biological weapons Weapons that have living organisms or infective material that can lead to disease or death. chemical weapons Weapons that use chemicals to poison, burn, paralyse humans and the natural environment. conscience The inner feeling that you are doing right or wrong. conscientious objectors People who object to fighting in a war because killing is against their conscience. deterrent A way of discouraging an enemy attack by being able to retaliate. disarmament When a country gets rid of its weapons. Geneva Conventions Rules about war and the treatment of prisoners and civilians. holy war Fighting for a religious cause or God probably controlled by a religious leader. Just War A war that the Christian Church defines as acceptable: this must fit certain criteria. The idea was developed by St Thomas Aquinas and the Roman Catholic Church. justice Bringing about what is right, fair, according to the law or making up for a wrong that has been committed. NATO North Atlantic Treaty Organisation, an alliance formed to prevent war in Europe. nuclear proliferation The increase in the number of states that have the potential to use nuclear weapons.nuclear weapons Weapons that work by a nuclear reaction that devastate huge areas and kill large numbers of people. pacifism The belief of people who refuse to take part in war and any other form of violence.peace An absence of war and conflict, which leads to happiness and harmony.peace keeping force Troops sent by a group of countries to act as a buffer between warring parties, or to keep the peace after hostilities cease. quality of Life A measure of fulfilment. refugees People who flee from their homes seeking safety elsewhere.religious prejudice Prejudice based on religion or beliefs.sacred Holy, precious because given by God.sanctity of life Life is sacred because it is God-given. terrorism When groups use violence, or the threat of violence, to achieve their aims, rather than using a democratic process. The violence is often indiscriminate and intended to create an atmosphere of fear. United Nations (UN) An organisation set up at the end of World War II to prevent war and encourage peace by discussing problems between countries.victims of prejudice People who have experienced prejudice or discrimination against themselves.victims of war People who are harmed or suffer as a result of war. ‘War on Terror’ Action taken after 9/11 to tighten security, prevent future attacks and destroy terrorist organisations.

War and peace Causes of War

Wars are usually fought to gain wealth or power. A nation might want to acquire land, minerals resources or better trading opportunities. Sometimes wars are fought out of revenge. If a previous conflict ended badly for one side or the peace terms were humiliating. It is said that the Treaty of Versailles at the end of the First World was so unfair for Germany that it lead to Germany starting the Second World. Sometimes a specific action may lead to war as retaliation.

The United Nations (UN) The UN was set up at the end of the Second Word War for countries to discuss international issues. It was hoped to make war a thing of the past. The UN is occasionally involved in war, for example the 1990 war against Iraq. Member nations supply the troops. One of the most important roles is the provision of peace-keeping forces

The Geneva ConventionsThis refers to a set of rules which govern war and the treatment of prisoners of war. Most nations have signed up to the conventions, at least in part. Breach of the conventions is referred to the UN, and it may result in a war-crimes tribunal.

Consequences of warPositive consequences may be:Freedom from an occupying powerThe replacement of a corrupt government with something better.

Negative consequences may be:Death: in modern wars most deaths are civilianInjury: again the vast majority are civiliansDisease: Refugees:Famine:Mental illness due to traumatic experiencesKidnapping of children to be used as soldiersDestruction of relationships, culture and the economyDestruction of buildings, homes, factories, hospitals etc.

Some modern conflicts have been ideological (about a set of beliefs or ideas) to assert a particular way of life or set of beliefs. They may have been political, nationalist or religious.

Wars may be defensive in response to acts of aggression. In 1939, Britain went to war when Germany attacked Poland. Britain had promised to defend Poland in the event of invasion. Wars to protect human rights are often civil wars, but sometimes one country will intervene to support another.

Types of weapons and warfareIncreasingly more sophisticated weapons are being developed to give their users an advantage over their enemies. An easy way to remember the different types of warfare is: conventional + ABC Conventional warfare

Conventional warfare uses everything from bows an arrows to computer-m operated missiles. Huge amounts of money are spent on improving weapons and developing new types. This is good for the economy. Britain is one of the biggest arms exporters.

Recently people have campaigned against the use of cluster bombs, which cause horrific injuries. At the end of the last century many protested about the use of landmines. These may be planted across huge areas of land, often with no map to show their positions. Long after the war is over they cause death or terrible mutilation, often to children playing in the fields or women going to fetch water. Britain has now banned their use, though companies can still make them for export to other countries.

Although state of the art weapons can be aimed at specific targets to avoid killing civilians, sometimes mistakes are made and civilians are hit.

Atomic (nuclear) warfare

In August 1945 the USA dropped atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki in Japan. Hundreds of thousands dies and people are still affected by the radio-activity. The USA justified its action by saying that it ended the Second World War more quickly.

