MARINE SCIENCES RESEARCH CENTER STATE UNIVERSITY OF NEW YORK TECHNICAL REPORT SERIES #3

BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS

OF THERMAL

POLLUTION, NORTHPORT,

NEW YORK

BY I. GEORGE J. HECHTEL

II. ERWIN J. ERNST III. ROBERT J. KALIN

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BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF THERMAL POLLUTION, NORTHPORT, NEW YORK

Marine Sciences Research Center State University of New York

Stony Brook, New York

January 1970

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The Technical Report Series is published by the Marine Sciences Research Center, State University of New York, as a means of making preliminary technical data available to the scientific community and interested members of the lay public. Issuance of a technical report does not constitute formal publication as defineo in the International Rules of zoological and Botanical Nomenclature. Additional copies of a Technical Report may be obtained from the Marine Sciences Research Center, State University of New York, Stony Brook, New York 11790.

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CONTENTS

Part I - Intertidal Benthic Invertebrates ...•....• _ ...... l

In trod uc tion ............................ " . " ... " " .... 3

Geographical Landmarks; Water Temperatures •...•..... 5

Sampling Si tes ....... " .. " " . " . " .. " .... " .. " .. " . " . " .. " . 6

The Fauna of Sandy and Muddy Areas .................. 9

The Fauna of Rocky Areas and Mussel Beds ........... 13

Discus s ion ... " ...... " .. " . " " .. " . " " ... " ... " ... " " ... " . 18

Conclusions .............. " . " " ." ... " ..... " ." " ....... 24

Recommendations for Future Study ................... 25

Bibliography. " " ... " ... " " . " .......... " ... " " " . " . " .. " " 27

Appendix I - Faunal List ...•...............•....... 31

Appendix II - Species List for the Areas Studied ... 36

Faunas of Rocky Areas •...•..•.•.•.••............... 45

Part II - Floras and Faunas of the Jetty and Deeper

Water Areas .....•.....• " ....• """." .. "." .... "",, .. ,, .. 53

Introduction .... " ... " . " ..... " " . " " . " . " ... " " . " ...... " 55

The LILCO Jetty, Invert~brates ............. . ... . . . . 57

Fish Populations and Behavior ...................... 62

Bird Populations and Behavior ...................... 65

Northeast and Northwest Transects .................. 66

Discussion ... " ~ .. " .. " " " .. " . " ........ " ... " .. " . " . " " " .67

Part III - Ecology of the Microbenthos ............. 75

Introduction" . " . " ... " .. " . " " " .... " . " . " . " " .. " " " " . " .. " 76

The Survey" ... "" .. " " •... " . " . " . " . " . " " " . " " ... " " " .... " 7 8

Environmental Observations ......................... 81

Biological Characteristics ......................... 83

Cone 1 us ions ........................................ 85

Bibliography ....................................... 87

Appendices ......................................... 99 t I

Biological Effects of Thermal Pollution

Part I - Intertidal Benthic Invertebrates

George J. Hechtel Assistant Professor Biological Sciences

State University of New York at Stony Brook

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INTRODUCTION

Benthic invertebrates were surveyed in ,June, July and August, 1969, at the Northport POf,oler Plant, Northport, Long Island, as part of a study to determine the effects of thermal effluents on marine life. The survey was designed to provide descriptive information on the present fauna. The information could be used to detect any conspicuous adverse effects under existing thermal conditions. It would provide a background for the detection of future changes in the fauna. Each locality was considered as a possible monitoring site for future studies.

Samples were taken from sandy shores, mussel beds, rocky areas, and sand flats in the project area. Rock jetties were examined by Dr. Erwin Ernst (Part 2. Technical Report 3) . Numerical data on sediments were provided by Robert Kalin, Department of Earth and Space Sciences, SUNY/SB. Non-numerical descriptions represent my own qualitative estimates.

The various habitats at Northport are compared with previously-studied areas along Long Island Sound, particularly those at Stony Brook Harbor, N.Y. and Flax Pond, a salt marsh in Oldfield, N.Y.

The report utilizes the nomenclature of the Woods Hole invertebrate keys (Smith, 1964), and more recent revisions when available.

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GEOGRAPHICAL LANDMARKS; ~vATER TEMPERATURES

The power plant takes in water from an intake channel on the west and discharges heated water into an exit channel on the east. Both channels open into Long Island Sound. The channels form the boundaries of a main beach by the Long Island Lighting Company (LILCO) plant. The mouth of the intake channel is bordered by a small west jetty and, to the east, by a larger main jetty. A west beach extends from the intake channel to the western property line of the LILCO installation. An east beach extends eastward from the mouth of the exit channel. A low central sand bar· lies offshore from the central part of the main beach. A prominent exit sand bar lies just off the mouth of the exit channel. A low-lying east sand jetty, partially covered by rocks, extends soundward from the east beach at the mouth of the exit channel. At low tide, the swiftly moving thermal plume flows to the west of the exit sand bar. Warm but slowly­moving water runs along an accessory channel between the exit sand bar and the east sand jetty.

Water in the plume at the mouth of the exit channel is considerably warmer than water a few meters to the east or west. For example, on August 7, water in the plume was 38°C, while water in the adjacent Area L (defined below) was only 28°C. Temperatures throughout the study area were elevated over those in Long Island Sound (Personal communication, P. K. Weyl, project leader).

SAMPLING SITES

West Beach

A large sand flat extends wes blard from the wes t jetty. The area is exposed to air for a considerable period at low tide. Near the jetty, the flats are separated from shore by a broad zone of rocks and sand patches. The fine sediments were sampled near the rock zone and at the level of the tip of the jetty. Additional areas of fine sand were sampled between the west jetty and the mouth of the intake channel, and at the channel mouth.

A west mussel bed covers the outer part of the inshore rock zone at west beach. A west entrance bed is located at the channel mouth, immediately to the east of the shoreward end of the west jetty.

Intake Channel

The western shore of the intake channel is marked by outer and inner prominences, with a shallow embayment between them. An inner mussel bed is present in the lower intertidal zone along the crest of the inner prominence. The shore is composed of coarse sand between the prominences, but becomes a mixture of sand and mud as the channel head is approached.

The eastern shore is marked by an inner boat dock, (near the channel head), and an outer dock complex. Most of the shoreline between the inner dock and th e o u ter comp l ex is com­posed of coarse sand and pebbles. A steep rocky bank extends about 20 meters inward (i.e., approximately southward) and 80 meters soundward from the outer dock complex. Two drains discharge heated water onto the eastern shore. The outer drain empties onto the rock slope about 40 meters soundward from the outer dock, while the inner drain empties onto the sandy shore between the docks.

The outer dock complex includes a pier for intake of water into the plant and a floating dock. The dock is connected to the pier and shore by ramps. The shore-dock ramp is opposite the outer prominence of the western shoreline.

An east entrance mussel bed extends soundward in patches for about 20 meters from the soundward end of the rock slope.

Main Beach

The beach was divided into ten geographical areas for study, each extending from the upper intertidal zone ctown to the level accessible by wading at low tide.

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Areas A-C are located between the mouth of the intake channel and the main jetty. The shoreline slopes gradually and is pre­dominantly rocky. A broad outer mussel bed extends along most of the shoreline in the lower intertidal zone. Area A is opposite the west jetty. Area B is located along the western edge of a beached barge. Area C is immediately west of the main jetty at its landward end, and is underwater for most of a typical tidal cycle.

Areas D, F-H, and J-L lie between the main jetty and the mouth of the exit channel. Area D is immediately east of the main jetty and soundward from the beached barge. A mussel bed covers much of the inshore rocks and coarse sand. Most of the near-shore area is wet during exposure to air since water continues to drain from the barge.

Areas F-H and J-K are marked by three gradually sloping inshore zones: an upper=inner intertidal rock zone (with extensive sand patches), an inner sand zone, and a lower=outer rock zone. An extensive main mussel bed covers much of the outer rock zone in Areas F-H, and J-K. Area F forms the western part of the main beach, exclusive of Area D by the barge. The upper rock zone has a heavy growth of the stringy green seaweed Enteromorpha, while most of the outer rock zone has a heavy growth of the rockweed Fucus. The inner sand zone is only 2-3 meters in width. Area G forms the west-central part of the beach. Enteromorpha is present only in isolated patches in the inner rock zone, which is subject to prolonged exposure at low tide. The inner sand zone is 4-5 meters wide. Area H forms the east-central part of the beach. The inner rock zone is poorly developed, and the inner sand zone is 10-12 meters wide.

The eastern end of Area J and all of Area K were destroyed in August by the extensive dredging and bulldozing associated with a LILCO cable-laying project. Area J included most of the eastern part of the beach. The inner rock zone was very poorly developed, and the inshore mat of Enteromorpha grew mainly on sand. The inner sand zone was wide on the west but narrowed gradually toward the east. Area K was a region of marked changes in flora and fauna within an east-west distance of 10 meters. The inner sand zone came to an end near its eastern edge, which was about 20 meters from the mouth of the exit channel. Area L includes the 20 meters from the end of K to the plume. It consists of sediment-covered rocks and extensive sand patches.

The sand flats off the main beach were sampled at three levels in Areas D-L. Samples were taken from sand adjacent to the outer rock zone (or the outer limits of rocks in D and L), and at levels opposite the middle and soundward end of the main jetty. The flats are exposed [to air] only at spring tides.

Sandy areas at the main beach consist of fine sediments near the main jetty and coarser sediments toward the mouth of the exit channel. The central sand bar also has coarse sediments. In Area K, before it was disturbed, one region between the inner and middle levels of the sand flat consisted of coars e sediments covered by a compact, somewhat muddy surface layer. Sediments in the direct path of the plume (between Area L and the exit sand bar) were very coarse, with a prepondera nce of stones and pebbles.

Exit Channel

All samples were taken along the western shore of the exit channel. The channel consists of a broad cooling basin and a narrow discharge channel. The discharge channel empti e s into the Sound, with water tumbling over a weir at low tide. The shore gradually slopes at the channel head but is steeply graded elsewhere. The banks o f the discharge channel a re sandy except for an area of sediment-covere d rocks adjace nt to the weir. The banks of the cooling basin are composed of muddy, oily sand, except at the channel head where there is a predominance of clay.

Heated water is discharaed into the west side of th e cooling basin near its soundward end from two large hot pipes. Cool water empties onto the same shore from pipes locate d sound­ward from, between, and inward from the hot pipes.

East Beach

The east beach is covered inshore by a gradually sloped, undivided zone of rocks. An east mussel bed covers the lower part of the rock zone. The sand flats off the east beach are composed of coarse sediments near the shore and the east sand jetty. Eastern and outer areas of the flats are composed of finer sediments.

Rocks and sand patches were sample d on t h e pr oxi mal part of east sand jetty at varied distances from the accessory channel. Mussel patches, rocky areas, and sand patches were examined in the soundward part of the jetty, which is partly subtidal.

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THE FAUNA OF SANDY AND MUDDY AREAS

In comparing faunas in the region studied it is necessary to consider the effect of substratum upon the distribution of species--an effect greater than that of temperature. For better reference, the faunas of sandy and muddy areas will first be compared. This will be followed by a discussion of the rocky faunas.

The common organisms of each habitat are described. Species lists (Appendix II) include all organisms identified from samples. Samples were taken from representative areas and from the middle of Areas D, F-H, and J-L unless otherwise noted. Faunal diversities are compared in figure 2.

West Beach

The flats off west beach and at the mouth of the intake channel were devoid of attached algae and sessile invertebrates. Hermit crabs and common mud whelks were the most conspicuous members of the epifauna. Population densities of Nassarius obsoletus ranged from 1-2/m2 offshore to 1000-3000/m2 near the west mussel bed. Gem clams were common near the rock zone of west beach with populations reaching lOOO/m2. Sand shrimps and nine-spined spider crabs were common.

The infaun~ was sampled qualitatively and with four-shovel samples (1/10 m x 8 cm deep) .

Of the infauna, the haustoriid Acanthohausto~ius millsi was very abundant (except in the sand patches of the rock zone), with population densities ranging from 80-700/m2 . Other common infaunal organisms included ribbon worms, acorn worms, polychaetes (Scoloplos sp., and a variety of others in lesser numbers) and wedge clams. The polychaetes Nereis virens and Scolecolepides viridis were common in the sand patches of the west mussel bed. A depressed strip of sand adjacent to the west entrance mussel bed harbvred large populations of fringe­worms (Cirratulus ) and bamboo worms (Clymenella). Most of the area had a large number of individuals and a variety of species (Figure 2).

Intake Channel

Hermit crabs and common mud whelks were common along the western shore, but were sparsely scattered along most of the eastern side of the channel. Mud whelks were present in enormous numbers at the channel head in shallow drainage depressions. In June, most of the specimens were of medium to large size (1.5-2 cm). A few small fiddler crabs (Uca pugilator) had burrowed into higher ground at the channel head.

The amphipods Melita nitida and Gammarus mucronatus were common in clumps of Enteromorpha along the eastern shore, except for those in the direct path of the inner hot drainpipe. A few blue mussels and periwinkles were present in an area of muddy sand and rocks along the western shore adjacent to the channel head. A few barnacles were found on isolated rocks along the eastern shore.

Steamer clams and the clamworm Nereis succinea were the only common animals in muddy sand at and near the head of the channel. Small steamer clams were common in coarse sand along the eastern shore soundward of the inner hot drain. Nereis succinea and N. virens were both common near the inner mussel bed. The polychaete Scoloplos sp. was present in most of the coarse sand samples from both shores. Haustoriids were rare or absent. Wedge clams were absent from the channel shores. The infauna of the intake channel was limited both in numbers of individuals and in species diversity. Most four-shovel samples contained less than 10 specime ns and 1 to three species.

Main Beach - Inner Sand Zone of Areas F-Ki Inshore Sand Patches in Areas D and L

The inner sand zone was devoid of algae and sessile inver­tebrates, except on elevated patches in the central part of the beach. Hermit crabs, green crabs, and sand shrimps e ntered the sand zone and patches at high tide. Blue-clawed crabs and nine­spined spider crabs were sighted most frequ e ntly in Are a L, next to the plume. Gem clams were pre sent in low numbers to the west, but were infrequent or absent i n eas tern a r ea s. Empty va lves outnumbered living specimens. A f ew specime ns of two species of moon snail were noted during the course of the study. The most common epifaunal animal was the mud whelk, Nassarius obsoletus. It was present in large numb e rs throughout the summer, particularly in slightly depressed drainage areas. Population densities ranged from 200-2000/m2 along most of the beach. The snails were reduc ,=d in numbers only in Areas K and L where their density was less than 501m2. A majority of the specimens examined in June were less than 1.5 cm in length.

The infauna was sampled in each area by passing sediment through a sieve with a mesh size of two rnrn. Quantitative data was obtained from a ser ies o f ten SOxSOx8 cm samples. The haustoriid amphipod Acanthohaustorius millsi was the numerically dominant infaunal animal in the western and central parts of the beach but was rare in or absent from Areas J, K and L.

