most organisms are faced with environmental variation, which in

turn influence physiological processes

• multicellular animals can be classified according to the strategies

they use to cope with changing conditions:

1. CONFORMERS: allow internal conditions to change with

variation in external conditions

2. REGULATORS: maintain relatively constant internal conditions

regardless of conditions in the external environment

textbook pg 12




CONFORMERS

e.g. seasonal rainbow trout body temperatures

SUMMER:

High body temperatureWINTER:

Low body temperature




REGULATORS

e.g. human body temperatures

your body temperature is likely to be 37°C whether you are sunning yourself on the

beach or outside on a cold day

your body has mechanisms to maintain its internal temperature (within limits)




CONFORMERS REGULATORS




CONFORMERS vs. REGULATORS

• each strategy has its costs and benefits

• physiological processes require energy so conforming is

much less expensive than regulating

• environmental changes have deleterious effects on

physiology, so regulating provides a much more stable

environment

textbook pg 12

• Refers to coordinated physiological processes that

collectively work to maintain internal conditions in the

face of environmental change

• A common way to maintain homeostasis is through

the use of FEEDBACK LOOPS

• Feedback loops can be POSITIVE or NEGATIVE

HOMEOSTASIS




textbook pg 13




NEGATIVE FEEDBACK LOOP• response sends a signal back to the stimulus to reduce intensity of

stimulus

During early digestion,

in coming food causes

the stomach to swell

and this change in

volume triggers a

negative feedback

loop that reduces

hunger

textbook pg 13




POSITIVE FEEDBACK LOOP• Maximize changes in the regulated response, rather than reducing

the response

When a toxin is

detected in the

stomach, a positive

feedback loop is

triggered to induce

forceful contractions

that induce vomiting

textbook pg 13


3. The physiological state of an animal is part of its

phenotype, which arises as the product of the genetic make-

up (genotype) and its interaction with its environment.

• Phenotype is a product of genotype and its interaction

with the environment

GENOTYPE: genetic makeup

PHENOTYPE: morphology, biochemistry, physiology, and behavior

PHENOTYPIC PLASTICITY: single genotype generates more than

one phenotype depending on environmental conditions

textbook pg 13





• phenotypic plasticity is an important mechanism to

regulate physiology to function under certain

conditions

• for example if identical twins were raised in different

environments, one twin might grow larger than the

other due to differences in diet

textbook pg 14





e.g. Height and Nutrition

• Poor nutrition

responsible for

differences in stature

between children in

the U.K.





• Phenotypic plasticity occurs as when animals remodel

their physiological machinery in response to external

conditions

• two terms given to ways in which animals may adjust

physiology:

i. Acclimation

ii. Acclimatization

textbook pg 14





i. Acclimation

Process of physiological change occurring in a controlled

environment (usually a laboratory)

e.g. holding animals under identical conditions

except for temperature change for extended

periods of time (weeks)

5°C15°C





ii. Acclimatizaton

Process of physiological change occurring in the wild

e.g. sampling animals in their natural environment at

different times of the year

Comparing trout sampled in

summer with those

sampled in winter


4. The genotype is a product of evolutionary change in a

population of organisms over many generations

Evolutionary Changes (i.e. Adaptation)

Physiological change occurring by the process of natural

selection (i.e. evolution)

• occurs over the course of many generations rather than

within the lifetime of an organism

• e.g. pesticide resistance in mosquitos

textbook pg 15


4. The genotype is a product of evolutionary change in a

population of organisms over many generations

.

i. Adaptation e.g. pesticide resistance

in mosquitos

• pesticides target the enzymes

acetylcholinesterase

• some mosquito have a mutation in the

acetylcholinesterase gene that makes in

resistant to pesticide

• because pesticide resistant mosquitos

survive better, their numbers expand

over time

textbook pg 15

LECTURE SUMMARYConcept of UNITY IN DIVERSITY: despite this great diversity, there are many

commonalities within physiology and unifying themes that apply to all physiological

processes

Four unifying themes in physiology:


e.g. Muscles and neurons obey laws governing electricity

2. Physiological processes are regulated to maintain internal conditions within

acceptable ranges

• conformers vs. regulators

• negative and Positive Feedback Loops

• homeostasis

3. The physiological state of an animal is part of its phenotype, which arises as the

product of the genetic make-up (genotype) and its interaction with its

environment.

• phenotypic plasticity

• acclimation

• acclimatization

4. The genotype is a product of evolutionary change in a population of organisms

over many generations

• adaptation

LECTURE SUMMARY

• the SUMMARY (pg 16)

and CONCEPT CHECK (pg

17) sections at the end

of Chapter 1 in your

textbook provides a

good overview of today’s

lecture

NEXT LECTUREBasic Principles of Chemistry and Biochemistry in

Physiology (Chapter 2)

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