biological role of oxygen carbohydrate metabolism for atp production (mitochondria) degradation of...
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BIOLOGICAL ROLE OF OXYGEN
• Carbohydrate metabolism for ATP Production (Mitochondria)• Degradation of metabolic by-products by (Peroxisomes)
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CELLULAR RESPIRATION
Production of Reactive Oxygen Species
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REACTIVE OXYGEN SPECIES (ROS)
NADPH + O2
Superoxide (O2-.)
Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)
Hydroxyl radical (OH.)
Hypochlorite (HOCl)
O2 + H2O
NADPH oxidase
Superoxide dismutase
Cat
alas
e
MyeloperoxidaseF
e2+
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GENERATION OF REACTIVE OXYGEN SPECIES
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GENERATION OF ROS AS METABOLIC BY-PRODUCTS
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GENERATION OF ROS IN IMMUNE DEFENSES
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OXIDATIVE DAMAGES
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OXIDATIVE DAMAGE TO LIPIDS
• Increase membrane rigidity• Reduce activity of membrane-bound enzyme• Alter activity of membrane receptors• Alter cell permeability
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OXIDATIVE DAMAGE TO PROTEINS
• Site-specific amino acid modifications• Fragmentation of peptide chain• Aggregation of cross-linked reaction products• Increased susceptibility to proteolysis• Degradation of enzymes
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OXIDATIVE DAMAGE TO NUCLEIC ACIDS
• Mutation• Single strand breakage• Nucleotide degradation• Cross-linking to protein
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ANTIOXIDANTS
Superoxide dismutase
Catalysis the dismutation of superoxide to hydrogen peroxide.
Catalase Catalysis the dismutation of superoxide to water and oxygen.
Glutathione peroxidase
Degradation of hydrogen peroxide
Enzymatic Antioxidants
Vitamin E Trap peroxy radicals in cellular membranes.
Vitamin C Reduce radicals from a variety of sources.
Recycling of Vitamin E radicals.
Glutathione Defense against reactive oxygen species.
Non-Enzymatic Antioxidants