The bivalve Tel ~ina agilis and the amphipod Gammarus annulatus had similar distribution patterns. The two species of clamworm were most common at the eastern end of the beach. The orbiniid polychaete Scoloplos sp. and th e spionid Scolecolepides viridis occurre d in low numb e rs throughout the

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inner sand zone. Of the less common organisms , only the giant ribbon worm Cerebratulus lacteus was found in both western (D-F) and eastern (J-L) samples. The total numbers of individuals and species fell off at th e eastern end of the beach, as shown in Figure 2.

Main Beach Sand Flats - Areas O-Li Plume

Sand samples were examined from each area (0 through L) along each of three levels described for the sand flats. Each sample consisted of four adjacent shovelfuls of sediment with a depth of eight cm and an estimated total surface area of 1/10 m2 . Samples were passed through a sieve with a mesh size of 2 mm. The flats were devoid of attached algae and sessile invertebrates. The mud whelk Nassarius obsoletus was very common for two to three meters off the outer rock zone in Areas F-H but it declined in numbers rapidly at Area J. Gem clams were present in low numbers in western samples but were rare or absent elsewhere. Hermit crabs were common throughout the flats. The compact region in Area K had a rich surface fauna of amphipods including Amphithoe sp., the spiked scud Gammarus mucronatus, and the tube-dwelling Corophium insidios um. Most samples from the plume lacked organisms but a few amphipods and striped anemones were collected.

The haustoriid Acanthohaustorius millsi was the numerically dominant infaunal animal at western sampling sites but was absent from Areas H, J-L, and the plume. The bivalve Tellina a~ilis and the fringeworm Cirratulus grandis had similar dlstribution patterns. Acorn worms were most abundant towards the west and synaptid cucumbers were found only in sand adjacent to the main jetty. The polychaetes Scoloplos sp. and Scolecole~ides viridis were again present in most samples. No macroscoplC invertebrates were found in samples from the central sand bar. A few specimens of Scoloplos sp. and clamworms were taken in the plume, but most samples lacked organisms.

The total numbers of specimens and species fell off from west to east as shown in Figure 2.

Exit Channel

The only attached seaweed in the channel was Enteromorpha. The only common epifaunal animal was the mud whelk Nassarius obsoletus. In early June, dense popUlations (to 400/m2) were noted in the cooling basin near the hot pipes. They also occurred in low numbers all along the western shore of the channel. Most were medium to large in size (1.5-2 cm) as in the intake channel, but in marked size contrast to the popUlations along the main beach. By June 10, mud whelks were rare except at the soundward rim of the cooling basin near its connection with the discharge channel. By August 6, whelks were rare along the entire exit channel.

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Horseshoe crabs and blue -cl~wed crabs were seen occasi onally in the cooling basin. The skeletal remains of numerous dead crabs ringed a cool water drain between the two main effluent pipes. The remains included thos e of six-spined spider crabs (Libinia dubia) and common rock crabs (Cancer irr0r~tus), which were not seen alive. A few sm~ll fiddler crabs (llca pugilator) were found in high ground near the channel heac . Hermit crabs were absent from all parts of the exit channel .

Only six species were found in sieved sediment samples. In June and early July the polychaetes Capitella capitata, Scolecolepides viridis and Scoloplos sp. were common, particularly in coarse sand along the discharge channel. Invertebrates were rare in oily sand samples and in the clay at the channel head. Scoloplos was common in sand immediately adjacent to the outer hot pipe. In eight four-shovel samples taken along the cooling basin on July 10, the number of specimens ranged from 0-7 and the number of species from 0-2. Infaunal invertebrates were absent from six samples taken along the cooling basin on August 12. A few capitellids still were present in a sample from the banks of the discharge channel at that time.

East Beach; Accessory Channel

The sand flats off east beach lacked sessile invertebrates and attached algae. Calico crabs (Ovalipes) were common but hermit crabs were rare. Mud whelks and waffled mud whelks were present in low numbers (less than 11m2 ). Gem clams were rare. In July, a rich epifauna was present in the accessory channel on isolated rocks and clumps of Fucus. Common organisms included the striped anemone Haliplanella luciae, slipper limpets, and several species o f amphipods (Arnphithoe sp., Corophiurn insidiosum, Garnmarus mucronatus). Barnacles were uncommon.

On July 11, the coarse sand of the accessory channel harbored large numbers of small steamer clams, claP1.worms (Nereis virens) , and the spionid Scolecolepides viridis. Scoloplos sp. occurred in lesser numbers. On August 6, dozens of small steamer clams were found lying on the surface with siphons greatly extended and limp. Several of the specimens recovered when placed in cool water at the laboratory.

Few macroscopic invertebrates were present in the coarse sand inshore and at the western end of the east beach. A few ribbon worms, polychaetes and steamer clams were recorded. The finer sediments of the offshore flats had a sparse fauna, with low numbers of spionids (Scolecolepides), haustoriids (Acanthohaustorius millsi) and tellinid clams.

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THE FAUNA OF ROCKY AREAS AND MUSSEL BEDS

West Beach

Rocky areas at and near the west beach were nearly devoid of attached seaweeds. The west and west entrance mussel beds had dense populations of blue mussels (about 1500/m2). Periwinkles were extremely abundant, wi th populations reaching 600/m 2 in the west bed. Barnacles were abundant on rocks and mussels with both large and small specimens noted in late June. Slipper limpets were common, particularly at the western end of the west bed. Mud whelks and hermit crabs were common in sand patches. The animals associated with clumps of mussels were not studied in detail but clamworms were common. Anemones, amphipods, and isopods (Jaera) were present in low numbers.

Intake Channel

The seaweeds Enteromorpha, Fucus and Ulva were common on the inner mussel bed. The bed harbored considerable numbers of periwinkles. Barnacles were abundant along the soundward half of the bed but were rare on or absent from the inward half. Isopods (Jaera) and amphipods (Melita) were common under rocks and in mussel clumps, but anemones and polychaetes were rare.

Barnacles and the colonial tunicate Botryllus were abundant on the inner dock but mussels and periwinkles were infrequent.

Barnacles, mussels, and periwinkles were rare on or absent from the steep rocks soundward and inward from the outer dock complex. These organisms were common on the rock slope between the connecting ramp and the intake pier. The amphipod Melita

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nitida was common on rockweed at that location . Anemones, polychaetes, and isopods were not seen along any of the slopes.

The edges of the floating dock harbored large populations of blue mussels, campanulariid hydroids, and colonial sea squirts (Botryllus). The clarnworm Nereis succinea and several species of amphipod (Amphithoe sp., Corophium insidiosum, Gammarus mucronatus) were abundant in mussel clumps. Solitary sea squirts (Molgula) and striped anemones were present in small numbers in August. A colleague noted hat limpets and large numbers of striped anemones earlier in the summer. Barnacles were common, including Balanus balanoides and B. improvisus.

The east entrance mussel bed harbored a variety of epi­faunal associates. Common organisms included clamworms, peri­winkles, xanthid mud crabs, and the amphipod Melita nitida. Barnacles were sparse to moderate in numbers on mussels.

Main Beach - Areas A-C

The rocks in Areas A-C had a sparse upper intertidal fauna. Common seaweeds were Enteromorpha and the sea lettuce Ulva. Fucus was common throughout most of the lower intertidal zone. Thongweed (Chorda) was the dominant seaweed in Area C in early

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June, but it died o~~ bv Aunust. Barnacles (Balanus balanoides) were common to abundant ' on r0cKs and mussels, particularly in Area C. Most of the barnacles were s~a]l (about 3 mm in height and diameter in early June), but patches of laraer ones were present on boulders in Area B. A mussel bed extended from the soundward third of Area A to Area C, in the lower ~ntertidal zone. Blue mussels in Area C often exceeded 200/w. Striped anemones (Haliplanella) and slipper limpets (Crep idula fornicata) were co~on. The ectoproct Electra pilosa occurred in small numbers on Fucus and Chondrus crispus in the lower intertidal zone of Area C.

Common motile ora.anis~s included hermit crabs, amphipods (particularly Amphithoe sp.), oyster drills, and the periwinkle, Littorina littorea. The last na~ed species reached densities of over IOO/m 2 in Area C, countinq only specimens over 2mm in size. Scaleworms (Harmathoe) and clamworms (Nereis succinea) were cornmon under rocks ann in mussel clumps . ~he isopod Jaera marina was present under rocks in low numbers.

Area D, Mussel Bed

Seaweed was uncommon, aside fro~ tufts of Enteromorpha and washed-in sea lettuce. Blue mussels attained population densities of over lOOO/m2, and the periwinkle Littorina littorea reached 350/m2. Barnacles (Balanus balanoides ) were abundant on rocks and mussels. Hermit crabs were common at hiah tide. Mud whelks were abundant on small sand patches . The spiked scud Garnmarus mucronatus and the clawworm Nereis succinea were very abundant under rocks and in mussel clumps. Ribbon worms and striped anemones were also present, but in smaller numbers.

Areas F-K, Outer Rock Zone

Enteromorpha was present in patches on rocks, and was the dominant seaweed at the western end of Area F. Rockweed was abundant in the remainder of Area F, with 6-8 clumps/m2. Fucus occurred sparsely in the other areas, particularly along the inner third of the zone. Chorda was common in the eastern part of Area- F and along the outer third of the remaining areas in June, but it died off by mid-August.

Blue mussels formed a bed on and between rocks in Areas F-H and J-K. Population densities of lOOO/m2 were common throughout the western and central parts of the rock zone. Mussels declined in numbers in Areas J (400-650/m2) and K (about 300/m 2). Barnacles were abundant in Areas F-H and J, but became sparse in Area K. Almost all barnacles in June were small (3 mm in height and diameter) .

Periwinkles (mostly Littorina littorea) were present in

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Areas F-J, but in numbers seldom exceeding 100/m2 . In Area K, their numbers declined to less than 101m 2 . Oyster drills were rare to absent throughout the lower rock zone. Mud whelks were common in sand patches and in the sand channels that crossed the zone in Areas G and H. Striped anemones and slipper limpets were common on rocks, and polychaetes (scaleworms, clamworms) were common under them. Polychaetes and amphipods (Corophium insidiosum, Gammarus mucronatus, Melita nitida) were abundant in clumps of mussels. Isopods were rare under rocks, and ectoprocts and caprellids rare on seaweeds.

Areas F-K, Inner Rock Zone

Enteromorpha was abundant on rocks except in Area G. It grew in abundance on sand in Area J. Small specimens of rock­weed were common in the inner as well as outer rock zone in mid-August.

Barnacles were present on rocks in moderate numbers in Areas F-H, but were sparse in Areas J-K. Periwinkles and blue mussels were uncommon. Mud whelks were abundant on sand patches throughout the zone. Amphipods (particularly Gammarus mucronatus and Melita nitida) were COMWon in tufts of Enteromorpha. Striped anemones were common under rocks, particularly in Area J.

Area L

The most common seaweed in Area L was Enteromorpha. Thong­weed (Chorda) was abundant in June but absent by August. Fucus was uncommon, although many small plants were noted in late August. The rocks had a heavy coating of silt, particularly in August. Many invertebrates common in Areas D, F-H, and J were present in reduced numbers. The density of blue mussels did not exceed 201m2 , and was often less than 11m2 in early June. In mid-August, however, a heavy set of small blue mussels (0.5-1.3 cm) was noted on rocks and sand patches. Barnacles, both Balanus balanoides and B . eburneus, occurred sparsely on some rocks. Periwinkles were less than 251m 2 , and often only I-21m2 in rocky areas. HUc1 whelks were present on sand patches, but in densities under 501m2. Striped anemones and slipper limpets were very common on rocks, particularly in August. Clamworms, scaleworms, and amphipods were common under rocks. Sand shrimps, hermit crabs, blue-clawed crabs, and spider crabs were often sighted in the area.

Exit Channel

The skeletal re~ains of barnacles were found on the bases of the hot pipes. A dead mussel bed (with empty valves) was present in the cooling basin between the hot pipes. A few living barnacles (common and ivory) were present, a long with

skeletal remains of others, in the immediate vicinity of the weir. Barnacles were absent from most of the rocky shore along the discharge channel near the weir.

On June 10, June 23, and July 10, a rich fauna of amphipods was associated with the sediment-covered rocks near the weir. The tube-dwelling amphipod Corophium insidiosum was present in enormous numbers, with many specimens carrying eggs. The amphipod Arophithoe sp. was also common. The striped anemone Haliplanella luciae was extremely common, with a dozen animals present on fist-sized rocks. A ribbon worm, tentatively identified as Lineus socialis, was present under rocks. On August 6, and August 12, the only animals on the rocks were rare specimens of Haliplanella.

East Beach - Inshore Rocks

Enteromorpha was abundant in the upper half of the inshore rock zone at the east beach. Fucus was common on rocks in the lower half of the zone. Common barnacles were abundant in the Enteromoraha zone and densely packed on rocks in the east mussel be. Periwinkles attained densities of 331m2 in the Fucus zone. Dove snails (Mitrella) were common on rockweed. The rocks harbored numerous specimens of striped anemones, slipper limpets, and isopods (Jaera). The clamworms Nereis succinea and N. virens were common under rocks and in mussel clumps. The rock zone had large populations of several species of amphipod, including Corophium insidiosum, Gammarus mucronatus, and Melita nitida. Mud whelks were common on sand patches.

East Sand Jetty.

The flora and fauna was impoverished on the proximal part of the sand jetty, in a band 10 meters wide next to the accessory channel. Barnacles, blue mussels, and periwinkles increased in abundance to the east, although periwinkles never became common. Many rocks at the midpoint of the jetty were fringed by small (0.5-1.3 cm) blue mussels in August. Patches of large mussels were present at the western edge of the jetty. Slipper limpets and striped anemones were common on rocks on the eastern half. The undersides of rocks harbored large numbers of amphipods, and small numbers of clamworms and steamer clams. Mud whelks were common on sand patches.

Blue mussels and barnacles also increased in numbers in a soundward direction. Rocks at the distal end often were covered with stacks of slipper limpets. Fucus became abundant, with many clumps car~ying hydroids, ectoprocts (Alcyonidium, Cryptosula, and Electra), and ivory barnacles (Balanus imSrOViSUS). Caprellids were rare and oyster drills absent, even in su tidal locations. Hermit crabs were rare, as was the case throughout the east beach region. Sediments at the distal end harbored large populations of fringeworms (Cirratulus). Capitellids were common under rocks.

)

Main Jetty -

Several subtidal boulders on the west side of the main jetty were examined for ectoprocts and amphipods. Barnacles, blue mussels, and periwinkles were abundant. Fucus clumps carried large numbers of hydroids, caprellids, and ectoproct colonies (Electra, Cryptosula). Many clumps of mussels were coated with colonies of ectoprocts (Bowerbankia, Schizoporella), and the colonial tunicate Botryllu~. Anemones, amphipods (Corophium, Jas~), and small polychaetes (Autolytus, Fabricia, Polydora were common on patche s of barnacles . ~- --~. -

Moorin9~ Rope~ - Oil Dock

Mussels and a ssociated epifaunal animals were scraped from moor ing ropes near t.he LILCO oil dock in the Sound offshore from the Northport power plan~. The amphipods Caprella penantis and Jassa falcata were present; in enormous numbers. Other COlTIll10n organisms were arlemones (including Metridium), clamworms, scaleworms, and terebellids. 'l'he materialls still under study.

