Upload File

biological molecules - nucleic acids

prev
next
out of 17
Download Biological Molecules - Nucleic Acids

Upload: blackmoneygrabber

Post on 10-Apr-2018

221 views

Category:

Documents


0 download

Report

TRANSCRIPT

  • 8/8/2019 Biological Molecules - Nucleic Acids

    1/17

    Prepared by Raajeswari Rajendran

    Unit 3 Structure andFunction of Cells

    Nucleic Acids

  • 8/8/2019 Biological Molecules - Nucleic Acids

    2/17

    Prepared by Raajeswari Rajendran

    Nucleic acids store and transmit hereditaryinformationGenes

    Are the units of inheritanceProgram the amino acid sequence of polypeptides

    Are made up of nucleic acids

  • 8/8/2019 Biological Molecules - Nucleic Acids

    3/17

    Prepared by Raajeswari Rajendran

    Nucleic Acids

    There are two types of nucleic acidsDeoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

    Ribonucleic acid (RNA)

  • 8/8/2019 Biological Molecules - Nucleic Acids

    4/17

    Prepared by Raajeswari Rajendran

    D NAStores information for the synthesis of specificproteins

    Directs RNA synthesisDirects protein synthesis through RNA

    Exists as double stranded structure in the form of the double helix in cells and has long life span

  • 8/8/2019 Biological Molecules - Nucleic Acids

    5/17

    Prepared by Raajeswari Rajendran

    1

    2

    3

    Synthesis of mRNA in the nucleus

    Movement of mRNA into cytoplasm

    via nuclear pore

    Synthesisof protein

    NUCLEUSCYTOPLASM

    DNA

    mRNA

    Ribosome

    AminoacidsPolypeptide

    mRNA

  • 8/8/2019 Biological Molecules - Nucleic Acids

    6/17

    Prepared by Raajeswari Rajendran

    The Structure of Nucleic AcidsNucleic acids

    Exist as polymers called polynucleotides

    (a) Polynucleotide,or nucleic acid

    3C

    5 end

    5C

    3C

    5C

    3 endOH

    O

    O

    O

    O

  • 8/8/2019 Biological Molecules - Nucleic Acids

    7/17

    Prepared by Raajeswari Rajendran

    Po lynucle ot idesConsists of monomers called nucleotides

    Nitrogenousbase

    Nucleoside

    O

    O

    O

    O P CH 2

    5C

    3CPhosphate

    group Pentosesugar

    (b) Nucleotide

    O

  • 8/8/2019 Biological Molecules - Nucleic Acids

    8/17

    Prepared by Raajeswari Rajendran

    Nucle ot ides Are made up of nucleosides and phosphate groupsThe phosphate group carries a negative charge resulting thenucleic acids DNA and RNA to be negatively chargedThe nucleosides are made up of nitrogenous bases andpentose sugarsThere are 2 types of pentose sugars deoxyribose (in DNA)and ribose (in RNA)

    Nitrogenous bases contain nitrogen and act as bases bypicking up hydrogen ionsThe bases can be categorized into 2 groups purines andpyrimidinesPurines consist of adenine (A) and Guanine (G) whilepyrimidines consist of cytosine (C), thymine (T) and uracil(U)There are 4 types of bases in DNA and RNAIn DNA, the type of bases are A, G, T and CIn RNA, the type of bases are A, G, C and U

  • 8/8/2019 Biological Molecules - Nucleic Acids

    9/17

    Prepared by Raajeswari Rajendran

    Nucle ot ide M o nom ers

    (c) Nucleoside components

    CHCH

    Uracil (in RNA)U

    Ribose (in RNA)

    Nitrogenous basesPyrimidines

    CN

    NC

    OH

    NH2

    CHCH

    OC

    NH

    CHHN

    CO

    CCH 3

    N

    HNC

    C

    HO

    O

    CytosineC

    Thymine (in DNA)T

    NHC

    N C

    C N

    C

    CHN

    NH2 O

    NHC

    NHH

    C C

    N

    NHC

    NH2

    Adenine A

    GuanineG

    Purines

    OHOCH 2

    HH H

    OH

    H

    OHOCH 2

    HH H

    OH

    H

    Pentose sugars

    Deoxyribose (in DNA) Ribose (in RNA)OHOH

    CH

    CH

    Uracil (in RNA)U

    4

    5

    3OH H

    2

    1

    5

    4

    3 2

    1

    Pyrimidines

  • 8/8/2019 Biological Molecules - Nucleic Acids

    10/17

    Prepared by Raajeswari Rajendran

    Nucle ot ide Po ly m ers/ Po lynucle ot ides Are made up of nucleotides linked by theOH group on the