Today’s atomic weapons are much more powerful, and their use would mean:

• a nuclear winter of very low temperatures lasting for months

•A 50% increase in ultraviolet radiation, which would destroy life on Earth.

Many countries have nuclear weapons. They are believed to be a deterrent. A country with atomic weapons is less likely to be attacked.

Biological weapons. Biological weapons consist of living organisms or infective material that lead to disease or death e.g. anthrax and ricin. There is a danger that they could enter the food chain or pollute the atmosphere, leading to illness and death on a massive scale. Their use has been banned under the Geneva Conventions.Chemical weapons. Mustard gas was used in the First world war by both Britain and Germany. Chemical weapons wee banned in 1925, but they were used by the USA in Vietnam and by Iraq against Iran and the Kurds. Different types of Chemical weapons can cause choking, paralysis and destruction of the environment.

Many people want to see the numbers of nuclear weapons reduced. Multilateral disarmament is when countries get rid of weapons by mutual agreement. The USA and the Soviet Union did this in the last century, though both nations still posses atomic weapons. Unilateral disarmament is when countries get rid of weapons regardless of what other nations do. The Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament (CND) is an organisation which unilateral disarmament claiming that it would set a good example to other nations. Opponents argue that to get rid of weapons would make a country vulnerable.

The growth of nuclear weapons and the fear that irresponsible governments or terrorist might obtain them is a major concern. The main reason Tony Blair gave for the war against Iraq was that it was developing weapons of mass destruction. including biological and chemical weapons, though no evidence of this has been found. There are now concerns about the nuclear programmes of Ian and North Korea.

The Just war theory.

Many people believe that there may be occasions when war is justified as the lesser of two evils. Christians developed a set of 8 conditions which if each were met it would be just/right to go to war. The war must be fought:

•By a proper authority: the ruler of the country concerned.

•In a just cause : this is restricted to defence.

•With right intent: the aims must be just and, once they have been achieved, the war must end.

•With reasonable chance of success.

•To ensure a better future.

•As a last resort: everything possible must be done to avoid war.

•By just means: there must be no killing of civilians

•With proportionate force: excessive use of force is ruled out.

Holy war

Holy war is a war fought for religion. The belief is that God is on your side, fighting alongside you, and that your enemies are God’s enemies. In the Old Testament Bible, Joshua and his soldiers believed they were fighting on behalf of God against his enemies. When they captured the city, they slaughtered its inhabitants, thinking that was what God wanted.

The Crusades are an example of Christian holy war. In the Middle ages the Pope declared that it was God’s will that armies from many countries in Europe should capture Jerusalem from the occupying Muslims. The crusades were terrible wars with atrocities. Christians today see the Crusades as a stain on Christian history and want to apologise to Muslims for what happened. Almost all Christians now believe the idea of Holy War is barbaric.

TerrorismTerrorism are extreme acts of violence to impose political views. The victims are often random members of the public. Sometimes terrorists target those they blame for injustice and oppression (treating somebody cruelly and unfairly) e.g. the government of a particular country, but they almost always harm innocents. This is to achieve maximum publicity and terrify the public. Those motivated by religion believe that they are doing God’s will and will be rewarded for it. Suicide bombers believe that they will be transported to paradise immediately, without having to wait for the Day of Judgement

Recent terrorist incidents includeAl-Qaeda attacks on 9/11 New York and 7/7 London

Most people claim that terrorism can never be just because:Violence is indiscriminateIts is a weapon of fear and coercion (?)It exploits the innocent to promote its purpose.

Some people believe on rare occasions there is no terrorism is justified. For oppressed people who have tried every other means of putting right the injustice they have suffered but have got nowhere, such violence is the only way of making the world take notice.

I.R.A. bombing Omagh.

Hamas attack Israel.Palestine Liberation Organisation.

Irish Republican Army.

ETA

ETA car bomb attack Spain.

7/7 bombing London

Al-Qaeda

Pacifism Pacifists (people who are against war and violence) believe that violence against other human beings is wrong. They are opposed to war, believing that it is never the lesser of two evils.

Arguments for pacifism.

Beliefs about human life

•Everyone has the right to life

•Life is sacred.

•Lives should be treated with respect

•All are part of the human family

Arguments against pacifism.

The right to life is not absolute.

•A person who attacks another loses that right.

•Some lives may be sacrificed to protect others

War causes immense suffering

•Modern methods of fighting harm the innocent

•The suffering caused is out of all proportion to the evil being fought.

•The suffering may affect future generations.

War limits suffering

•It can protect and defend the innocent

•The just war conditions ensure proportional violence.

•Refusal to fight may make aggressors think that they can do whatever they want, and this may result in more suffering.