17

18

DISCUSSION

Marked effects on the biota might be anticipated whenever water temperatures are altered drastically. Temperature is considered to be a major factor in determini ng the geograph­ical distribution of marine invertebrates (Hutchins, 1947; Ekman, 1953; Gunter, 1957). Organisms can be excluded from a region due to inability to survive and/or reproduce at extreme temperatures. In some cases, non-reproducing populations may be maintained by repeated inward migration. Hall (1964, p. 232) emphasized that a critical factor limiting geographical dis­tribution was the "number of consecutive days or months the shallow sea water is at temperatures required f or reproduction and early growth". The long term expos ures to elevated tem­perat:urcs (-I.t . power plant outflows might extend breeding periods in some org ani sms , and totally p r event reproduction in others.

According to most investigators, temperature also plays a significant role in limiting the vertical distribution of organisms in the intertidal zone (Fraenkel, 1968).

Experimental data on heat tolerance are available for a number of marine invertebrates, most of them mollusks. The results must be applied wi th caut.ion to the present study. Most experiments involved shor~ term exposure (hours, days) to elevated temperatures. The studies were designed primarily to investigate the eff ects of brief temperature fl uctuations in natural environments. Many studies djd not: allow for, or were designed t:o eliminate ~he possibiJ j ty of acclimatization to gradual temperature changes. Int-rasped fie differences have been discovered in samples taken from different geographical locations and tidal levels (Bullock, 1955; Gunter, 1957; Naylor, 1965b) . JUdging from experimental results, mollusks in the north temperate zone might be expected to cease normal activ-i ties at t emperatures above 30°C (86 o:e ) (sec F.vanu , 1948), wi th possib ility of recovery, and to die after even short term exposures to 40-42°C (l04 - 107°F) (data in Gunter, 1957, and others) .

Sandy and muddy areas

The west beach sand flats had a well-deve loped infauna, numerically dominated by the haustoriid amphipod Acanthohaustorius millsi , and the delicate wedge (tellin) clam Tellina agilis. Both organisms were common at the western end of the main beach, although the numbers never approached the peak concentrations found at the west beach. Both species declined in numbers toward the eastern end of the main beach. The reduction in numbers was due more likely to change~ in sediment composition than to the direct effects of temperature. Sediments became coarse toward the east, and were very coarse in the direct path of the swiftly-moving plume.

Area D

Area F

Area F

Area G

Area G

Area H

Area J

Area K

Area K

Area L

Plume

(West)

(East)

(West)

(East)

(West)

(East)

Inner Sand Zone

4

4

0

0

Outer Sand Zone

Inner Middle

0 0

0 0

0 0

Table 1.

Quantitative distribution of Acanthohaustorius millsi in numbers of specimens per square meter. Isopleths are at the 10, 100, and 200 specimen intervals.

19

Outer

0

0

0

20

Haustoriids were common in eight of ten stations in which the median grain diameter of the sediment was less than 0.45 mm. They were rare in or absent from all eight stations in which median grain diameters were 0.47 - 1.0 mm. Haustoriids feed on detritus while burrowing in sand, using maxillary setae to filter out particles (Dennel, 1933; Croker, 1967). Habitat records of A. millsi suggest it is most common in fine sand. It has been-found along semi-protected sand beaches at Cape Cod (Bousfield, 1965) and along the sandy beaches of inlets in North Carolina (Dexter, 1967).

Most members of the Tellinacea deposit feed with an elongate, free, inhalant siphon, which is held just above the substratum (Yonge, 1950). Yonge found the distributions of British species of the superfamily to be correlated with the type of sediment and the tidal level.

The rarity of haustoriids and tellin clams in fine sand off the east beach might have been due to temperature effects, but the sediments require detailed analysis.

The limp steamer clams found in the accessory channel on August 6 probably were effected by heat, since the thermal death point (of Canadian specimens) is 40.6°C (data in Gunter, 1957), and the water t emperature of the channel was 38°C.

Se ve r a l spe ci e s wer e l e ss common in sandy are as at Nor th ­port than in similar habitats near Stony Brook. Gem clams were common in fine sand only at the west beach. Coarse sand generally supports a restricted fauna, as shown by the reduced number of species along the intake channel. However, fringeworms (Cirratulus), synaptid cucumbers, and false angel wing clams (Petricola) were common in coarse sand at and near the entrance to Flax Pond in Oldfield (Hechtel, 1969). In the present study, fringeworms were common only at the west bea ch , Area D, a nd the tip of the east sand jetty. Petricola was rare and Leptosynapta uncommon at all Northport stations. Naylor (1965b) suggested that echinoderms in general have unusually limited abilities to acclimatize to temperature changes.

The infauna of the exit channel was restricted in both numbers of individuals and species diversity during early summer (June 10, July 10). Infaunal animals we re elimina ted from sampling sites along the cooling basin by August 6. Few organisms survived along the banks of the discharge channel. The faunal changes were due almost certainly to the elevated summer temperatures in the exit channel. Water used by the generating plant was heated above 90°F (32°C) for the first time in early June, with one unit in operation. Water was heated above 90°F (32°C) through much of July and early August, with two generating units usually in operation. Water in the hot pipes reached a peak of 100°F (38°C) on July 20.

- I

Sediments in the exit channel, particularly those in the cooling basin, appeared to be rich in organic matter, and the June fauna was dominated by known and probable deposit feeders. Wass (1967) regarded Capitella capitata and Nereis succinea as indicators of organic pOllution. He reviewed a study in Virginia in which N. succinea and a capitellid (Heteromastus filiformis) were the only macroinvertebrates at a station 100 yards from a power plant outflow. Scoloplos is a genus of the Orbiniidae, a group in which an unarrred proboscis is utilized to ingest organic debris or sediment (Pettibone, 1963). Scolecolepides viridis is a member of the Spionidae, a group that can combine deposit and filter~feeding . The animals were never seen at the surface, and presumably used their cephalic palps to collect food within the sediment.

The most common epifaunal organism on the sand flats and in areas of muddy sand was the mud whelk Nassarius obsoletus. The species was equally abundant in mud flats ana-marsh channels at Flax Pond, where it must be subject to high temperatures at low tide (Hechtel, 1969). In laboratory experiments, Fraenkel (1968) found mud snails could survive an hour's exposure to temperatures up to 40°C. Their near-disappearance from the exit channel (coupled with a continued abundance elsewhere) , suggests an inability to withstand or tolerate extended periods of elevated water temperatures. The exit channel population of June may have migrated into deeper water, since few empty shells were found along the banks. The large size of most specimens seen in June suggests immigration into the channel by over­wintering populations (although large animals also were seen in the cooler water of the intake channel) .

Blue-clawed and other crabs may have been attracted to the exit channel and its mouth by elevated temperatures. Churchill (1917) reported a migration of blue-clawed crabs into grassy shallow areas at the upper end of Chesapeake Bay prior to mating in summer. The presence of skeletal remains of crabs near a cool water drain in the cooling basin suggests an in­ability to survive under summer conditions.

The rarity of hermit crabs off the east beach, and their absence from the exit channel may be due to temperature-imposed restrictions.

The inner hot drain of the intake channel had the obvious effect of excluding garnrnaridean amphipods from tufts of the stringy green seaweed Enteromorpha for a distance of about five meters to either side of the outflow. Their absence from similar tufts along the banks of the exit channel is not surprising. Enterornor~ha itself is known to tolerate the high temperatures associate with power plant outflows (Markowski, 1960) .

Mussel Beds and Rocky Areas

Mussel beds should be good indicators of adverse temperature

21

22

conditions. Three of the numerically 00winant animals (Balanus balanoides, Littorina littorea, and Mytilus edulis) are typical cold temperate orcranisms. The east and west mussel neds had particularly dense populations of these organisms, and were normal areas in major features.

Blue mussels were common in parts of the east sand jetty, Areas A-C, the inshore mussel bed in Area D, and along much of the outer rock zone of the main beach. The probable effects of temperature can be seen by their reduction in numbers in Areas J-K, their rarity in Area L and on the western edge of the east sand jetty, and their absence from the exit channel. Mussels, rockweeds, periwinkles and barnacles were conspicuously rare on the outer rock slope of the intake channel near the outer hot drain, although present near the intake pier. In studies reviewed by Naylor (1965b), Californian blue mussels were removed from intake ducts of a power plant by backflushing for only one hour at 38-410C. The lethal temperature for Canadian specimens was 40.8°C in studies summarized by Gunter (1957). Temperatures in the exit channel and plume reached 39° and 38°C respectively on August 7. It would be interesting to follow the fate of the small mussels noted in August at Area L and the east sand jetty.

Periwinkles were reduced in numbers all along the outer rock zone, and were rare on rocky parts of Area K, Area L and the east sand jetty. None were found on rocks in the discharge channel. Evans (1948) found that British specimens of Littorina littorea became inactive at only 32°C. The lethal temperature for populations at vloods Hole, Massachusetts was 40-410C. (Hamby and Fraenkel, 1965; Fraenkel, 1968).

Barnacles were rare in Areas K-L, and at the western edge of the east sand jetty. They were excluded from the exit channel except for a few individuals near its mouth. Southward (1957, 1958) found cirral casting movements ceased at 35°C in Balanus balanoides and ~. improvisus. The former species died from an exposure of only 3/4 hour to water temperatures of 37° and 40°C (Southward, 1958).

Several other species may have been reduced in numbers or excluded by elevated temperatures. Oyster drills were rare even sub­tidally at the east sand jetty. The isopod Jaera marina, common under rocks along the Sound, was rare except at the east beach, and at the inner mussel bed of the intake channel. Ectoprocts were unco~mon except-at subtidal stations off the main and east sand jetties. Ectoprocts such as Schizoporella have been collected at higher tidal levels in Stony Brook Harbor. Caprellid amphipods were rare on or absent from rockweeds and mussel beds, except for the west side of the main jetty. They were uncommon even at the subtidal distal end of the east sand jetty. Caprellids were present in enormous numbers on subtidal mooring ropes near the offshore oil dock at Northport, and are not uncommon intertidally near Stony Brook. The jingle clam

) I

-

Anomia simplex was rare throughout the study area. The sea anemone Metridiurn senile usually present on the North Shore was absent from all sampling sites. Green crabs were uncommon as compared with mussel beds and rockweed areas at Flax Pond (Hechtel, 1969). Markowski (1962) and Naylor (196Sa) both thought green crabs were unable to breed in heated water of outflows from British power plants.

A few organisms increased in numbers in or near the heated water. The filter-feeding slipper limpet Crepidula fornicata was particularly common on rocks in Area L, and on eastern and outer parts of the east sand jetty. It was totally absent, however, from the exit channel. The striped anemone Haliplanella luciae was common in the same areas, and in addition was abundant in early summer on rocks near the mouth of the discharge channel (June 10, July 10). A few specimens survived high temperatures until July 23 and August 6. In June and early July, the tube-dwelling amphipod Corophium insidiosum was extremely abundant on the sediment-covered rocks in the exit channel. The Corophiidae are both deposit and suspension feeders, using gnathopodal setae to sift mud or strain pleopod­produced currents (Hart, 1930; Crawford, 1937).

The disappearance of striped anemones, ribbon worms, and amphipods (including Corophium) from the rocks near the weir between July 10 and 23 must be attributed tentatively to elevated temperatures. Between May 1 and July 10, water temperatures exceeded 90°F (32°C) in both hot pipes (i.e. with both generators in operation) only on July 2-4 and July 9-10. Between July 10 and 23, this condition existed on July 12-20, and July 22, with a peak of 100.soF (38°C) on July 20 (LILCO data) .

23

24

CONCLUSIONS

1. The intertidal fauna of rocky areas and mussel beds was affected drastically only in the exit channel and in a narrow band, 10-20 m in width, to either side of the plume as it flowed from the channel mouth. Lesser effects could be noted on some species in a wider area. The sharp decline in temper­ature to either side of the plume undoubtedly protected the fauna of the intertidal zone.

2. The strong current of the plume may affect the distribution of sediments along the main beach, and thus in­directly affect the infauna of sandy regions. Observational evidence indicates that so~e infaunal species were restricted in distribution by temperature effects.

3. A few species were enhanced in abundance by the proximity of the plume. A few motile organisms may be attracted to the exit channel by high temperatures, but ~ay not survive within it.

4. A limited number of species, mostly deposit feeders, were present in the exit channel in early summer. Most of the fauna was eliminated by mid-July or early August. The deterior­ation of the fauna can be correlated roughly with the elevated temperatures of July outflow water.

5. All organisms found within the exit channel also were collected in cooler waters at Northport. No hahitat - specific indicator orqanisrns, such as warm water immigrant species, were found in the survey.

6. Thermal pollution is detected best by noting changes in population densities of dominant species, and by the reduction of species diversity in particular communities of intertidal invertebrates.

.......

RECORMENDATIONS FOR FUTURE STUDY

Further study of benthic invertebrates should be concen­trated on the fauna of the exit channel. Sampling sites should include sandy areas and the rocky area by the weir. Sampling sites should be checked at bi-weekly or monthly intervals, and at weekly intervals in the critical summer period. If possible, the survey should extend over at least two years.

The rocky area by the weir should be examined in terms of species diversity. At least rough estimates should be made of the abundance of dominant species. The station should be compared with rocks in Area L (disturbed, near the plume) and with the outer rock zone of Area F (main beach, relatively un­disturbed). When possible, it should be compared with rock faunas at the west beach and near Stony Brook. Is there settlement by attached algae or barnacles? Are typical mussel bed species and filter feeders found at any time of year, and if so, when are they eliminated?

Sediment samples should be taken along the lower discharge channel (near the rocky area), at the soundward rim of the cooling basin, and between the hot pipes. Samples for sieving should be at least 50x50x5 cm. Four-shovel samp]es were used for most of the present survey only because of time limitations and handling problems. The numbers and distribution of mud whelks should be noted. Sand stations should be compared with similar areas alon9 the main beach. If possible, areas with similar median grain diameters should be chosen. Additional areas might be sampled whenever possible near Stony Brook. At what times of the year is a well-developed infauna present? Do any species in sandy or rocky areas successfully reproduce in the exit channel?

Additional temperature data are necessary. At least spot checks should be made of temp\~ratures in the exit channel and off the main beach. LILCO ou~flow water data would still be necessary. Continuous records in the cooling basin or other areas would be valuable, as would quantitative information on the discreteness of the plume as it passes through the inter­tidal zone.

An attempt should be made to correlate faunal changes in the exit channel, particularly when accentuated over those in normal areas, with temperature conditions in the effluent water. Sampling should be particularly intense if organisms become subject to the possibly critical temperatures of 30°C (86°F), 35°C (95°F), and 40°C (I04°F). If successful, one ~ight then predict the deleterious effects to be expected from particular temperature conditions associated with operation of the power plant.

25

~

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Abbott, R. T. 1954. American Seashells. Van Nostrand, New York. 541 pp.

Barnard, J. L. 1958. Index to the FaMilies, Genera, and Species of the Gammaridean Amphipoda (Crustacea). Allan Hancock Foundation, Occ. Papers, 19:1-145.

Bousfield, E. L. 1965. Haustoriidae of New England. Proc. U. S. N at. Mus., 11 7 (3 512) : 159 - 2 40 .

