biological molecules the building blocks of life an introduction to general biochemistry-ii (bch...

Biological MoleculesBiological MoleculesThe Building Blocks of The Building Blocks of LifeLife

An Introduction An Introduction to General to General

Biochemistry-IIBiochemistry-II(BCH 302)(BCH 302)

Dr . Saba AbdiDr . Saba Abdi

Asst . Prof. Dept. Of BiochemistryAsst . Prof. Dept. Of Biochemistry

College Of ScienceCollege Of Science

King Saud University. Riyadh.KSAKing Saud University. Riyadh.KSA

11Dr.Saba AbdiDr.Saba Abdi

Course description:Course description:

This is the second part of general This is the second part of general biochemistry course . This part covers biochemistry course . This part covers carbohydrates, lipids , nucleic acids and carbohydrates, lipids , nucleic acids and relevant chemical moieties( hormones, relevant chemical moieties( hormones, vitamins, coenzymes , heme and vitamins, coenzymes , heme and minerals) with special emphasis on minerals) with special emphasis on macromolecules structure and functionmacromolecules structure and function

Dr.Saba AbdiDr.Saba Abdi 22

Text and reference Text and reference Books:Books:

1.Principles of Biochemistry by Lehninger1.Principles of Biochemistry by Lehninger 2.Lippincott’s Illustrated Reviews 2.Lippincott’s Illustrated Reviews

3. Stryer,L: Biochemistry.3. Stryer,L: Biochemistry. 4. Harper’s Biochemistry4. Harper’s Biochemistry


ExaminationExamination

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Continuous assessment 30 marks

Practical examination 20 marks

Final examination 50 marks

Grand total 100 marks

BiochemistryBiochemistry

Biochemistry is a special branch of Biochemistry is a special branch of organic chemistry that deals with matter organic chemistry that deals with matter inside the living cell called inside the living cell called ProtoplasmProtoplasm. .

Protoplasm is an enormously complex Protoplasm is an enormously complex mixture of organic compounds where mixture of organic compounds where high levels of chemical activity occur. high levels of chemical activity occur.


Primary Organic Primary Organic CompoundsCompounds

1.1. CarbohydratesCarbohydrates

2.2. LipidsLipids

3.3. ProteinsProteins

4.4. Nucleic AcidsNucleic Acids


Polymers ands MonomersPolymers ands Monomers

Each of these types of molecules are Each of these types of molecules are polymers that are assembled from single polymers that are assembled from single units called monomers.units called monomers.

Each type of macromolecule is an Each type of macromolecule is an assemblage of a different type of assemblage of a different type of monomer. monomer.


MonomersMonomers

MacromoleculeMacromolecule

CarbohydratesCarbohydrates

LipidsLipids

ProteinsProteins

Nucleic acidsNucleic acids

MonomerMonomer

MonosaccharideMonosaccharide

Not always polymers; Not always polymers; Hydrocarbon chainsHydrocarbon chains

Amino acidsAmino acids

NucleotidesNucleotides


How do monomers form How do monomers form polymers?polymers?

In condensation reactions (also called In condensation reactions (also called dehydration synthesis), a molecule of dehydration synthesis), a molecule of water is removed from two monomers as water is removed from two monomers as they are connected together.they are connected together.


Polymers ands MonomersPolymers ands Monomers


..


HydrolysisHydrolysis

In a reaction opposite to condensation, a In a reaction opposite to condensation, a water molecule can be added (along with water molecule can be added (along with the use of an enzyme) to split a polymer the use of an enzyme) to split a polymer in two.in two.


Why does sugar Why does sugar dissolve in water?dissolve in water?..

Functional Groups-Functional Groups-determine how a molecule will interact with determine how a molecule will interact with other moleculesother molecules


Important functional Important functional groupsgroups


Important functional Important functional groups in biomoleculesgroups in biomolecules

1. 1. Hydroxy group Hydroxy group found in carbohydrates and found in carbohydrates and nucleic acidsnucleic acids

2. 2. Carboxylic acid Carboxylic acid found in amino acids and found in amino acids and fatty acidsfatty acids

3. 3. Amino groups Amino groups found in amino acids and found in amino acids and nucleic acidsnucleic acids

4. 4. Phosphate group Phosphate group found in nucleic acids and found in nucleic acids and phospholipidsphospholipids

5. 5. Methyl group Methyl group found in lipidsfound in lipids1818Dr.Saba AbdiDr.Saba Abdi

CarbohydratesCarbohydrates

Carbohydrates are made of carbon, Carbohydrates are made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms, always in a hydrogen, and oxygen atoms, always in a ratio of 1:2:1. ratio of 1:2:1.