War is a waste of resources

•The money spent on weapons would solve social problems and meet some global needs

•Money should be spent on saving lives, not destroying them

•War causes irreparable damage to the environment

•War uses up precious minerals and other resources.

War can be a wise use of resources.

•Wars that are fought to end injustice may save resources in the long run because greedy oppressors waste resources.

Wars bring out the worst in people

•E.g. greed and prejudiceWar bring out the best in people

•E.g. courage and compassion (pity or mercy)

Some religious attitudes to war and peace.

Buddhism.Buddhists see peace and compassion as all – important. The principle of ahimsa is opposed to war, as violence harms both the aggressor and the victim. Buddhism’s ideal is pacifism.

Sikhism.When the faith first started, Sikhs were pacifists. They still think that peace is what God wants, but they accept war when:it is the last resort,religious faith is under threat, minimum force is used,hired soldiers are not used,there is no looting of enemy property.Pacifism is the

belief that all use of violence is wrong and that no wars can ever be justified. Pacifists refuse to fight, but will work in medical units or as stretcher- bearers

Holy War. Some people think that a holy war can be justified because:

it is fought in the name of God, they believe that that God fights alongside the army against the enemy, the nation’s enemies are God’s enemies so must be destroyed.

The Crusades – wars waged by Christian Europe to regain the Holy Places in Palestine from Muslims - were holy wars.

Conscientious objectors. These people are often, but not necessarily, pacifist. They refuse to fight in a particular war because they feel it is unjustified.

Sanctity of life is the idea that all life is precious and special. This is usually because it is unique. Religious people believe God creates life, and that its why it is special.

Religious viewpoints.

Religious believers all take the following concepts into account:

•Peace: all people have the right to develop their potential free from fear of harm

•Justice: each person has the right to fair and equal treatment

•Sanctity of life: each life is sacred (God given), special and unique.

Christianity

Most Christian denominations contain some who are pacifist and some who are not.

Christian pacifist believe that everyone is a child of God and should never be harmed by a fellow human being. All humans are in the image of God and their bodies are ‘temples of the Holy Spirit’, deserving absolute respect. Life is a precious gift from God. Jesus encouraged forgiveness and reconciliation (make people who have quarrelled become friendly again) as the way to solve problems. 

“You have heard that it was said, An eye for an eye and a tooth for a tooth.” But I say to you that you must not oppose those who want to hurt you. If people slap you on your right cheek, you must turn the left cheek to them as well.

Jesus taught “love your enemies and pray for those who harass you.”

When Jesus was arrested, one of his disciples took out a sword to defend him. ‘Put your sword back in its place,’ Jesus said to him, ‘All who take the sword will die by the sword.’

Christians who are not pacifist believe that Jesus teachings started an ideal that reconciliation is preferable to conflict. The Catholic church states that the avoidance of conflict is the ideal, however sometimes war is necessary. It supports the just war theory.

Dietrich Bonhoeffer was a Christian pacifist. He lived at the time of Hitler’s rise to power. What he saw made him reject his pacifist principles. He was imprisoned for opposing the government. After his release, he joined a secret resistance movement that planned the assassination of Hitler. Dietrich Bonhoeffer was imprisoned in 1942 and executed in 1945.

Dietrich Bonhoeffer

The Buddhist attitude to war and peace. The Buddhist message is one of p_____. If we are peaceful, so is the w_____. Buddhists live by the Five P______. One of these is not to h_____ others. They should try to h____ others. So war goes against that. Buddhists believe in r________. Killing people in war will have a bad effect on their f_______ l______. Buddhists do not have j____ which can hurt others. This is because they follow the E________ Path, which says they should have Right L_______.In war, Buddhists won’t f_____ in the war, because they believe in showing l___________ k_________.

harm, future, help, fight, world, help, lives, jobs, Eightfold, reincarnation, future, peace, Precepts, Livelihood, harmed, loving kindness.Pacifism. Peace.Throughout history there have always been people who have refused to use violence. These people are known as pacifists, which basically means “peace makers”. Pacifists do not believe in using violence at all. They follow Jesus’ example and Saint Paul’s teachings. These include trying to overcome evil with good, to never take revenge, and to live peacefully. In the case of war, pacifists have refused to fight for their nation, claiming to be conscientious objectors. Their conscience tells them to object when they are called up (conscripted) to the armed forces. During the second world war, under the Nazi government, Jehovah’s witnesses and many other German conscientious objectors were imprisoned and executed because they refused to fight against the allies.

1.What do pacifists believe? 2.Why are some people called conscientious objectors?

Concentration Camp Arm Band for Jehovah's Witness .