Bousfield, E. L. 1969. New Records of Ga~marus Amphipoda) From the Middle Atlantic Region. Science, 10:1-17.

(Crustacea: Chesapeake

Bullock, T. H. 1955. Compensation for ~emperature in the Metabolism and Activity o~ Poikilotherms. Biol. Rev. 30:311-342.

Churchill, E. P. 1917. Life History of the Blue Crab. Bull. U. S. Bur. Fish., 36:95-117.

Clark, Hubert. 1907. The Apodous Holothurians. A Monoqraph of the Synaptidae and Malpadiidae. Smithson. Contrib. Knowledge, XXXV:l~207.

Coe, W. 1912. Echinoderms of Connecticut. Geol. Nat. Hist. Survey, Conn. Bull. 19:1-152.

Crawford, G. P. 1937. A Review of the Amphipod Genus Corophium. Journ. Marine BioI. Assoc. U.K. 21:589-630.

Croker, R. A. 1967. of Intertidal Arophipods Monogr. 37:173-200.

Crowder, William. 1931. Between the Tides. Dodd, Mead, N.Y. 461 pp.

27

Darwin, Charles. 1851-1854. A Monoqraph of the Subclass Cirrepedia. 1964 reprint, Stechert-Hafner, N.Y. 684 pp.

Denne11, R. 1933. The Habits and Feedi~g Mechanism of the Amphipod Haustorius arenarius. Journ. Linn. Soc. Lond. (Zool.), 38: 363-388.

Dexter, Deborah. 1967. Distribution and Niche Diversity of Haustoriid Amphipons in North Carolina. Chesapeake Science, 8:187-192.

Ekman, Sven. 1953. Zooqeoqraphy of the Sea. Sidgwick and Jackson, London. 417 pp.

28

Evans, R. G. 1948. The Lethal Temperatures of Some Common British Littoral Molluscs. Journ. Anim. Ecol. 17:165-173.

Gunter, Gordon. 1957. In Hedgpeth, Joel (ed.) Treatise on Marine Ecology and Paleocology. Vol. I. Ecology. Geol. Soc. America, mim 67:159-184.

Hall, C. A. 1964. Shallow Water Marine Climates and Molluscan Provinces. Ecology. 45:226-234.

Hamby, R., and Fraenkel, G. 1965. Effect of High Temperatures on the Prosobranch Snail Littorina littorea. BioI. Bull. 129:406-407.

Hart, T. J. 1930. Preliminary Notes on the Bionomics of the Amphipod Corophium. Journ. Marine BioI. Assoc. U. K., 16:761-789.

Hartman, Olga. 1944. New England Annelida. Part 2. Including The Unpublished Plates by Verrill with Reconstructed Captions. Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., 82:327-344.

Hechtel, G. J. 1969. Invertebrate Survey of Flax Pond - Summer 1967. M.S.R.C. Technical Report. 1:40 pp.

Holmes, S. J. 1904. The Amphipoda of Southern New England. Bull. U.S. Bur. Fish., 24:459-529.

Hutchins, Louis. 1947. The Bases for Temperature Zonation in Geographical Distribution. Ecol. Monogr. 17:325-335.

Jacobson, M., and Emerson, W. 1961. Shells of the New York City Area. Argonaut Books, Larchmont, N.Y. 142 pp.

Kunkel, B. 1918. The Arthrostraca of Connecticut. Geol. Nat. Hist. Survey. Conn., Bull. 26:1-261.

Markowski, S. 1960. Observations on the Response of some Benthic Organisms to Power Station Cooling Water. Journ. Anim. Ecol., 29:349-357.

Markowski, S. 1962. Faunistic and Ecological Investigations in Cavendish Dock, Barrow-in-Furness. Journ. Anim. Ecol., 31:43-51.

McCain, John. Virginia.

1965. The Caprellidae (CrustaceaiAmphipoda) of Che~apeake Science, 6(3):190-196.

McCain, John. 1968. The Caprellidae (Crustacea:Amphipoda) of the Western North Atlantic. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus., 278:1-147.

. f

Mills, Eric. 1963. A New Species of Ampelisca (Crustacea: Amphipoda) from Eastern North America, With Notes on Other Species of the Genus. Can. Journ. 7.00]., 41:971-989.

Miner, Ralph W. 1950. Field Book of Seashore Life. Putnam, N.Y. 888 pp.

Naylor, E. 1965a. Biological Eff~cts of a Heated Effluent in Docks at Swansea, South Wales. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. , 144:253-268.

Naylor, E. 1965b. Effects of Heated Effluents upon Marine and Estuarine Orqanisms. Advances Mar. BioI. 3:63-103.

Orr, P. R. 1955. Heat Death I. Time-Temperature Relationships in Marine Animals. Physiol. Zool. 28:290-294.

Osburn, Raymond. 1912. The Bryozoa of the Woods Hole Reqion. Bull. U. S. Bur. Fish., 30:205-266.

Pettibone, Marian H. 1957. North American Genera of the Family Orbiniidae. Journ. Wash. Acad. Sci. 47:159-167.

1963. r. A Mus. ,

Worms of the New Trochaetidae.

Pilsbry, Henry. 1916. The Sessile Barnacles (Cirripedia) Contained in the Collection of the U. S. National Museum , including a Monograph of the American Species. Bull . U. S. Nat. Mus., 93:1-366.

Rathbun, Mary. 1930. The Cancroid Crabs of America of the Families Euryalidae, Portunidae, Atelecyclidae, Cancridae , and Xanthidae. Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 152:1-609.

Richardson, Harriet. North America.

1905. A Monoqraph of the Isopods of Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 54:]-727.

Rogick, Mary and Croasdale, Hannah. 1949. Studies on Marine Bryozoa III. Woons Hol~ Region Bryozoa Associated with Algae. BioI. Bull., 96:32-69.

Shoemaker, C. R. 1938. Two New Species of Amphipod Crustaceans From the East Coast of the United states. Journ. Wash . Acad . Sci., 28:326-332.

Smith, Ralph. 1965. Keys to Marine Invertebrates of the Woods Hole Reqion. Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole , Mass. 208 pp.

29

30

Southward, A. J. 1957. On the Behaviour of Barnacles III. Further Observations on the Influence of Temperature and Age on Cirral Activity. Journ. Mar. BioI. Assoc. U. K. 36:323-334.

Southward, A. J. 1958. Note s on th e 'fIernnera ture Tolerances of Some Intertidal A.nirraJ.s in Pelation to Fnvironmental Temperatures and Geoqra~hical Distribution. Journ. Mar. BioI. Assoc. U. K. 37:49-66.

Van Name, W. 1945. North and South American Ascidians. Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., 84:1-476.

Verrill, A. 1877. New England Annelida. Part I. Trans. Conn. Acad. Arts Sci., 4(8) :285-324.

Wass, M. L. 1967. Indicators of Pollution. In Olson, T. A. and F. J. Burgess, Pollution and Marine Ecoloqy. Inter­science, N.Y. pp. 271-283.

Yonge, c. M. 1950. On the Structure and Adaptations of Tellinacea, Deposit-feeding Eulamellibranchs. Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. Lond., (B) 234:29-74.

. !

The nomenclature is unless otherwise noted. given for each species. sole source.

Phylum Coelenterata Class Hydrozoa

APPENDIX I

FAUNAL LIST

that of the Woods Hole key (Smith, 1964) At least one descriptive reference is Smith is listed only if used as the

Campanulariidae (Obelia sp. or Campanularia sp.). Ref.-Smith, 1964.

Hydractinia echinata (Fleming). Ref.-Miner, 1950. Podocoryne carne a Sars. Ref.-Miner, 1950.

Class Anthozoa Haliplanella luciae (Verrill). Ref.-Miner, 1950,

as Sagartia luciae.

Phylum Nemertina Class AnopIa

Cerebratulus lacteus (Leidy). Giant Ribbon worm. Ref.-Miner, 1950.

Lineus ruber (MUller). Ref.-Smith, 1964. Lineus socialis (Leidy). Ref.-Miner, 1950. Micrura caeca Verrill. Ref.-Smith, 1964. Unidentified ribbon worms.

Class Enopla Arnphiporus ochraceus (Verrill). Ref.-Miner, 1950.

Phylum Annelida Class Oligochaeta

Unidentified marine oligochaetes. Class Polychaeta Family Capitellidae

Capitella capitata (Fabricius). Ref.-Hartman, 1944; Miner, 1950.

Family Cirratulidae Cirratulus grandis Verrill. Fringeworm. Ref.-Miner, 1950.

Family Gylceridae Glycera dibranchiata Ehlers. Ref.-Pettibone, 1963.

Family Maldanidae Clymenella torquata (Leidy). Collared Bamboo worm.

Ref.-Miner, 1950 Family Nereidae

Nereis succinea (Frey and Leukart). Ref.-Pettibone, 1963. Nereis virens Sars. Ref.-Pettibone, 1963.

Family Onuphidae Diopatra cuprea (Bosc). Ref.-Pettibone, 1963.

31

32

Family Opheliidae Ophelia bicornis Savigny. Ref.-Smith, 1964.

Family Orbiniidae Scoloplos sp. Interramal cirri present as in S. fragilis,

S. riseri, and S. robustus . Subpodal flange incised, unlike S. robustus. Subpodal papillae separated unlike S. fragIlis. Dorsalmost subpodal papilla points upward as in S. riseri, but papillae non-adjacent, and ventral papillae absent. See Pettibone, 1957, 1963. Specimens - I 3-4 cm long with eggs in June .

Family Pectinariidae Pectinaria gouldii (Verrill). Ice cream cone worm. Ref.­

Miner, 1950. Family Phyllodocidae

Eteone lac tea Claparede. Ref.-Pettibone, 1963. Family Polynoidae

Harmothoe imbricata (Linnaeus). Ref.-Pettibone, 1963. Family Sabellidae

Fabricia sabella (Ehrenberg). Ref.-Hartman, 1944. Family Spionidae

Polydora ligni Webster. Ref.-Smith, 1964. Scolecolepides viridis (Verrill). Ref.-Smith, 1964.

Family Syllidae Autolytus cornutus Agassiz. Ref.-Hartman, 1944: Verril, 1877.

Family Terenellidae Polycirrus eximius (Leidy). Ref.-Smith, 1964.

Phylum Arthropoda Class Merostomata Subclass Xiphosura

Limulus polyphemus Linnaeus. Ref.-Miner, 1950. Class Crustacea Subclass Cirripedia. Ref.-Darwin. 1851-54; Philsbry, 1916.

Balanus balanoides (Linnaeus). Common Barnacle. Balanus eburneus Gould. Balanus improvisus Darwin.

Subclass Malacostraca Superorder Peracarida

Order Amphipoda Family Ampeliscidae

Ampelisca vadorum Mills. Ref.-Mills, 1963. Family Amphithoidae

Amphithoe sp., cf. A. valida Smith. Second gnathopods of male with enlarged propus, having tubercle in center of distal margin. Similar to Crowder's fig. 288 of A. valida Webster, a species often treated as a synonym of A. rubricat~ (Montagu), although listed as a valid species by Barnard (1958). According to Kunkel, the gnathopods of A. rubricata are neither enlarged nor tuberculate.

Family Caprellidae Caprella penantis Leach. Ref.-McCain, 1965, as C. geometrica;

1968, as C. penantis.

Family Corophiidae Corophium insidiosum Crawford. Ref.-Crawford, 1937.

Family Garnrnaridae Garnrnarus annulatus Smith . Ref.-Kunk el, 1918. Gammarus mucronatus (Say ). Ref . -Kunke l, 1918, as

Carinogammarus mucronatus , but see Bousfield, 19 69 on generic position.

Melita nitida Smith. Ref.-Kunk e l , 1918. Family Haustoriidae. Ref.-Bousfield, 19 65 .

Acanthohaustorius millsi Bousfield . Haustorius canadensis Bousfield . Neohaustorius biarticulatus Bousfield .

Family Ischyroceridae Jassa falcata (Montagu). Ref . -Kunkel, 1918; Ho l mes , 19 04 ---Tas J. marmorata, but see Barnard , 19 58 o n s y nonym).

Family Phoxocephalidae Paraphoxus epistoma (Shoemaker). Ref .-Shoe mak er, 1938.

Family Talitridae Allorchestes littoralis Stimpson. Ref .-Kunkel , 1918

Order Isopoda Jaera marina (Fabricius). Ref . -Kunkel , 1918; Richa r d s on,

1905. Superorder Eucarida Order Decapoda Suborder Natantia

Crangon septemspinosus Say. Sand s hrimp . Ref.-Miner , 1950. Suborder Reptantia Section Anomura

Pagurus longicarpus Say. Lesser hermit c rab. Ref .-Miner, 1950.

Sec tion Brachyura. Ref.-Miner , 1950 ; Rathbu n , 1930. F amily Ocypodidae

Uca pugilator (Bosc). Smooth-clawed fi d d ler crab. F anury Mai idae

Libinia emarginata Leach . Nine-spined s p ider crab. Family Portunidae

Callinectes sapidus Rathbun . Blue-cla wed crab. Carcinus maenas (Linnaeus). Green crab . Ovalipes ocellatus (Herbst). Calico crab.

Family Xanthidae Neopanope texana sayi (Smith) .

Phylum Mollusca. Ref.-Abbott, 1954; Jacobson and Eme r s on, 1961. Class Gastropoda Subclass Prosobranchia

Order Archaeogastropoda Family Acmaeidae

Acmaea testudinalis (MUller) . Ha t limpet. Order Mesogastropoda F amily Calyptraeidae

Crepidula convexa Say. Convex s l ipper limpet Crepidula fornicata (Linnaeus ). Commo n slippe r l i mpet. Crepidula plana Say. Flat slipper limpet .

33

34

Family Littorinidae Littorina littorea (Linnaeus). Common periwinkle. Littorina saxatilis (Olivi). Rough periwinkle.

Family Naticidae Lunatia heros (Say). Hero moon snail. Polinices duplicatus (Say). Callused moon snail.

Order Neogastropoda Family Columbellidae

Mitrella lunata (Say). Lunar dove snail. Family Muricidae

UrosalEinx cinerea (Say). Oyster drill. Family Nassariidae

Nassarius obsoletus (Say). Common dog whelk=mud snail. Nassarius trivittatus (Say). Waffled dog whelk.

Class Bivalvia Order Anisomyaria Family Anomiidae

Anomia simplex Orbigny. Jingle clam. Family Arcidae

Anadara transversa (Say). Transverse ark. Family Mytilidae

Mytilus edulis Linnaeus. Blue mussel. Modiolus demissus (Dillwyn) Ribbed mussel.

Order Eulamellibranchiata Family Myacidae

Mya arenaria Linnaeus. Steamer clam. Family Petricolidae

Petricola pholadiformis Lamarck. False angel wing. Family Solenidae

Ensis directus (Conrad). Razor clam. Family Tellinidae

Tellina agilis Stimpson. Tellin clam=fragile wedge clam . Family Veneridae

Gemma gemma Totten. Gem clam. Order Anomalodesmacea Family Pandoridae

Pandora gouldiana (Dall'. Gould's Pandora.