Carbohydrates are the key source of Carbohydrates are the key source of energy used by living things and also energy used by living things and also serve as extracellular structural elements.serve as extracellular structural elements.

The building blocks of carbohydrates are The building blocks of carbohydrates are sugars, such as glucose and fructose. sugars, such as glucose and fructose.


Carbohydrates Carbohydrates classificationclassification

MonosaccharidesMonosaccharides (simple sugars) such as (simple sugars) such as glucose and fructose can't be converted into glucose and fructose can't be converted into smaller sugars by hydrolysis.smaller sugars by hydrolysis.

DisaccharideDisaccharide such as Sucrose (table sugar) such as Sucrose (table sugar) produced from two monosaccharides (glucose produced from two monosaccharides (glucose linked to fructose),linked to fructose),

PolysaccharidePolysaccharide such asCellulose is made of such asCellulose is made of several thousand glucose units connected by several thousand glucose units connected by acetal linkages (aldehyde and alcohol)acetal linkages (aldehyde and alcohol)


How do two monosaccharides How do two monosaccharides combine to make a combine to make a disaccharide?disaccharide?


PolysaccharidesPolysaccharides


LIPIDSLIPIDS

Lipids are oily hydrocarbon derivativesLipids are oily hydrocarbon derivatives They mainly serve as structursl They mainly serve as structursl

components of membranes and as storage components of membranes and as storage forms of energyforms of energy

Individual lipid molecules are small and not Individual lipid molecules are small and not classified as macromolecules. However a classified as macromolecules. However a large number of lipid molecules associate large number of lipid molecules associate noncovalently resulting in a large structure.noncovalently resulting in a large structure.


LipidsLipids

Lipids are molecules that consist of long Lipids are molecules that consist of long hydrocarbon chains. Attaching the three hydrocarbon chains. Attaching the three chains together is usually a glycerol chains together is usually a glycerol molecule. Lipids are NONpolar.molecule. Lipids are NONpolar.


Saturated vs. Saturated vs. Unsaturated FatUnsaturated Fat


ProteinsProteins

Proteins are polymers of amino acids. Proteins are polymers of amino acids. A peptide bond forms between amino A peptide bond forms between amino

acids by dehydration synthesis.acids by dehydration synthesis. Different proteins have different Different proteins have different

functions, some have catalytic activity, functions, some have catalytic activity, some are structural elements and some some are structural elements and some act as transporters.act as transporters.


Levels of Protein Levels of Protein StructureStructure


Protein StructureProtein Structure

LevelLevel

PrimaryPrimary

SecondarySecondary

TertiaryTertiary

QuaternaryQuaternary

DescriptionDescriptionThe amino acid The amino acid

sequencesequenceHelices and SheetsHelices and Sheets

Disulfide bridgesDisulfide bridges

Multiple polypeptides Multiple polypeptides connectconnect


Nucleic Acids- Nucleic Acids- These molecules These molecules are the instructions to the cell onare the instructions to the cell onmaking proteinsmaking proteins

Nucleic acids are Nucleic acids are polymers of polymers of Nucleotides . Nucleotides .

Nucleotide is Nucleotide is composed ofa ribose composed ofa ribose sugar, nitrogen base sugar, nitrogen base and phosphate and phosphate group.group.


Polynucleotides- DNA and Polynucleotides- DNA and RNARNA


DNA and RNADNA and RNA


Nitrogen bases- in DNA Nitrogen bases- in DNA and RNAand RNA


ATPATP::

Adenosine triphosphate, the universal energy Adenosine triphosphate, the universal energy carrier, is a single nucleotide (adenine) with carrier, is a single nucleotide (adenine) with

two extra phosphate groups attached.two extra phosphate groups attached.