    3 carbon of one nucleotide and the phosphate on the 5carbon on the next nucleotide through condensationreactions resulting in the formation of 5 3 phosphodiester linkages

    3C

    5 end

    5C

    3C

    5C

    3 endOH

    O

    O

    O

    O

  • 8/8/2019 Biological Molecules - Nucleic Acids

    11/17

    Prepared by Raajeswari Rajendran

    O

    O O

    OH

    O

    O O

    O

    H2C

    O

    O O

    O

    H2C

    O

    OO

    O

    OH

    O

    O

    OT A

    C

    GC

    A T

    O

    O

    O

    CH 2

    OO

    OO

    CH 2

    CH 2

    CH2

    5 d end

    Hydrogen bond3 d end

    3 d end

    G

    P

    P

    P

    P

    O

    OH

    O

    OO

    O

    P

    P

    O

    OO

    O

    P

    O

    OO

    O

    P

    (b) Partial chemical structure

    H2C

    5 d end

    O

  • 8/8/2019 Biological Molecules - Nucleic Acids

    12/17

    Prepared by Raajeswari Rajendran

    C

    T

    A

    A

    T

    CG

    GC

    AC G

    AT

    AT

    A T

    T A

    CT A

    0.34 nm

    3.4 nm

    (a) Key features of DNA structure

    G

    1 nm

    G

    (c) Space-filling model

    T

  • 8/8/2019 Biological Molecules - Nucleic Acids

    13/17

  • 8/8/2019 Biological Molecules - Nucleic Acids

    14/17

    Prepared by Raajeswari Rajendran

    The DNA Double HelixCellular DNA molecules

    Have two polynucleotides that spiral around animaginary axisForm a double helix held together by hydrogen

    bondingThe nitrogenous bases in DNA

    Form hydrogen bonds in a complementaryfashion (A with T only, and C with G only)

    Between A and T, there are 2 hydrogen bondswhile between G and C, there are 3 hydrogenbondsEach turn of the double helix contains 10 pairsof bases held together by hydrogen bonds

  • 8/8/2019 Biological Molecules - Nucleic Acids

    15/17

    Prepared by Raajeswari Rajendran

    The DNA double helixConsists of two antiparallel nucleotidestrands 3 end

    Sugar-phosphatebackbone

    ase pair (joined byhydrogen bonding)Old strands

    Nucleotideabout to beadded to anew strand

    A

    3 end

    3 end

    5 end

    Newstrands

    3 end

    5 end

    5 end

  • 8/8/2019 Biological Molecules - Nucleic Acids

    16/17

    Prepared by Raajeswari Rajendran

    R NAGenerally single strandedHas short life spanThere are 3 main types of RNA:

    1. mRNA (messenger RNA) transcribes thegenetic information from DNA

    2. rRNA (ribosomal RNA) combines with proteinsto form ribosomes

    3. tRNA (transfer RNA) transfers amino acids tothe growing polypeptide chains attached toribosomes to aid in translation process

  • 8/8/2019 Biological Molecules - Nucleic Acids

    17/17

    Prepared by Raajeswari Rajendran

    DNA and Proteins as TapeMeasures of Evolution

    Molecular comparisonsHelp biologists sort out the evolutionaryconnections among species


Bio-organic molecules 1. carbohydrates 2. proteins 3. lipids 4. nucleic acids

Gene DNA RNA Protein Amino acid Nucleic acids Nucleic Acids ● Include DNA and RNA Information storage molecules They provide the directions for building

Macromolecules Part IV: Nucleic Acids Informational molecules

MODULE 3- LECTURE 1 METHODS OF NUCLEIC ACID DETECTION · METHODS OF NUCLEIC ACID DETECTION . 3-1.1 Introduction: Nucleic acid molecules like deoxyribonucleic acids (DNA), ribonucleic

Microbial Genetics Lecture PowerPoint - Karachi, Pakistan · 2016-03-04 · Nucleic Acid • Nucleic acids are biological molecules essential for life • Nucleic acids allow organisms

