biological studies. biodiversity maintains a healthy biosphere and provides direct and indirect...
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Chapter 5: Biodiversity & ConservationBiological Studies
Biodiversity maintains a healthy biosphere and provides direct and indirect value to humans.
5.1 Biodiversity
Biodiversity• The variety of life in an area
• determined by the number of different species in that area
• Increases health and stability of biosphere
• Extinction – when the last member of a species dies• Extinction causes a decrease in biodiversity, which
decreases the health of the biosphere
• Levels of Biodiversity:• Genetic• Species• Ecosystem
Levels of Biodiversity• Genetic Diversity - variety of genes or
inheritable characteristics present in a population• increases the chances that some species will survive
during changing environmental conditions
• Species Diversity – number of different species and the abundance of each species in a biological community• Not evenly distributed over biosphere• Increases closer to the equator
• Ecosystem Diversity – variety of ecosystems present in the biosphere
Importance of Biodiversity• A healthy biosphere provides services to humans
and other organisms on Earth• Healthy ecosystems provide protection against
floods and drought, detoxify and decompose wastes, and regulate climates
BIODIVERSITY
Some human activities reduce biodiversity in ecosystems. This could have serious long-term effects on the biosphere.
5.2 Threats to Biodiversity
Extinction• Background Extinction – process of becoming
extinct• Scientists worried about the rate of extinction
• Mass Extinction – an event in which a large percentage of all living species becomes extinct in a relatively short period of time• DINOSAURS!
Threats to Biodiversity• Current high rate of extinction
due to activity of one species – Homo sapiens
• Humans are changing the conditions on earth faster than new traits to can develop to cope with the new changes
• Evolving species do not have the natural resources they need
• Threats include:• Overexploitation• Habitat Loss• Pollution• Introduced Species
Threats• Overexploitation - excessive
use of species that have economic value• Rhinoceros – hunted and killed
for their horns
• Habitat Loss• Destroyed: clearing a natural
rain forest• Disrupted: decline of one
species in the food web disrupts other species (overfishing)
• Fragmented: separation of an ecosystem into smaller parts, cannot cross human barriers to get resources or reproduce, changes abiotic conditions
Increasing human population has lead to:
Needing more space to live
Loss of habitat
Loss of species
Loss of biodiversity
Pollution• Changes the composition of
air, soil, and water• Biological magnification:
increasing concentration of toxic substances in organisms as the trophic levels increase
• Acid Precipitation: burning fossil fuels creates sulfur and nitrogen compounds that react with other substances in the air to form sulfuric and nitric acid• Removes calcium, potassium,
and other nutrients from the soil, deprives plants
Introduced Species• Nonnative species that are either intentionally or
unintentionally introduced to a new habitat• Often reproduce in large numbers because there
are no predators, become invasive• Responsible for 40% of extinctions since 1750
Alligator Snapping Turtle
People are using many approaches to slow the rate of extinctions and to preserve biodiversity
5.3 Conserving Biodiversity
Natural Resources• The biosphere supplies basic
needs for 7 billion humans • The growth in population is not
evenly distributed, nor is the consumption of natural resources
Natural Resources
Renewable• Resources that are
replaced by natural processes faster than they are consumed• Solar energy• Clean air• Clean water
Nonrenewable• Found on Earth in
limited amounts or that are replaced by natural processes over LONG periods of time• Fossil fuels• A species if it becomes
extinctSustainable Use – using resources at a rate in which they can be replaced or recycled while preserving the long-term environmental health of the biosphere
GOING GREEN
Conserving Biodiversity
Protecting• Hot Spots• Corridors
Restoring• The larger the effected
area, the longer it takes to recover
• Bioremediation – the use of living organisms, such as prokaryotes, fungi, or plants, to detoxify a polluted area
• Biological augmentation – adding natural predators to a degraded ecosystem
1. A2. B3. C4. D
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Which factor is most responsible for the lack of plants in polar regions?
A. heavy grazing by
herbivores
B. little precipitation
C. no soil for plants to
take root
D. not enough sunlight
Biodiversity and ConservationChapter 5
Chapter Diagnostic Questions
1. A2. B3. C4. D
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Biodiversity and ConservationChapter 5
Chapter Diagnostic Questions
What form of pollution is caused by extensive algae growth in waterways?
A. acid precipitation
B. eutrophication
C. biological
magnification
D. edge effects
1. A2. B3. C4. D
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Biodiversity and ConservationChapter 5
Chapter Diagnostic Questions
Which is not a renewable resource?
A. solar energy
B. fossil fuels
C. agricultural plants
D. clean water
1. A2. B3. C4. D
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Biodiversity and ConservationChapter 5
Which has indirect economic value?