Phylum Ectoprocta Ref.-Rogick and Croasdale, 1949; Osburn, 1912. Class Gymnolaemata Order Ctenostomida Family Alcyonidiidae

Alcyonidium polyoum (Has saIl). Family Vesiculariidae

Bowerbankia imbricata (Adams). Order Cheilostomida Family Electridae

Electra pilosa (Linnaeus). Family Escharidae

Cryptosula pallasiana (Moll). Family schizoporellidae

Schizoporella unicornis (Johnston).

Phylum Echinodermata Class Asteroidea

Asterias forbesi (Des or) . Ref.-Coe, 1912. Class Holothuroidea

Leptosynapta tenuis (Ayres). White synaptid. Ref.-Clark, 1907, as L. inhaerans.

Phylum Hemichordata Class Enteropneusta

Saccoglossus kowalewskyi (Agassiz). Ref.-Smith, 1964.

Phylum Chordata Subphylum Tunicata Class Ascidiacea Ref.-Van Name, 1945 .

Botryllus schlosseri (Pallas) Molgula manhattensis (De Kay)

35

36

APPENDI X II

SPECIES LISTS FOR THE AREAS STUDIED.

Figure 3 is a graphical representation of the distribution of species occurring in two or more localities.

FAUNAS OF SANDY AND MUDDY AREAS

West Beach - Infaunal Species

Nemertines: Cerebratulus lacteus Lineus rUber Micrura socialis Unidentified ribbon worms

Polychaetes: Cirratulus grandis Clymenella torquata Eteone lactea Nereis virens Ophelia bidenticulata Scolecolepides viridis Scoloplos sp.

Crustaceans: Acanthohaustor ius millsi Ampelisca vador um Amphithoe sp.---Neohaustori us biar-ciculatus - -Mollusks: Mya arenaria Pandor a gouldi i Tellina agilis

Deuterostomes: Leptosynapta ~enuis Saccoglo~sus kowalewskYi

West Beach - Epifaunal Species List

Mollusks: Crepidula fornicata Crepidula plana Gemma gemma Nassarius obsoletus Nassarius trivittatus

Arthropods: ~rangon sept~Einos~~ Libinia emarglnata Limulus polyphemus Ovalipes ocellatus ?agurus longicarpus

Intake Channel - Infaunal Species

Nemertines: Unidentified ribbon worms

Annelids: Nereis succinea N. virens Oligochaetes, marine Pectinaria gouldii Scolecolepides viridis Scoloplos sp.

Mollusks: Mya a 'r:-enaria

Crustaceans: Acanthohaus torius millsi Haustorius canadensi s -- -

Intake Channel - Epifaunal Species

Mollusks: Littorina littored Mytflus edulls -NaSsarius obso letus

C:r'us taceans : Balanus balanoides ~a~arus mucronatus Meli t ·a ni'tida Pagurus longi'c;'arp:us Uca pugilator

.........

Main Beach - Inner Sand Zone - Infaunal Species

Nemertines: Cerebratulus lacteus Lineus rUber Unidentified ribbon worms

Polychaetes: Capitella capitata Cirratulus grandis Diopatra cuprea Eteone lactea Nereis succinea Nereis virens Ophelia bicornis Polycirrus eximius Scolecolepides viridis Scoloplos sp.

Mollusks: Tellina agilis

Crustaceans: Acanthohaustorius millsi Ampthithoe sp. Gammarus annulatus Gammarus mucronatus Haustorius canadensis Neohaustorius biarticulatus Paraphoxus spinosus

Deuterostomes: Leptosynapta tenuis Saccoglossus kowalewskyi

Main Beach - Inner Sand Zone - Epifaunal Species

Mollusks: Gemma gemma Lunatia heros Polinices duplicatus Nassarius obsoletus

Crustaceans: Callinectes sapidus carcinus maenas Crangon septemspinosus Libinia emar~inata Pagurus longlcarpus

Main Beach Sand Flats - Infaunal Species

Nemertines: Unidentified ribbon worms

Annelids: Cirratulus grandis Glycera dibranchiata Nereis succinea Nereis virens Oligochaetes, marine Scolecolepides viridis Scoloplos sp.

Mollusks: Ensis directus Mya arenaria Petricola ~holadiformi s Tellina agllis

Crustaceans: Acanthohaustorius millsi Gammarus annulatus Paraphoxus spinosus

Deuterostomes: Leptostnapta tenuis Saccog ossus kowalewskyi

Main Beach Sand Flats - Epifaunal Species

Coelenterates: Haliplanella luciae

Mollusks: Gemma gemma Nassarius obsoletus Nassarius trivittatus

Crustaceans: Amphithoe sp. Corophium insidiosum Gammarus mucronatus

3 7

38

Exit Channel Infaunal Species

Polychaetes: Capitella capitata Eteone lactea Nereis succinea Scolecolepides viridis Scoloplos sp.

Exit Channel Epifaunal Species

Mollusks: Nassarius obsoletus

Deuterostomes: Saccoglossus kowalewskyi

Arthropods: Callinectes sapidus Limulus polyphemus Uca pugilator

East Beach and Accessory Channel Infaunal Species

Nemertines: Lineus ruber Unidentified ribbon worms

Polychaetes: Capitella capitata Cirratulus grandis Nereis succinea N. virens Scoleolepides viridis Scoloplos sp.

East Beach Epifaunal Species

Coelenterates: Haliplanella luciae

Mollusks: Crepidula fornicata Gemma gemma Lunatia heros Nassarius obsoletus N. trivittatus

Mollusks: Mya arenaria Tellina aqi lis

Crustaceans: Acanthohaustorius millsi

Crustaceans: Arnphi thoe sp. Balanus balanoides Callinectes sapidus Corophiurn insidiosum Gammarus mucronatus Ovalipes ocellatus Pagurus longicarpus

Main Beach - Outer Sands

West and Center

Innermost Specimens 468

Species 4-5

Mid dle Specimens 240

Species 0-6

out ermost Specimens 160

Species 0-6

East Beach

Specimens 4-52

Species 1-6

East and Center

100

1-3

32

1-4

24

1-4

~

o

West Beach West Beach Sand Flats Channel West (Ou ter F la ts ) (Inner Flats) Patches East of Flats Entrance

Specimens 310

Species 5

D F (Wes t)

Specimens 68 40

Species 9 6

350 110

7 5

Main Beach - Inner Sands

F (East)

156

6

G G (Wes t) (Eas t)

180 148

9 4

Table 2.

Jetty

810

6

H J

388 8

6 2

70

5

K (West)

8

2

Bed

600

4

K (East)

36

6

Abundance and Diversity of Sand Faunas. Data presented here are shown graphically in figure 2. Counts are based on data converted to rn2 areal units.

L

28

2

I j \ -

I.

I

Specimens

Species

West

West Beach ( Inner) Sand Patches East Flats Channel Flats West Entrance Area D Area F (West) Area F (East) Area G (Wes t) Area G (East) Area H Area J Area K (Wes t) Area K (East) Area L Exit Channel East Beach

East

00000000

0000'0000000000000

...... C"\I ('\"').,3"IJ')\Df'.CDO"I NCO.:rl,l')\Df'.<X)O'\-NM.:rU")\Of"'--a)

o C"lC'f'l.,.7l/')U)f'.CO

r-4 N (T').3' I.t) W r--- co en

..... c: --ec::---------,,--------:..~

c" s __ !:cimens --~

" .... .... ,..----- ... ... -------.:.

---~~

" ... ... ...

Figure 2.

Faunal Diversity and Abundanse in Sand Areas. Counts of specimens converted from ori~inal data to square meter units (See Table 2). Left hand curve is diversity (number of species present), right hand curve is near shore samples only. Diversity data for Exit Channel and East Beach shown as seasonal extremes. Abundance data for these areas averaged for 8 and 5 collections respectively. Depression of curves at Area J, Area K (West), Area L and Exit Channel reflects effects of thermal plume on biota.

't.,)

~

FAUNAS OF ROCKY AREAS

West Beach (Incomplete)

Coelenterates: Haliplanella luciae

Polychaetes: Nereis succinea

Mollusks g Cre pidula fornicata Li ttorina littorea Littorina s axatilis Mytilus edulis Nassarius obsoletus Nassarius trivittatus

Intake Channel . coelenterates: Haliplanella luciae Hydroids, Campanulariidae

Polychaetes : Nereis succinea Nereis vir ens Scoloplos sp.

Mollusks: Acmaea testudinalis Littorina littorea Modiolis demissus MytiI-us edulis Nassarius obsoletus

Crustaceans: Balanus balanoides Jaera marina Melita nitida Pagurus longicarpus

Crus taceans: Amphithoe sp. Balanus balanoides Balanus improvisus Carcinus maenas Corophium insidiosum Gammarus mucronatus Jaera marina Melita nitida Neopanope texana sayi Pagurus longicarpus

Tunicates: Botryllus schlosseri Molgula manhattensis

45

46

Main Beach - Areas A-C

Coelenterates: Haliplanella luciae

Polychaetes: Harmathoe imbricata Nereis succinea

Mollusks: Crepidula fornicata Littorina littorea Mytilus edulis Nassarius obsoletus Nassarius trivittatus Tellina agilis ~salpinx cinerea

Area D - Mussel Bed

Coelenterates: Haliplanella luciae

Polychaetes: Diopatra cuprea Nereis succinea

Crustaceans: Balanus balanoides Carcinus maenas Corophium insidiosum Gammarus mucronatus Melita nitida Pagurus longicarpus

Crustaceans: Amphithoe sp. Balanus balanoides Corophium insidiosum Gammarus mucronatus Pagurus longicarpus Jaera marina

Ectoprocts: Electra pilosa

Echinoderms : Asterias forbesi

Nemertines: Cerebratulus lacteus Unidentified ribbon worms

Mollusks: Littorina littorea Littorina saxatilis Modiolus demissus Mya arenaria Mytilus edulis Nassarius obsoletus Petricola pholadiformis Tellina agilis

Areas F-H, J-K - outer Rock Zone

Coelenterates: Haliplanella luciae Hydroids - on hermit crabs

Nemertines: Amphiporus ochraceus Unidentified ribbon worms

Annelids: Cirratulus grandis Harmathoe imbricata Nereis succinea Nereis virens Oligochaetes, marine

Mollusks: Anomia simplex Crepidula fornicata Crepidula convexa Littorina saxatilis Littorina littorea Mytilus edulis Nassarius obsoletus Tellina agilis Urosalpinx cinerea

Areas F-K - Inner Rock Zone

Coelenterates: Haliplanella luciae

Mollusks: Anadara transversa Crepidula fornicata Littorina littorea Littorina saxatilis Mya arenaria Mytilus edulis Nassarius obsoletus N. trivittatus Tellina agilis

Area L

Coelenterates: Haliplanella luciae hydroids on hermit crabs

Mollusks: Crepidula fornicata Littorina littorea Mya arenaria Mytilus edulis Nassarius obsoletus

Crus taceans: Allorchestes littoralis Arophithoe sp. Balanus balanoides Carcinus maenas Caprella penantis Corophium insidiosum Crangon septemspinosus Gammarus mucronatus Jaera marina Melita nitida Pagurus longicarpus

Ectoprocts: Alcyonidium polyoum

Polychaetes: Harmathoe imbricata Nereis succinea Scoloplos sp.

Crus taceans: Arophithoe sp. Balanus balanoides Carcinus maenas corophium insidiosum Gammarus annulatus Gammarus mucronatus Melita nitida Pagurus longicarpus

Polychaetes: Harmathoe imbricata Nereis succinea

Crustaceans: Balanus balanoides Balanus eburneus Callinectes sapidus Crangon septemspinosus Gammarus mucronatus Libinia emar~inata Pagurus longlcarpus

47

48

Exit Channel

Coelenterates: Haliplanella luciae

Nemertines: Lineus socialis

East Beach

Coelenterates: Haliplanella luciae Hydroids - Campanulariidae

Mollusks: Crepidula fornicata Littorina littorea Mitrella lunata Mya arenarra-Myti Ius edulis Nassarius obsoletus Nassarius trivittatus

East Sa.nd Jet1:x.

Coelenterates ~ Haliplanella luciae Hydroids-Campanulariidae

Tunicates: Molgula manhattensis

Polychaetes: Capitella ~itata Cirratulus ~andis Harmathoe imbricata Nereis succinea Polydora ligni Scolecolepides viridis

Mollusks: Crepidula fornicata Littorina littorea Mya arenaria Mytilus edulis Nassarius obsoletus

Crus taceans : Amphithoe sp. Balanus balanoides Barnacles, ivory Corophium insidiosum Jassa falcata

Polychaetes: Nereis succinea Nereis virens

Crustaceans: Amphithoe sp. Balanus balanoides Corophium insidiosum Gammarus mucronatus Ja"ei:-amar ina Meli ta ni tida

Nemertines: Unidentified ribbon worms

Crustaceans: Balanus balanoides Balanus eburneus Balanus improvisus Caprella penantis Corophium insidiosum Garnrnarus mucronatus Melita nitida Neopanope texana sayi Pagurus longicarpus

Ectoprocts: Alcyonidium polyoum Bowerbankia sp. Cryptosula pallasiana Electra pilosa

~

~oulders by Main Jetty (incomplete)

Coelenterates: Haliplanella luciae Hydroids - Campanulariidae

Mollusks: Littorina littorea Mytilus edulis

Ectoprocts: Bowerbankia imbricata Cryptosula pallasiana Electra pilosa Schizoporella unicornis

Polychaetes: Autolytus cornutus Fabricia sabella Polydora ligni

Crustaceans: Balanus balanoides Caprella penantis Corophium insidiosum Jassa falcata

Tunicates: Botryllus schlos~eri

Mooring Ropes, Oil Dock (incomplete)

Coelenterates: Anemones Metridium senile

Mollusks: Mytilus edulis Petri cola pholadiformis Polinices duplicatus

Polychaetes: Amphitrite sp. Harmathoe imbricata Nereis sp.

