biological chemistry · biological chemistry is biochemistry fun?-find it out! outline 1. key...
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Biological ChemistryBiological Chemistry
Is biochemistry fun?
- Find it out!
Outline Outline
1. Key concepts
2. Condensation and Hydrolysis Reactions
3. Carbohydrates
4. Lipids
5. Proteins
6. Nucleic Acids
Key Concepts:Key Concepts:1. Organic compounds have carbon atoms to
which hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and other
atoms are attached
2. Cells put together large biological molecules
from smaller organic compounds
Monomer (one unit) & Polymer (many units)
3. Glucose and other simple sugars are
carbohydrates (monomers – monosaccharides;
Complex carbohydrates are polysaccharides)
Key Concepts:Key Concepts:
4. Lipids are all water insoluble
Lipids include neutral fats,
phospholipids, waxes, and steroids
5. Proteins have diverse roles forming
structures, enzymes, transporters, body
defenses, and help in movement
6. DNA and RNA are the basis of
inheritance and reproduction
Condensation and Hydrolysis Condensation and Hydrolysis ReactionsReactions
Condensation
(Dehydration)
Hydrolysis
CarbohydratesCarbohydrates
Simple sugars
Monosaccharides
6 Carbon sugars
Glucose
Fructose
CarbohydratesCarbohydrates
Disaccharides
Sucrose
Lactose
Formed by
condensation
reactions
CarbohydratesCarbohydrates
Polysaccharides
Starch
Glycogen
Cellulose
Chitin- polymer of glucose with nitrogen
Cellulose
Glycogen
CarbohydratesCarbohydrates
Bonding patterns between glucose
monomers in cellulose
Scanning Electron MicrographScanning Electron Micrographof a Tickof a Tick
Chitin
CarbohydratesCarbohydrates
CarbohydratesCarbohydrates
LipidsLipids
Water insoluble
Reservoirs of energy
Structural materials
Cell membrane
Types of Lipids
Neutral fats
Phospholipids
Waxes
Steroids
Fatty AcidsFatty Acids
Hydrogen & Carbons
Carboxyl group
(- COOH)
Unsaturated
One or more double
bonds
Saturated
Single bonds
TriglyceridesTriglycerides
Neutral fats
Three fatty acids
and a glycerol
Condensation
Reactions
Body’s most abundant
lipid
Functions
Energy reservoir
Insulation
TriglycerideTriglyceride--Protected PenguinsProtected Penguins
TriglycerideTriglyceride--Protected a BearProtected a Bear
Brown bear
Butter
Phospholipids and SteroidsPhospholipids and Steroids
Phospholipids
In cell membranes
Glycerol backbone
Two fatty acids
Hydrophobic tail
Phosphate group
Hydrophilic head
(water soluble)
SteroidsSteroids
Steroids
No fatty acid tails
Four carbon rings
Cholesterol in animal
tissues
Steroids(hormones)
CholesterolCholesterol
WaxesWaxes
Long-chain fatty acids linked to alcohols
or carbon rings
Cover plant parts
Help conserve water
Fend off parasites
Animals
Protect
(Waterproof)
Amino Acids and the Primary Amino Acids and the Primary Structure of Proteins Structure of Proteins
Proteins
Enzymes
Structures
Transport
Nutritious
Hormones
Immune system
From a pool of 20
amino acids
Structure of Amino AcidsStructure of Amino Acids
1. Central carbon
atom
2. An amino group
3. A carboxyl group
4. A hydrogen atom
5. One or more atoms
“R Group”
Structural Formulas for Some Structural Formulas for Some Amino AcidsAmino Acids
Structural Formulas for Some Structural Formulas for Some Amino AcidsAmino Acids
Structural Formulas for Some Structural Formulas for Some Amino AcidsAmino Acids
Primary structure of proteinsPrimary structure of proteins
Primary
Structure -
sequence of amino acids
Second Level of Protein StructureSecond Level of Protein Structure
Secondary structure - regional shapes (small area)
Third and Fourth Level of Third and Fourth Level of Protein StructureProtein Structure
Tertiary structure - 3 D shape of a
polypeptide Additional folding of
secondary structure
Quaternary structure 3 D conformation
of the Protein
Third and Fourth Level Third and Fourth Level StructuresStructures
hemoglobin
ProteinsProteins
Bighorn sheep
Nucleotides and Nucleic AcidsNucleotides and Nucleic Acids
Nucleotides
Sugar
Ribose or Deoxyribose
Phosphate group
Bases
Single or double carbon rings with nitrogen
In DNA and RNA
The Four Kinds of Nucleotides in The Four Kinds of Nucleotides in DNADNA
DNADNA
1. Double strand of nucleotides
2. Twisted
helically
3. Hydrogen
bonds
4. Genetic
information
In ConclusionIn Conclusion
1.Living cells assemble organic compounds
2.The building blocks are amino acids,
nucleotides, simple sugars, and fatty
acids
3.Complex carbohydrates are energy
storage forms and structural materials
In ConclusionIn Conclusion
4.Lipids are used as energy storage and
structural components
5.Proteins are made of amino acids which
form structures, enzymes, transport,
movement, and are part of the immune
system
6.Nucleic acids are the basis of inheritance
and reproduction