A. ecosystems that decompose wastes
B. organisms that provide food and shelter
C. plants that contain medicinal substances
D. species that have desirable genetic traits
5.1 Formative Questions
1. A2. B
Biodiversity and ConservationChapter 5
5.1 Formative Questions
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It is likely that some of the world’s unidentified species will have economic value.
A. true
B. false
1. A2. B3. C
Biodiversity and ConservationChapter 5
5.1 Formative Questions
When does the aesthetic value of an ecosystem
become most apparent?A. when scientists begin
to
study the ecosystem
B. when the ecosystem
has been destroyed
C. when the ecosystem is
given economic value
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1. A2. B3. C4. D
Biodiversity and ConservationChapter 5
A. background extinction
B. mass extinction
C. natural extinction
D. progressive extinction
Which describes the current rate of species
disappearance?
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5.2 Formative Questions
1. A2. B3. C4. D
Biodiversity and ConservationChapter 5
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A. deserts
B. grasslands
C. tropical forests
D. temperate forests
Where are most extinctions likely to occur
in the near future?
5.2 Formative Questions
1. A2. B3. C4. D
Biodiversity and ConservationChapter 5
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A. habitat loss
B. eutrophication
C. overexploitation
D. nonnative predators
What is the primary factor that has endangered
the North American bison and the white rhinoceros?
5.2 Formative Questions
1. A2. B3. C4. D
Biodiversity and ConservationChapter 5
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A. habitat loss
B. human predators
C. transported diseases
D. background extermination
What is the number one cause of species extinction today?
5.2 Formative Questions
1. A2. B3. C4. D
Biodiversity and ConservationChapter 5
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A. agricultural plants
B. clean water
C. forest timber
D. mineral deposits
Which resource is nonrenewable?
5.3 Formative Questions
1. A2. B3. C4. D
Biodiversity and ConservationChapter 5
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A. farming
B. logging
C. oil drilling
D. commercial fishing
For which human activity is sustainable use not possible?
5.3 Formative Questions
1. A2. B3. C4. D
Biodiversity and ConservationChapter 5
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Which is an example of bioremediation?
A. replanting trees in an area affected by acid rain
B. using microorganisms to detoxify an oil spill
C. enacting a law that protects endangered amphibians
D. introducing natural predators to control a crop pest
5.3 Formative Questions
1. A2. B3. C4. D
Biodiversity and ConservationChapter 5
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Look at the figure. Name the process that is occurring with the increasing concentration of DDT.
A. pollution
B. extinction
C. biological
magnification
D. habitat
fragmentation
Chapter Assessment Questions
1. A2. B3. C4. D
Biodiversity and ConservationChapter 5
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Use the graph to determine the approximate recovery time for a volcanic eruption.
A. 1–10 years
B. 10–100 years
C. 100–1000 years
D. 1000 years ormore
Chapter Assessment Questions
Biodiversity and Conservation
Explain how killer whales adapted to their environment when their primary food
source began to disappear.
Answer: Killer whales started to prey onsea otters instead of sea lionsand harbor seals.
Chapter 5
Chapter Assessment Questions
1. A2. B3. C4. D
Biodiversity and ConservationChapter 5
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A. ecosystem diversity
B. genetic diversity
C. social diversity
D. species diversity
Which type of biodiversity increases as you move geographically from the polar regions to the equator?
Standardized Test Practice
1. A2. B3. C4. D
Biodiversity and ConservationChapter 5
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Standardized Test Practice
A. It increases the number of organisms that have useful genes.
B. It increases the ability of a species to adapt to environmental changes.
C. It produces a variety of species within a biological community.
D. It randomly distributes members of a species throughout an ecosystem.
How does genetic diversity increase a species’ chance of survival?
1. A2. B3. C4. D
Biodiversity and ConservationChapter 5
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Standardized Test Practice
If a toxic substance enters this food web, which animals will have the highest concentration of the toxic substance in their tissues?
A. fishes
B. killer whales
C. sea otters
D. sea urchins
1. A2. B3. C4. D
Biodiversity and ConservationChapter 5
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Standardized Test Practice
A. acid rain
B. fertilizers
C. PCBs
D. pesticides
What type of substances causes eutrophication of aquatic ecosystems?
1. A2. B3. C4. D
Biodiversity and ConservationChapter 5
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Standardized Test Practice
Which factor has the greatest impact on a country’s rate of natural resource consumption?
A. land area
B. population
C. industrialization
D. availability of
resources
1. A2. B3. C4. D
Biodiversity and ConservationChapter 5
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Standardized Test Practice
Which event has the greatest potential to cause irreversible damage to biodiversity?
A. oil spill
B. urbanization
C. industrial pollution
D. modern agriculture