Crustaceans: Caprella penantis Jassa falcata

-:z I

~u

Figure 3

Distribution of Species on Rocky Substrates 1.2 .3.415.6

Cerebratulus lacteus Ophelia bicornis Neohaustorius biartlculatus Crangon septemspinosus Libinia emarqinata Haustorius canadensis Unidentified marine ologochaetes Paraphoxus epistoma Leptosynapta tenulS Eteone lactea Limulus polyphemus Uca pugilator Saccoglossus kowalewskYl NerelS SUCClnea Capitella capltata Callinectes sapidus Scoloplos SP. Scolecolepides viridis Nassarius obsoletus Unidentified ribbon worms Acanthohaustorius millsi Cirratulus grandis Amphithoe sp. Tellina agills Genuna genuna Lineus ruber Nassarius trivittatus Nereis vir ens Pagurus longicarpus Gammarus mucronatus Mya arenaria Nassarius trivittatus Ovalipes ocellatus Crepidula fornicata Balanus balanoides Lunatia heros Corophium insidiosum Haliplanella luciae

Key to Areas

1 - Wes t Beach 2 - Intake Channel 3 - Main Beach (Inner Sand) 4 - Main Beach f l ats and Plume 5 - Exit Channel 6 - East Beacll

X X X X X

X X X

X

X X X X X X X X X X X X X

X X X X

X X X X X

X X X X

X X X X X X

X X X

X X X X X X X X X

X ·X X X X X

X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X

X X X X X X X X X X X X X X

X X X X X X X X X X X Xi X X X·

X X X X

X X X X

X X X X

I

I·

r--'\

Figure 4

Distribution of Species on Sandy Substrates 213141516171819.10

Haliplanella luciae Balanus balanoides Nereis succinea Mytilus edulis Nassarius obsoletus Littorina littorea Gammarus mucronatus Pagurus longlcarpus Melita nitlda Crepidula fornicata Harmothoe 1mbrlcata Jaera marlna Tellina agllis Mya arenarla Carclnus maenas Campanulariidae Unidentified ribbon worms Nereis virens Littorina saxatilis Nassarius trivittatus Cirratulus grandis Scoloplos sp. Polydora ligni Balanus eburneus Balanus irnErovisus Caprella penantis Crangon septernsplnosus Neopanope texana saYl Urosalplnx Clnerea Modiolus dernissus Petricola pholadiforrnis Alcyonidiurn polyourn ElectrapiIosa Cryptosula pallasiana Botryllus schlosserl Molgula rnanhattensis Bowerbankia lrnbrlcata Jassa falcata Amphithoe sp. Corophiurn lnsidlosurn

Key to Areas

1 - West Beach 2 - Intake Channel 3 - Main Beach A-C 4 - Area D 5 - Areas F-K (Outer)

X X X X X X

X X X

X

X X

----

X X X X X X X X X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X X

X ~X

X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X )( X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X

X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X

X X X X X X X

X X X X X X X X X X

X X X X X

X X

X X X

X X X X

X X X

X X X

X X X X

X X

X X

X X X X X X X X X X X X X

6 - Areas F-K (Inner) 7 - Area L 8 - Exit Channel 9 - East Beach (Inner)

10 - East Beach and Jetty

:Jl.

I

I '." I

-

Biological Effects of Thermal Pollution

Part II - Floras and Faunas of the Jetty and Deeper Water Areas

Erwin ,T. Ernst Research Affiliate

Marine Sciences Research Center State University of New York

53

1 . I

) \

INTRODUCTION

This study was conducted at varying time intervals from 8 A.M. to 6 P.M. on a daily basis between July 28 and August 31, 1969. Underwater mask and fins were used to insure the investigator of adequate opportunity to observe distribution patterns and animal behavior. The weather and winds were favorable for a valid survey and no significant natural environmental changes occurred. During the third week of the study a considerable amount of silt and fine organic detritus was suspended in the water as a result of dredging operations. Tidal currents dispersed most of th i s ma t erial and the occurence had little immediate effect on the bio ta at the dive sites during the study.

PLAN VIEW: 10 m. between stations

-~-----------. -- -- - - -- - - -- -- -- -- - -- --- -- -- - - - - -- - -- --

Sta. 2 3 4 5 6 1 8 9 10 ....----,.",------- --- -- - - - - ---- - - - --

BARGE I

Station I

High tide 1.0

Low tide expo

2 I

1.6

expo

SIDE VIEW

3 4 5 6 I I I I

1.8 2.3 2.5 2.7

expo 0.1 0.3 0.5

Figure 1.

"

1 8 9 I I I

2.6 2.9 3.2

0.4 0.7 1.0

10 I

3.6

1.4

I -,..-'

II I

3.9

1.7

8

N -,

\- High tide

-Low tide -Bottom

4.1

1.4

THE LILCO JETTY, INVERTEBRATES AND ALGAE

The jetty (Figure 1) is located approximately 160 m. west of the discharge weir and forms the eastern boundary of the intake canal. Commencing with the barge, as Station 1, the jetty was marked off at 10 m. intervals to the end pilings, resulting in 12 stations in about 120 m. Care was taken at all tides to note both sessile and motile forms on and around the rocks from the sand bottom to the high tide line. No attempt was made to quantify populations of annelid worms, amphipods, caprellids, or other small crustacea, since preliminary qualitative studies of these forms were in general agreement with those of Hechtel's report (Part I.).

Distribution of the the'rmalpluIne in relation to depth.

At high tide, the layer of hot water (hereafter referred to as the plume) varied in depth fro~ 0.5 to 1.5 m. on the east side of the jetty, and on the west side from 0 to 0.25 m. The temperature range of the plume varied from 28° to 32°C while that of the water below the plume ranged from 20° to 24° C. The daily variation in plume depth and temperature on either side is due to surface winds affecting the water dispersion. The temperature difference between the east and west sides is due to a soundward current on the west side of the jetty which permits cooler water to flow from the lagoon past the jetty regardless of tide. Only at very high tide does some heated water spill through the jetty in the vicinity of Stations 10 and 11. Station 12 is at the confluence of the plume (east side) and cooler (west side) surface waters. The average tidal range during the short period of the survey was determined to be about 2.2 m. using a crude tide gauge. No attempt was made to determine the relative exposure time to plume or cooler water at a given station during succeeding tides. However, this figure may be calculated by using the data for the high and low tide levels. The high and low tide depths of the stations are shown in Figure 1.

Distribution and abundance of the major invertebrate forms.

The rock jetty offers a variety of physical possibilities which may either enhance or adversely affect the survival of some organisms. For example, the large number of crevices and caves buffer the effects of tides and winds and permit less turbid conditions which favor the attachment of sessile mussels , barnacles, seaweeds, hydroids, and others. On the other hand , the crevices and caves in the jetty at varying tides, are pathways by which predatory forms, such as blackfish and bergals, are able to prey on the sessile forms. The relative abundance of certain varieties may result fr~m differential predation and seasonal variation, but by noting the horizontal and vertical distribution of the major indicator organisms on

57

58

the LILCO jetty in relation to similar control situations at Eaton's Neck Coast Gurad Station, the Crab Meadow jetty, Stony Brook Inlet jetty, and the Port Jefferson breakwater, it is possible to make some conclusions concerning the effects of the plume on the marine life at the LILCO jetty.

Barnacles.

One of the most abundant sessile forms on the jetty is the common rock barnacle (Balanus balanoides). The population extends along the entire length of the jetty and its vertical distribution ranges from 10 cm. below mean high water (in association with scattered individuals of the barnacle Chthamalus fragilis) to the sand and gravel substrate at the base of the jetty. Population density (Table II) ranges from small patches of elongated forms at Station 12 to crowded colonies of 16,000/m2 at Stations 2 to 5. The decrease in population from Station 6 to 12 is due to predation from blackfish ,and lobster, verified by stomach content studies. The elongated individuals (length 1.6 cm.) at Stations 11 and 12 suggest that crowding conditions may have prevailed before predation occured. Strong competition with the mussel Mytilus edulis for substrate attachment was reduced by the simple matter of attaching to Mytilus. The number of attached barnacles ranged from 20/mussel to 90/mussel. The abundance of the barnacles at LILCO compares favorably with that of the control areas cited. However, the mean height of the crowded mussels at Crab Meadow was con­siderably large r than that at LILCO (Table 1). Qualitative observations at Port Jefferson and Stony Brook are similar to Crab Meadow.

Mussels

. The edible mussel, Mytilus edulis is found along the entire length of the jetty but not as uniformly as Balanus. Its vertical distribution compares with that of the control areas and ranges from 1 m. above mean low tide to the bottom. The density of Mytilus populations varies from nothing at Station 2 to 2500/m2 at Stations 4,5,6. At Stations 7,8,9 the mussel density decreases to 1000/m2 in crevices and is patchy on the rocks. At stations 10 to 12 Mytilus is found only in deep crevices, and presence of shell fragments in the stomach contents of blackfish suggest strong predation by them on the mussels. The size of the mussels ranged from 4.5 to 7.5 cm. with the smaller individuals occuring in the area directly affected by the plume. The larger individuals were in the deeper, cooler waters at the base of Station 11 and 12. There was no new mussel set on the heated side of the jetty but there was considerable set (mean length 1 cm.) on the cooler west side of the jetty between the patches of larger mussels. There were fewer large mussels on the west side but strong evidence of high predation was noted including fragments of shells on the bottom, and in the stomachs of blackfish. The

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average size of Mytilus on the cool side is larger than that at the same station on the plume side.

Periwinkles (Littorina littorea) .

Littorina is distributed along the entire jetty and vertically from the high tide line to low water. Their density ranged from 5000/m2 for small individuals (length 0.25 em.) near the beach to 2/m2 for large individuals (length 1.9 em.) near the end of the jetty. These figures which include the high density of young individuals, is j n agreement with qualitative observations made in Stony Br ook I nlet.

Subtidal distribution of inver tebrates.

Other than those organisms discussed above there were few, if any, s essile invertebrates found in Stations 5,6, and 7, where the heated water extende d to the bottom at low tide. However from Stations 8 throug h 1 2 in the layers below the plume there was a decided increase in distribution and abundance of such classical jetty forms as hydroids, tunicates, sponges, bryozoans, certain mollusks, tube worms, scale worms, and lobsters.

At these stations in the cool water below the plume, there were extensive colonies of the hydroid Obelia; the ascidians Botryllus schlosseri; and Molgula manhattensis; the ectoproet Schizoporella unicornis; the mollusks Crepidula plana, C. convexa, and Urosalpinx cinerea; the tube worm Euchone elegans; the scale worm Lepidonotus squamatus; the anemones Sagartia (eylista) leucolena and S. lucia. There was a significant number of lobster, Homarus americanus, (length 20-50 em.), with a population density of 112m2 •

Extensive mats of developing redbeard sponge Microciona prolifera and a variety of Halichondrina were beginning to proliferate. No microscopic analyses of the Halichondrina mats were made.

It is significant that certain invertebrates usually found in a jetty environment were either absent or very few in number. For example, very few green crabs Carcinas maenas were seen compared to Crab Meadow and other areas. Blackfish predation may be part of the answer but no crabs were seen deep in the crevices in which large blackfish are not able to negotiate. No Jonah crabs, Cancer, were noted although many were seen at Stony Brook, Port Jefferson, and Eaton's Neck.

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The anemone Metridium dianthus was almost totally absent. A few dozen individuals were found on the jetty scattered in the cool water on the west side . By way of contrast, the density of Metridium at the Port Jefferson breakwater ranges to 200/m2. Only ten sea stars, Asterias forbesi, were noted in this s t udy, although Mytilus, a major prey of Asterias, was present in great numbers. Hundreds of Asterias, however, may be found a t Port Jefferson and Stony Brook. A small specimen of the sponge Cliona celata (diameter 25 cm.) was noted. All these organisms occur in sizeable numbers at the control sites.

The distr i buti on and abundance of ~lgae.

The r ockwe ed Fucus v a ried in a bundanc e along the length of the jetty. There was no evi dence of Fucus at Station 1 but a small patch o f F. spiralis was noted at Station 2 near the s and, and a sma ll-patch o f F. ve s icul osus was f ound on a rock at Station 3. At Sta tion "4 smafIpatches of F. evanescens were found at the low tide line . F r om Stations 5 through 8, scattered patches of F. v esicul osus were no ted but a gain below the low tide line. From Statio ns '9 through 1 2 an occasional patch of F . evanescens was note d below l ow t ide. In di s tinction, F. evanescens occured in dense mats on the co o ler we st s ide of the jetty in the intertidal zone from 0.5 m. f rom h i gh water to 0.5 m. from the bottom. Likewise i n all t he c o ntrol area s extensive patches o f F. vesiculosus were f ound in the intertidal zone .

eromorpha (s p.) wa s found i r regular ly distr i buted from Stations 4 to l:2at varying depths but never more abundant than a few patches or individuals competing wi th Fucus and Ulva.

Ulva lac t uca was dis tr ibuted from Stations 7 to 12. It was attached in s mall patc hes at Sta tion 7 at depths of 0.4 m. below high tide to i:he bo t tom. At Station 8 from the low tide line and below into the cool wa ter, Ulva (length 20 cm.) was abundant. At Statio ns 9 to 12 it became spotty in competition with barna cles , Fucus, red algae and other sessile forms, and is found only below~e plume. In contrast, large thalli (up to 0.7 m. diam.) were found abundantly on rocks at the control sites from 0.3 m. above low tide to the bottom.

Kelp, Laminaria agardhii (length 1-2 m.) were restricted to Station 12 in the layer beneath the plume within 0.5 m. of the bottom. The density of individuals at this station is 4/m2. Laminaria extended around the tip of the jetty and proceeded along the cooler west side for about 30 meters. At Eaton's Neck kelp is found exten~ively as far up as the low tide line and its density is 6-8/m .

The red algae Agardhiella tenera and Chondrus crispus were noted in heavy patches only at Stations 11 and 12 below the level

)..

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of the plume. They were also extensive on the cooler west side. Heavy growths of these algae were seen in shallow water (0.2 m.) at Crab Meadow and Eaton's Neck. Ceramium sp. and Dasya sp. formed extensive, discrete patches at Station 12 below the plume and on the west side of the jetty. The Ceramium was attached to Chondrus. Both Ceramium and Dasya have been found at the low tide line at the control sites.

Significantly no Codium fragile, a green algae, was noted at the LILCO site whereas at Stony Brook and Eaton's Neck it is abundant.

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FISH POPULATIONS AND BEHAVIOR

The populations of fish inhabiting the jetty and surround­ing area seemed typical of those observed at other jetties on Long Island Sound.

Blackfish, Tautoga onitis, from 10-50 cm. in length inhabited the outer third of the jetty, ~enerallY below the plume. Their population density was 4/m. Blackfish were very active and alert but did not seem alarmed at a diver's quiet approach. However, on August 18 at high tide the density approximated 61m3 and the fish spooked very easily. They emitted a series of loud clicks, the frequency and intensity of which were about twice normal. This occurence followed, by one day, the beginning of dredging operations near the jetty. The underwater visibility was about 0.5-1.0 m. On certain days, the Tautog population would be visited by 6-12 blackfish ranging in size from 55-75 cm. The Tautog feed extensively on the barnacle and mussel populations and browse on bottom invertebrates (wo~ms, snails, hermit crabs) some distance from the jetty (at least several hundred meters). The blackfish moved with bergals up to the lower limits of the plume at high tide, at no time did they penetrate the plume by more than 0.5 m. nor did they remain there. Blackfish appearance and behavior in the jetty area was normal.

Bergals, Tautogolabrus adspersus, fed voraciously on any small invertebrates or detritus which drifted by or moved on the rocks. They seeme d to behave typically but about 10 % o f the population had warty skin eruptions with or without peppery cysts. Another 10% had peppery cysts resembling encysted Cryptocotyle lingua metacercaria (trematodes).

Eels, Anguilla rostrata, were in evidence along the entire jetty. They occured singly browsing in the algae (density 0.5/m2 ) singly or doubly under a rock, or stacked like cordwood in crevices (at Station 9 a crev~ce 35 cm. wide x 40 cm. high contained 35 eels of 65 cm. mean length). Several large eels were seen floating vertically while browsing on the undersides of rocks in caves. The eels ranged in size from 40-75 cm. Their distribution and abundance were typical for jetty habitats.

Deadfish, Opsanus tau were found from Station 7 to 12 under rocks. The mean abundance was 1 every 0.5 m. Their abundance and behavior was normal.

Flounder, Pseudopleuronectes americanus (length 10 to 25 cm.), moved in and out of the jetty on the sand or gravel bottom. Their density averaged 2.5/m 2 and they exhibited typical behavior.