VitaminsVitaminsVitamins are organic compounds that the Vitamins are organic compounds that the

body cannot manufacture itself in body cannot manufacture itself in sufficient quantities to meet demand and sufficient quantities to meet demand and therefore must absorb the required therefore must absorb the required nutrients from food sources.nutrients from food sources.

Vitamins are classified by solubilityVitamins are classified by solubility:: • • Fat-soluble: Vitamins A, D, E and K.Fat-soluble: Vitamins A, D, E and K. ••Water-soluble: B vitamins (8 total) and Water-soluble: B vitamins (8 total) and

vitamin Cvitamin C3434Dr.Saba AbdiDr.Saba Abdi

Vitamin FunctionsVitamin Functions Vitamins have diverse biochemical functions. Vitamins have diverse biochemical functions.

1.1.hormone-like functions(e.g. vitamin D)hormone-like functions(e.g. vitamin D)

2.2.Regulators of cell and tissue growth and Regulators of cell and tissue growth and differentiation (e.g. some forms of vitamin A). differentiation (e.g. some forms of vitamin A).

3.3.As antioxidants (e.g. vitamin E and sometimes As antioxidants (e.g. vitamin E and sometimes vitamin C). The largest number of vitamins vitamin C). The largest number of vitamins (e.g. B complex vitamins)(e.g. B complex vitamins)


..4.As precursors for enzyme cofactors, that 4.As precursors for enzyme cofactors, that

help enzymes in their work as catalysts in help enzymes in their work as catalysts in metabolism. In this role, vitamins may be metabolism. In this role, vitamins may be tightly bound to enzymes as part of tightly bound to enzymes as part of prosthetic groups(biotin) or it may also be prosthetic groups(biotin) or it may also be less tightly bound to enzyme catalysts as less tightly bound to enzyme catalysts as coenzymes ( folic acid)coenzymes ( folic acid)


MineralsMineralsVitamins differ from minerals because they are compounds or Vitamins differ from minerals because they are compounds or

molecules, whereas minerals are elements. molecules, whereas minerals are elements.

FunctionsFunctions • • crucial components of enzyme systemscrucial components of enzyme systems • • regulate musculoskeletal functionsregulate musculoskeletal functions • • responsible for nervous system transmissionresponsible for nervous system transmission • • facilitate blood clottingfacilitate blood clotting • • ensure normal cardiac rhythmensure normal cardiac rhythm

Classified as:Classified as: • • Major: Sodium, potassium, chloride, calcium,Major: Sodium, potassium, chloride, calcium, phosphorus, magnesium and sulfur.phosphorus, magnesium and sulfur. • • Trace: Iron, zinc, selenium, molybdenum and iodineTrace: Iron, zinc, selenium, molybdenum and iodine


HormonesHormones

A specific chemical compoundA specific chemical compound Produced by a specific tissue of the bodyProduced by a specific tissue of the body Where it is released in the body fluidsWhere it is released in the body fluids And carried to a distant target tissueAnd carried to a distant target tissue Where it affects a pre-existing Where it affects a pre-existing

mechanismmechanism And is effective is small amounts.And is effective is small amounts.


Examples of hormonesExamples of hormones

Proteins and PolypeptidesProteins and Polypeptides OxytocinOxytocin InsulinInsulin

Biogenic aminesBiogenic amines ThyroxineThyroxine CatecholaminesCatecholamines

SteroidsSteroids EstrogensEstrogens ProgestinsProgestins AndrogensAndrogens

EicosanoidsEicosanoids ProstaglandinsProstaglandins ThromboxanesThromboxanes


HemeHeme

HemeHeme is the prosthetic is the prosthetic group of hemoglobin, group of hemoglobin, myoglobin, & myoglobin, & cytochromes. cytochromes.


N

N

N

N

CH3 HC

CH3

S CH2

CH3

CH S CH2

CH3

CH2

CH2

COO

CH3

H3C

CH2CH2 OOC

protein

protein

Fe

Heme c

CoenzymesCoenzymes are small organic molecules are small organic molecules that link to enzymes and whose that link to enzymes and whose presence is essential to the activity of presence is essential to the activity of those enzymesthose enzymes


biological molecules the building blocks of life an introduction to general biochemistry-ii (bch...

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