Regents Biology Nucleic acids: Information Molecules Carbon Hydrogen Oxygen Nitrogen Phosphorus

2.3 Carbon-Based Molecules KEY CONCEPT Carbon-based molecules (proteins, lipids, carbohydrates and nucleic acids) are found in all organisms. These molecules

1. Which of the following organic molecules can never be used as a source of energy? a. Carbohydrates b. Lipids c. proteins d. nucleic acids Nucleic acids

Macromolecules Chapter 5. Macromolecules Large complex molecules Carbohydrates, proteins, lipids & nucleic acids

ORGANIC MOLECULES Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins & Nucleic Acids

3.1 & 7.1 3.4 & 7.2. Genetic information is stored in molecules called nucleic acids. There are 2 types of nucleic acids DNA: deoxyribonucleic acid

Hon. Biology Period 6. Nucleic Acids Nucleic acids are large complex organic molecules composed of carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, and phosphorus

Ch 5 Nucleic Acids excerpt - philipdarrenjones.comphilipdarrenjones.com/web_documents/ch_5_nucleic_acids_excerpt.pdf · Ch 5 (excerpt) Nucleic Acids Nucleic Acids •Store ... proteins

Ch. 5-Biomolecules- Life’s 4 large molecules carbohydrates lipids proteins nucleic acids

Lecture 21 Nucleic Acids Nucleic acids are molecules that store information for cellular growth and reproduction; deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic

Organic Molecules Carbohydrates, Proteins, Lipids and Nucleic Acids NC Essential Standard Bio.4.1

Molecules of Life Chapter 2 Part 2. 2.6 Organic Molecules The molecules of life – carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids – are organic molecules

21 - 1CH110 – Nucleic Acids Nucleic acids Nucleic acids Nucleic acids: –Maintain genetic information –Determine Protein Synthesis DNAdeoxy DNA= deoxyribonucleic

Nucleic acids 2006-2007 Nucleic Acids Information storage

Nucleic Acids Nucleic acids - Weeblymarshallwong.weebly.com/uploads/7/.../nucleic_acids... · Nucleic acids AP Biology 2006-2007 Nucleic Acids Information storage AP Biologyproteins

Biological molecules (chemical tests and nucleic acids) proteins and Lipids recap AS Biology [JM}

Nucleic acids Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic acids

Biological Molecules - Nucleic Acids 2015

Biological Molecules Carbohydrates, Proteins, Lipids, and Nucleic Acids

Chapter 3: Water, Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, Nucleic ... · Lipids ! Proteins ! Nucleic Acids . Polymers ! Many complex organic molecules are polymers (large molecules made

Carbon-Based Molecules Part 3: Hydrogen Bonds and Nucleic Acids

Nucleotides and Nucleic Acids. Definitions Nucleic acids are polymers of nucleotides In eukaryotic cells nucleic acids are either: Deoxyribose nucleic

Biological Molecules. Life is carbon-based chemistry Hydrolysis and Synthesis of Biological Molecules Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic Acids

Nucleic acids: Information molecules · 2014-12-01 · Nucleic Acids " Function: ! genetic material " stores information # genes # blueprint for building proteins $ DNA → RNA →

Biochemistry 3070 – Nucleic Acids 1 Nucleic Acids Biochemistry 3070

NUCLEIC ACIDS INTRODUCTION - oswego.edukadima/CHE525/NUCLEIC ACIDS_INTRODUCTI… · NUCLEIC ACIDS An INTRODUCTION Two classes of Nucleic Acids • Deoxynucleic Acids (DNA) – Hereditary

What are organic molecules? Molecules of Life What are biological molecules? Compounds that contain carbon CarbohydratesLipidsProteins Nucleic Acids

NUCLEIC ACIDS RNA and DNA. Nucleic Acids A nucleic acid is a macromolecule composed of chains of monomeric nucleotides. In biochemistry these molecules

Biological Molecules Revised 8/30/2006. Compounds of Life Four Groups Carbohydrates Carbohydrates Lipids Lipids Nucleic Acids Nucleic Acids Proteins

Nucleic Acids & Protein Synthesis H.S. Bio · Nucleic Acids & Protein Synthesis 6 One ZPTPSHYP[` between DNA and messenger RNA molecules is that they both contain _____. a. genetic