Menhaden, Brevoortia tyrannus, schools were in great

~

abundance. At the beginning of the survey (July 28) the fish were 2-3 cm. long. At the end of the survey school fish were 8-14 cm. long. This pattern is consistent with one study at Crab Meadow and several observations of menhaden populations in Stony Brook Inlet. The menhaden did not enter the plume but did get into the heated water at the jetty. The fish at LILCO appeared and behaved typically. The size of the populations decreased by a third during the survey.

The sand launce, Ammodytes americanus appeared near the jetty on only two occasions in extensive schools. Their size range was 4-6 cm. However, large schools of Ammodytes were seen farther offshore.

Silversides, Menidia menidia were always present but only as individuals in the plume and over the sand flats. A few unsuccessful attempts at sChooling took place near the jetty. The fish seemed to wander individually rather than to school.

Killifish, FUndulus heteroclitus were scattered along the edges of the beach with no schooling evident. Some killies were in the plume but none noted near the jetty. A few F. majalis occured sporadically near the jetty but no schooling was noted.

Bluefish, Pomatomus saltatrix appeared during the second week in August. Small bluefish 30-45 cm. were evident in the plume (200 m. from beach) near the end of the jetty, and in the inlet canal preying on schools of menhaden and Ammodytes. At the end of August the bluefish sizes ranged from 45-60 cm.

Schools of striped bass, Roccus saxatilis, ranging in size from 45-85 cm., roamed the west side of the jetty especially during the time from the beginning of outgoing to about half-tide. The schools of 8-20 fish swam about slowly 30 cm. from the bottom (1 meter from jetty) and seemed to be subdivided into smaller groups of two or thre~ individuals. Each fish was about 0.3 m. from the other and each subgroup about 1 m. from the next. The school would swim off for about 30-40 m. then turn around and swim the same course back. This pattern repeated itself for about thirty passes each way. Individual fish with scars or anomalies were recognized as making several passes.

The bass seemed curious about the diver. They swam below thick schools of menhaden which appeared to be an indicator of the bass population approach. Before the bass appeared, a "dent" was evident in the lower line of the menhaden school. In fact, the bass appeared to be herding the menhaden above and before them. On occasion a bass would rise into the bait fish and then drop back down into slow formation. If the diver turned his head too quickly the bass would thump and swim off suddenly. But they would return. The bass approached more closely when the tautogs and bergals quieted down or went into crevices.

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The mullet, Muqil cephalus, was observed on several occasions swimming in schools of 20-100 fish. The appearance of these fish is not unusual, at this time of year, but the size range of the individual fish is significant. The fish ranged from 40-65 cm. The author has never seen mullet of this large size on Long Island. The fish would swim off for a distance of 20-50 m. then individuals would swim back and forth and around in the school for 2-3 minutes. The school would again head off in a general direction and the pattern wouJd be repeated. An occasional fish would break water. The whole episode took place in shallow water 0.3 m. to 1 m. in depth. A very heavy algal bloom was in progress at the time and extensive dredging operations were in progress a few hundred meters away.

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BIRD POPULATIONS AND BEHAVIOR

The major species of sea birds in the jetty area were common and black capped terns and herring gulls. The terns worked over the schools of Ammodytes as the bluefish forced the latter to the surface. On several occasions each day such great masses of terns and gulls flocked to the frothing bluefish and sand launce in tight circles no larger than 35 m. in diameter that one was unable to discern birds from frothing water. A conservative estimate of the bird density would be: terns 401m2 , gulls 21m2. After 15 - 20 minutes the action would cease and the birds returned to th e jetty and beach. At varying intervals the process was repea ted. On certain days only small groups of terns dove into schools of Ammodytes. There were no unusual behavior patterns evidenced by the sea birds at the plume site.

NORTHEAST AND NORTHWEST TRANSECTS

Northeast survey

A line was arbitrarily chosen from a starting point on the bar at the outflow weir to a point approximately 1000 m. to the northeast. The depth ranged from 0.5 m. to 5 m. at low tide. Dives were made every 100 meters.

Northwest survey

A similar pattern was used on the o t her side of the intake canal from a point at the end of a sunken jetty 70 meters west of the main LILCO jetty. This transect ran in a northwest dierction with the depth ranging from 1.5 ID. to 8 m.

Control

A transect 500 m. north of Eaton's Neck; depth range 0.5 m. -9 m.

Results

Qualitative observations indica te no significant benthic differences in populations Clt any poin-t alone'] t.he two transects in reference to similar control environments. That is, silt beds, sand bars, gravel or boulder substrate show no difference in fauna and flora than the control habitats at Eaton's Neck. There were no dif ferences in -fish population bcbavior at these transects .

DISCUSSION

A one month study was made of the jetty at Northport. Sessile invertebrates, algae, fish and bird populations were observed.

The east side of the jetty is directly affected by the thermal plume while the west side is more under the influence of cooler water from the intake canal. Only the very end of the j e ·i:·ty , near the bottom, is relatively free of every-day uffectG of heuted wat~r due to its greater depth at low tide.

Al l of the .i.nvert.ebrates and algae in contact with the ht~il t un watp.:r. exhibited some form of atypica.l growth or distribution wi th the exception of the snail Li ttorina Ii ttorea. Tbe rock bax nacle and the edible mussel were found in-relative almndance in the area wa.shed by the plume but their mean size was leus thv.n those found in the cooler water of the jetty.

Mo,<.;t ~ :(;!ssile jetty invertebrates were not found in lucaU.uI1G where the heated water extended to the bottom. However , t :he di Fl t 1: j bUi iOll and oenR i ly o f' hydroids, tunica tes, sponges, ~~yu~n~, certain molJ uscs , tube worms, certain a.nemones, scale WOrIllB a. nd lobster inc:~'eases in t.lle cooler water below the plume towards the e nd of the jetty.

The paucity or absence of certain invertebrates was -- si0nificant. These included green and Jonah crabs, the anemone

Metridium, and the sea star Asterias forbesi. Though there we:r.e extensive mats of the sponges MIcrocic;na· and Halichondrina there WaS no significant growth of the'se--rorms at tfiTsTime:---Only one small colony of the sponge Clio~a was found.

Algae were likewise affected by the heated water. A few scattered patches of Fucus below the plume on the east side of the jetty were noted, while on the cool, west side of the jetty Fucus grew luxuriantly. Kelp, Ulva and several varieties of red- cllgue grow profusely only in the cool w?ter. Moderate kelp growth was restricted to the end of the jetty. The green alga, Codium ~ragile was absent from the site.

The several varieties of fish found in the jetty area appear to be typical in distribution, abundance and behavior. Certain baitfish such as menhaden were in abundance near the jetty while Ammodytes proferred the waters a hundred meters from the jetty. Menidia appeared individually or in small groups and tended not to school. Striped bass and bluefish visited the jetty area regularly and schools of large mullet appeared

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at the end of August. Blackfish preyed regularly on barnacles and mussels. The bergals may be harboring a skin parasite . Eels, flounder, little sculpin, and toadfish, all typical jetty forms, were in abundance.

The terns and gulls, in great numbers, preyed on baitfish driven to the sm:£ace by bluefish.

Tr.:uu,ects 1000 meters northeast and northwest. of the jetty, below the thermal plume, indicated no signiij(·ant d if f:p.T.<. ' llC( ' :1 :\.n b ' nt:hic biota from those at control ~d tes .

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TABLE I

control Area Data

Place Depth high tide Mean temperature

Eaton's Neck 3 m. 21.2°C

Crab Meadow 2.9 m. 21.7°C

Stony Brook Inlet 4.0 m. 22.2°C

Port Jefferson 3.1 m. 21.2°C. Breakwater

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TABLE II

Distribution and Abundance of Balanus balanoides

Depth from Abundance at Mean width Mean height

Station 1 15 cm. to 4000/m2 o .5 cm. 0.2 cm. bottom

Station 2 15 cm. to 16,000/m2 0.5 cm. 0.3 cm. bottom

station 3 10 cm. to 16,000/m2 0.5 cm. 0.3 cm. bottom

Station 4 10 cm. to 16,OOO/m2 0.5 cm. 0.3 cm. bottom

Station 5 10 cm. to 16,000/m2 0.5 cm. 0.3 cm. bottom

Station 6 10 cm. to 10,000 - 0.5 cm. 0.3 cm. bottom 12,000/m2

Station 7 10 cm. 5000 -9000/m2

0.5 cm. 0.3 cm.

Station 8 10 cm. 6000 -11,000/m2

0.5 cm. 0.4 cm.

Station 9 10 cm. 6000 - 0.5 cm. 0.4 cm. 8,000/m2

Station 10 10 cm. 4,000 - 0.5 cm. 0.9 ern • 7,000/m2

Station 11 10 cm. 3,000 - 0.5 cm. 1.5 cm. 3500/m2

Station 12 10 cm. patchy 0.5 cm. 1.5 cm.

Crab o .5 m. 15,000/m2 0.5 cm. 4.0 ern • Meadow to bottom

Eaton's low tide 10,000/m2 0.5 cm. 2.0 cm. Neck line

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TABLE III

Distribution and abundance of Mytilus edulis

Station 1

Depth on bottom

Abundance patchy (warm side)

east

Mean length 4.0 cm. (warm side)

Station 2

none

none

Station 3

1 m. above low tide

scattered 100/m2

4.5 cm.

Station 4

1 m. above low tide

2500/m2 in patches

50% of substrate

5.0 cm.

Station 5

1 m. above low tide

2500/m2 below low tide; occupies 90% of substrate

4.5 cm.

Abundance 200/m. (cool side)

west

Mean length (cool side)

5.5 cm.

Station 6

1 m. above low tide

2500/m2 below low tide; occupies 90% of substrate

TABLE III (cont.)

Distribution and Abundance o~ Myti!us edulis

Station 7 Station 8 Station 9 Statioi1. 10 Station 11 Station 12

De pth 1 m. above in crevices 0.5 above 0.5 above low tide low tide low tide only at low to 0.5 to 0.5 and below and below

tide be l ow low below low tide in tide in crevices crevices

Abundance 1000/m2 500/m2 lOO/m 2 501m2 501m2 251m2 (warm side) 60-70% of

east substrate below low tide

Mean length 5.0 cm. 5.5 cm. 5.5 cm. 7 cm. 7.5 cm. 7.5 cm. (warm side)

Abundance 400/m2 901m2 351m2 401m2 251m2 (cool side)

west

Mean length 5.5 cm 7.0 cm. 7.0 cm. 7.0 cm. 7.5 cm. (cool side)

New mussel o .7 m. above low tine to 0.5 m. from bottom set

)

1

Biological Effects of Thermal Pollution

Part III - Ecology of the Microbenthos

Robert J. Kalin Research Assistant

Marine Sciences Resear ch Center State University of New York

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1-.­I

INTRODUCTION

This study was designed to determine the effects of the thermal effluent at Northport, Long Island, New York on the Long Island Sound sediments and microbenthos in the general vicinity of the LILCO plant (Fig. 1).

The microbenthos and sediments have an integrative function in that they are affected by conditions and processes occurring in the overlying water column. Those changes occurring in the surface waters will ultimately be registered in the sediments and fauna of the bottom. Transitory effects that are not measurable in the surface waters are, in some instances, relatively easy to recognize by faunal changes in the micro­benthos and alteration in sediment parameters.

The microbenthos (microscopic animals which inhabit the sediments) is for the most part composed of: Diatoms - single celled, solitary or colonial organisms which secrete a siliceous test; Foraminifera - single celled, solitary organisms which secrete a pseudochitinous, agglutinated or calcareous test; Ostracoda - minute bivalved crustaceans. These organisms are important elements in the food chain of the higher organisms (Meyer, 1943). They are also, by virtue of their small size and large numbers, valuable ecological indicators. Their large numbers make it possible to study them on the community level using relatively small samples of sediment. Furthermore, their skeletal components resist decay f or long periods, providing an opportunity to compare their relative abundance through time. This study was designed to examine the distribution and composition of the microbenthos relative to pertinent ecological parameters, in order to compare the bottom-dwelling organisms affected by the heated water from the Northport plant with adjacent Sound bottom unaffected by the plant effluent.

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THE SURVEY

Sample locations

Three traverses were made, in the near-vicinity of the LILCO plant, each beginning at the plant and radiating out into Long Island Sound to a maximum distance of about one mile off-shore. Two other traverses were made away from the influence of the plan~: one to the west off Asharoken Beach and one to the east off Ft. Salonga (Fig. 1). A total of 27 bottom samples were collected during the five traverses. In addition, 30 samples were taken in the intertidal zone. This included samples taken in the "intake channel", the "hot pond", and along the beach north o f the plant. These samples were analysed and data was, in part, reported by Hechtel (Part I) .

Methods

Sediment samplt~ f~ we:r e coJ. l e ct.e d wj 'i. h a Shipek grab sampler. Depth was recOl:ded on c3 ~hipboC/.rd hat.hY9Joph which provided a continuous profile of thP boU ·,om c Posit ion vo'as determined by taking bearing's on shore ins tii lla"lJ on: , wj t h a s e x t ant. and plotting on large scale char~s.

When the sCl,mpl e J WiW bJ: ought. clb oa:t:d ship, th e cannister was removed and the bo tt.um sall1pl e e xposed. Using a small plastic scoop designed tor the pUJ,pOS C, the t.op /. cm of the sediment was remove d a nd place d i n a sD.lllple c ontainer with a solution of 70% ethyl alcohol and n os(-> lJen<j'al stain.

This procedure prov:i.ded U c0J H; i s teJ.l t Hi::Ullple of the top 2 cm. of the sediment. SiHc e t he t .op 2 Clll. w(~re s c ooped off a sample of 20 cm. x 20 cm. ccmniste:r. sampling area and well mixe d before analysis, the effer.r. of clumped foraminiferal dis t ribur.ion as note d by S chafer (1968) was nulli f ied, making pai r ed samples unne cess j r y.

The presence or absence of H2S in the s edim{~nt was determined immediately following collection. Color of the we t sediment was noted (National Research Council, Rock Color Chart Committee, 1963) .

Grain size analyses were performed using a combination of standard sieving techniques and sedimentation techniques (Krumbein and Pettijohn, 1938).

Carbonate content was determined by reacting the sediment with excess HCl and determining the weight loss change. The total carbon content was determined by weight loss after four hours at 600°C in an ignition furnace. Organic carbon content was determined by subtracting the carbonate content from the carbon content of the sediment (Gross, 1969).

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Biological procedures

Flora - One ml of stained sediment was withdrawn from the sample and diluted to 1/10 its volume with water. It was placed in a sonic cleaner for 1 minute to dislodge the pennate (benthic) diatoms adhering to the sediment. One drop of this liquid was placed in a Palmer Nannoplankton Counting slide where the positive stained diatoms were identified and counted according to the method described by Orland (ed., 1965).

Fauna - A quantity of stained sediments was measured by placing it in a partially water-filled graduated cyli nder and recording the change in the water level. This volume of sediment was wet sieved on a 200 mesh U.S. Standard sieve. The concentrate was soap floated and transferred to a Petri dish where the residue was examined. The positive stained organisms (e.g. those living when collected) were identified and counted. The results were tabulated as the number of living organisms per unit volume of wet sediment. All data was subsequently standardized for 100 ml of sediment.

The index of diversity for forams and ostracods was de­termine d and tabulated. This value is useful in describing and quantifying the effects of environmental changes on the fauna.

I n a study of the benthic infauna of Puget Sound, Lie (1968, p. 353) demonstrated the sensitivity of Margalef's Index of Diversity, (d = (S-l) / In N; where S = th e number of species, and N = the n'l.lIt1i)er of speci.mens) to change in the environment. He was a b le to demonstr ate thaL changes in t he physical parameters relating to the benthic fauna will cause observable changes in the value d. In the present study, Margalef's Index was used to compute the index of diversity of the fauna (see data chart in Appendix) .

Data Procedures

Traverses were made to the east and the west of the plant site to provide a comparison for the faunal composition, density of the microbenthos and sediment characteristics of the area influenced by the plant. The area immediately adjacent to the plant in the area affected by the plume is designated the "plume area". The plume area consists of the major parts of traverses AC, BT, and PR (see Fig. 1). The traverses to the e a s t and the west of the plant site are designated the "control a r ea" and consist of traverses WU and FS.

Comparisons between the areas were made in two ways. The data from the control area were pooled and compared to the data from the plume area. In the second more rigorous approach, segments of traverses in the plume and control areas were

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statistically paired, data from the paired traverses were compared.

In the first method, data from the control area and that from the plume area was pooled, the means calculat ed and compared. The significance of the difference between sample means was calculated for the % total carbon and number of l i ving foraminiferans. Graphs were made comparing the various parameters as a function of grain size (see Appendix) .

Sediment diameter is one of t he more important factors controlling the distribution of b e n 'ch i c organi sms (Sanders, 1956; Kalin, 1969). To eliminate this facto~ f rom the comparison, in t he second me thod, two areas wer e chosen with simi l ar grain s i7.(l di strib utions, i.e., 'traverse AC and B'l' in th e plume area a nd FS in the c ontrol area. CompJ..i.c a1 ' j ()Us caus e d by changes in t he sedj me nt: f aci e s were elim.i,nat e d by c o md.d e r:i, ng onl y one sed:i ment f acies, t hus s a mple s wit .h a IlIcc1icm g ra j n size diameter greHt c r than . 18 mrn wer e not cons j j,ereo j n th e c.omparison. S t at .i.stical alla ly s is o f the mo al1S o f U J(; two sediment populations, (A C- B 'l' , }> 'S ) u ~J i ng a T t est, (Woo lf: , 196B ) sb ows t:hat these two are as can be conside red to be parts o f 'lhe s ame sediment body. Di f feren c es note d between the se area s we~e then attributable to fac t ors other than grain size distributi on .

.......

ENVIRONMENTAL OBSERVATIONS

Physical Characteristics

There are two types of sediment in the area. The near­shore sand facies and the sandy-silt facies of the deeper water of the Sound (Fig. 2).

Directly north of the plant the near-shore sand facies extends out approximately 2 km and is continous along the shore to the east as far as Ft. Salonga. It is comparatively homo­geneous throughout its extent, although off the LILCO plant at its northern extremity it appears to consist of slightly coarser sediments. At this point (16-19 m. deep) sediments are affected by waves, and wave induced turbulence probably winnows out finer sediment fractions. The increase in sediment diamters may intensify the low density of living organisms found in the area. However, statistical analysis of both sets of data indicates that this difference in grain size is insignificant (see- Appendix).

To the west off Asharoken Beach, the sands are much restricted, i.e. they do not extend as far into the Sound. The slope of the bottom in this area is also much steeper.

Organic Carbon in the Sediment

Organic carbon content of the sediment is derived by sub­tracting the carbonate content of the sediment from the total carbon content. The mean values for the organic carbon in the plume area (pooled data) is .65%. The mean value for the control area (pooled data) is 1.12%. However, the median values in the statistically paired areas show no significant difference.

Total Carbon in the Sediment

Isopleths for total carbon content of the sediment (Fig. 3) indicate slightly higher values inshore, which drop off in the plume zone to below normal. Statistical analysis of pooled data shows no significant difference, at the 95% level, between values for the control area and the plume area. Median values for the paired areas also show no difference in % total carbon.

Some enrichment in sedimentary carbon as noted above is found in the area to the east of the jetty. This enrichment of the intertidal area may be due to the concentration in less turbulent water of the dead plankton from the outfall. The lower values in the plume zone may be the result of the lower productivity of the heated water leaving the plant. This may be a seasonal effect and a full year (seasonal) study is required to determine whether this occurs at other times of the year.

81

82

Carbonate in the Sediment

Carbonate content is one of the indicators of benthic biol o gic activity as well as a means of de t e r mining the organic content of the sediment. Carbonate values i n the control area s eem to increase in an offshore direction and then decrease (see data chart). There was no significant change in the plume zone in this general trend.

·1

-

BIOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS

General

Diversity of organisms per unit volume of sediment was calculated for Ostracoda, Foraminifera and Nematoda. In general, forams and nematodes increased in density in an offshore direction (Figs. 4, 11) reaching their greatest density in the deeper water and finer sediments (See Appendix). The ostracods studied were most common and diverse in the s hallow water (40') and coarser sediment. Species diversity was computed for foraminiferans and Ostracoda. Striking differences were found between the area in the plume zone and the control area. The plume zone shows consistently low values for species diversity (Fig. 5, 6).

In all cases the samples from the plume zone had lower numbers of species and total number of living organisms than the samples from the control area (Figs. 4, 5, 6, 11).

Foraminifera

Elphidium clavatum, Eponides frigida, Pseudopolymorphina novangliae, all common forms in the control area and in other parts of the Sound, were absent from the plume zone (Fig. 7, 9, 10) •

Only one species was present in the plume zone, Elphidium incertum (Fig. 8), but it was not numerous in the area and many individuals appeared to be either juveniles or stunted adults. (Further study of the stunted individuals is necessary to deter-mine the statistical significance of the presumably aberrant population). No general trends were observed for other species encountered in the study area.

Ostracoda

In a study conducted in the Nissequogue River and the eastern half of Smithtown Bay, Kalin (1969) determined the distribution and density of Ostracoda in the near shore sand facies of that area (adjacent to the present study area) . Eucythere declivis and Cythurura striata were found in considerable numbers in the near-shore sands (Kalin, 1969, p. 13). Com-parable numbers of these species were common in the control area to the east of the plume zone, but the assemblage was totally missing from the plume zone.

Nematoda

Nematodes make up a significant part of the biomass of the benthic marine community. The quantitative distribution of nematodes was determined for the group as a whole. No specific taxonomic determinations were made. The highest concentrations

83

84

./

were found to the west of the outfall in finer sediments and comparatively deeper water (Fig. 11). The lowest concentration found in the study area was in the plume zone (Fig. 11).

Diatoms

The number of living diatoms per mI. of wet sediment was determined for each sample. In the control area the highest values occured in the nearshore area and then decreased in an off shore direction. In the area immediately to the west of the outfall, diatoms showed their highest concentration. They dropped off to abnormally low values in the plume zone. However, these lower concentrations were sustained for a greater distance off shore than in the control area, resulting in higher median values in the plume area. This may simply be a function of the shallow water in this area (Fig. 12) .

""'-"

CONCLUSIONS

1. Two sediment facies were delineated in the study area: a near-shore sand facies and a sandy-silt facies in the deeper water. In the area of the outfall, the sand facies extends off-shore to approximately 2 km. Slightly coarser sediments at the northern extremity of the near-shore sand facies may tend to intensify the low organism density found there.

2. The total carbon content of sediment was lowest in the plume zone. Enrichment was noted in the areas to the west of the plant adjacent to the jetty. This near-shore enrichment may be the result of the accumulation of dead plankton from the hot­water outfall. However, median values for paired data show no significant difference in the plume and control area.

3. The percentage of carbonate in the sediment is not affected by the plume.

4. The number of Foranimifera per ml. of wet sediment indicates a rapid decline in density in an offshore direction and very low values in the plume zone. Normal or near normal populations occurred in off shore sandy-silts. Only one species, Elphidium incertum, was found in the plume zone, other species common in adjacent areas, Eponides frigidus, Elphidium clavatum, Pseudo­polymorphina novangliae, were absent from the plume zone.

5. Ostracods and nematodes were rare in the plume area. Eucythere dec levis , and Cytherura striata, common components in an adjacent ostracod biocenosis were missing f r om the plume area. Diatoms were abundant near the outfall (adjacent to and east of the jetty) but rapidly dropped off to sub-normal populations in the p l ume area.

6. Species diversity by all methods of data tabulation, show consistently low values in the plume area.

85

7. From this study it appears that the plume area is an impoverished habitat with low benthic biomass. This area appears to be restricted to within 1.5 km of the plant outfall. Further study on a year-round basis over a larger area is needed to determine all of the factors related to cause and extent of the impoverish­ment.

Bibliography

Gross, M. G. 1969. Analysis of Carbonaceous Matter in Sedimentary Rocks. In: Procedures in Sedimentary Petrology. Robert E. Carver (ed.), Wiley, N.Y.

Kalin, R. J. 1969. The Distribution of Ostracoda in Smithtown Bay and the NisseJuogue River. Unpublished Masters Thesis, Dept. of Earth an Space Sciences, State Univ. of New York at Stony Brook, Stony Brook, N.Y. 34 pp.

Krumbein, W. C. & Pettijohn, F. S. 1938. Manual of Sedimentary Petrography. Appleton-Century-Crofts, N.Y. 549 pp.

Lie, U. 1969. A Quantitative Study of the Benthic Infauna of

87

et Sound, Washin ton, USA, in 1963-1964. Fiskeridirektoratets ter, Serle Havunderkelser, 14 5) :229-556.

Myers, E. H. 1943. Life Activities of Foraminifera in Relation to Marine Ecology. Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc. 86(3):

Orland, H. P. (ed.) 1965. Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Waste Water. American Public Health Assoc., N.Y.

Goddard, E. N. 1963. Rock Color Chart, The Geological Society of America, New York, N.Y.

Sanders, H. L. 1954. The Biology of the Marine Bottom Community. Bull. Bingham Oceanographic Collection, 10(15):345-413.

Schafer, C. T. 1968. Lateral and Temporal Variations of Foraminfera Populations Living in Nearshore Water Areas. UnpUblished manuscript, Atlantic Oceanographic Laboratory, Bedford Institute, Dartmouth, N.S. Canada. June 1968. 28 pp.

Woolf, C. M. 1968. Principles of Biometry. Van Nostrand, Princeton. 359 pp.

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Station 10

Depth (feet) 12

Forams (living) E. c1avatum E. subarcticum

#/100 m1 10

Specie Diver.t (d) .43

Ostracoda (living) Cytherura striata

#/100 ml 5

Sp. Div. (d)

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92

.66

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.637

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12

35

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1990

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34

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E. c1avatum E. subarcticum E. frigidus

96

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6.7

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10.9

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TRAVERSE PR 69 08 13 00

Station #

Depth (feet)

Forams (living)

#/100 ml

Spec. Div. (d)

Ostracoda (living)

#/100 ml

Spec. Div

Nematoda #/ml

Diatoms Dia Units*

Median Dia. Sediments in rnm.

% Ca C03

% Total Carbon

03

8

Elphidium clavatum E. subarcticum Di scorbis colurnbiensis

2 40

.64

0

0

35

4.8

. 188

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1.0

* 1 Diatom Unit = lx l 05 ce lls

04

12

Pseudopolymorphina novangliae Elphidium clavatum E. subarcticum Eponides frigidus Globulina caribaea

430

1.0

0

0

9.5

1.6

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1.2

05

20

P. novanqliae Elphidium clavatum Eponides frigidus

200

.66

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39

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32

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TRAVERSE FS 69 08 18 00

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Depth (feet)

Forams

#/100 ml

Diver. (d)

Ostracoda

#/100 ml

Sp. Div. ( d)

Nematoda #/ml

01

11

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02

P. novangliae

7

o

Cytherura striata C. echolsae

Cushmanidae echolsae Microcythere sp.

6 10

1.1 0

7 5.2

Diatoms Units/ml 15.3 9.6

Median sed. dia. .314mm .274 mm

% CaC03 .696 .429

% Total carbon .5 . 6

03

12

~. novangliae Q. seminulum E. incertum E. subarcticum

25

.93

Loxoconcha granulata

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16

.71

1.8

.8 .

.449 mm

.581

.6

04

24

E. subarcticum Eponides frigidus

40

.27

Microcythere sp.

Cytherois sp.

16

.35

6.4

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.701

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Station 05

Depth (feet) 30

Forams E. subarcticum E. frigidus

#/100 ml 20

Diver. ( d) .33

Ostracoda

#/100 ml 0

Sp. Div. (~) 0

Nematoda #/ml 4.2

Diatoms Units/ml . 4

Median sed. dia. .436 mm

% CaC03 .583

% Total carbon .5

06 07

39 46

P. novang:liae Q. seminulum E. frigidus E. frig:idus E . subarcticum

47 100

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Loxoconcha juv.

0 40

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7.1 5

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.414 mm .462 mm

.540 .458

.6 . 7

08

60

E. incertum E. subarcticum E. frigidus

130

.41

0

0

3.9

0

.180 mm

.342

.5

,

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TRAVERSE BT 69 06 26 00

Station # 01 02

Depth (feet) 12 12

Forams E1phidium c1avatum E. c1avatum Q. seminu1um

#/ 100 m1 .10 3.C

Diversity .43 C

ostracoda Cytherura juv.

#/100 m1 0 3

Diversity 0 0

Nematoda #/m1 1.3 1.7

Diatoms Dia Units 1.3 5.7

1I1edian Dia. Sediments .36 .36 in mm.

% CaC03 .558 .567

% Total carbon . 7 .6

03 04

15 19

0 0

0 0

0 0

0 0

.04 . 69

3.7 3.8

.40 .55

.721 .715

.5 .4

05

16

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0

0

0

0

2.8

5.3

.56

.324

.5

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TRAVERSE AC 69 05 23 00

Station #

Depth (feet)

Forams

#/100 ml

Diversity

Ostracoda Species

#/100 ml

Nematoda #/ml

Diatom Units/ml

Med. Dia. Sediments in mm

% CaC03

% Total carbon

-L

07

8

o o

Cushmanidea echolsae

4

3.1

25.5

.099

• 7

06

12

E. clavatum

o o

o

1.4

4.3

.33

.624

.6

05

16

E. clavatum

27

o

o

6.4

12.2

.20

.515

• 7

04

20

E. clavatum

7

o

o

4.6

3.0

.27

.601

.6

I--' o 0'1

TRAVERSE AC 69 05 23 00

Station #

Depth (feet)

Forams

#/100 ml

Diversity

Ostracoda Species

#/100 m1

Ostracod Diversity

Nematoda #/m1

Diatom Units/m1

Med. Dia. Sediments in mm

% CaC03

% Total Carbon

03

25

E. subarcticum Eponides frigidus

14

.38

0

0

. 7

1.0

.42

.537

. 7

02

30

Globu1ina ~. E. subarcticum

460

.15

0

0

1.5

l.0

.23

.497

1.6

01

36

E. clavatum Eponides frigidus

1210

.14

0

0

8.6

.10

.18

.417

7.3

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