The Quakers (Society of Friends) Quakers are another Christian pacifist group. In history the Quakers have also protested against war. They are also conscientious objectors who will not fight but they will help out in war. During the first and second world wars many volunteered as members of the medical staff and many lost their lives trying to rescue injured soldiers from the battlefield. Some do relief work and some act as mediators between sides, trying to help them out with disagreements.

Quakers believe that there is no reason good enough for war. At the end of the day, too many people die, too much money is spent on hurting others, and the sides resent each other even more.

‘Christians should never fight.’ Do you agree? Give reasons for your answer, showing that you have thought about more than one point of view. Refer to Christian arguments in your answer.

AgreeViolence just encourages more violence.Examples set by: Conscientious objectors (Jehovah’s Witnesses and Quakers). Jesus. When Jesus was being arrested he said “Put your sword back in its place for all who live by the sword will die by the sword”. Jesus said “Blessed be the peace makers”. ’Love your enemy’.

Other viewsRefusal to fight seen as weakness to be taken advantage of. Some leaders are so corrupt, aggressive/only force will lead to change. Do Jesus’ teachings relate to war? Examples set by: Conscientious objectors, Quakers. Jesus became angry when people were misusing god’s Temple: He overturned the tables of the money changers and the benches of those selling doves.

3. Watch the video clip. Describe what happened to many German Jehovah’s Witnesses in Nazi Germany and explain why these things happened?

4. What did Quakers do during world wars one and two? 5. Why did they choose not to fight?

Hinduism

Some Hindus are against violence in believing that good karma is built up by not harming other living things (ahimsa). They overcome injustice and oppression (treating somebody cruelly and unfairly) through non-violent protest and civil disobedience

Most Hindus believe war is justified if:

Their land is invaded by an enemy

The power to govern has been wrongly seized

People are exploited or oppressed (make unfair use of someone or something)

In these cases armed conflict may build up good karma

The kshatriyas are a caste/class/group of people in Hindu society whose duty it is to protect the people. They should fight fairly and should not harm those who:

Have surrendered or begged for mercy

Are asleep, no longer armed or are wounded

Are onlookers or are civilians.

A Holy book tells the story of Arjuna (a kshatriya) who did not want to take up weapons against his countrymen. Krishna (an avatar of the preserver God Vishnu) told Arjuna it was his duty to fight. Krishna reminded Arjuna that he would not be fighting for selfish reasons but for the good of humanity, and in that case he would not kill his enemies soul (atman). All he could kill was the body that housed the soul.

Mahatma Ghandhi

Was influenced by the idea of ahimsa (non-violence). While living as a lawyer in South Africa. He responded to the racism in South Africa with non- violent passive resistance. On returning to India he found the same prejudice from its British rulers. When he became leader of the Indian National Congress he encouraged his fellow Indians to strive for independence by a policy of civil disobedience using a variety of non- violent passive resistance methods e.g. protest marches, sit-ins, sit downs, strikes, fasts etc He campaigned against the caste system and did all he could to create trust between Hindus and Muslims (An eye for an eye would make the whole world blind) Ghandhi was assassinated in 1948.

Good karma by not harming other living things.

Islam.

The word ‘Islam’ means ‘submission’ and it has connections with the Arabic word for ‘peace’. The Muslim greeting ‘Salaam’ means ‘peace’. The Quran stressed the importance of being willing to pardon (forgive) others.

‘Those … who restrain anger, and pardon (all) men … For such the reward is forgiveness from their Lord …’

Jihad.

The Greater Jihad refers to the everyday struggle of all Muslims to resist the temptations of the Devil and fulfil the will of Allah.

The Lesser Jihad is the military Jihad. It is fought to enable Muslims to practise their faith freely. If a government makes this impossible or a nation is threatened with invasion, Muslims must try first of all to solve the problem peacefully. If this fails, then force must be used.

The rules for Jihad.1. A religious leader must start and lead it (not a politician)2. The cause must be just (given proper consideration) in the name of Allah.)3. It must be in defence against oppression4. It must be aimed at restoring justice, freedom of worship and peace5. It must be aimed at achieving good, not evil.6. It must be the last resort7. Enemies must be treated humanely, and as soon as they are defeated the war must end; there must be no revenge taken8. Civilians must not be made to suffer, there should be no indiscriminate killing9. Nature, trees, crops and animals should be protected.Those who fight selflessly and courageously will be rewarded by Allah. Sins will be rewarded immediately with entry to paradise. Muhammad taught his followers not to be filled with hatred for their enemies, for one day they might be their friends.

Holy war? Fighting for a religious cause or God, probably controlled by a

religious leader. Q1.‘No one who is religious can be a terrorist.’ Do you agree? Q2 Watch the trailer for the film “Four lions” Why would many

Muslims not regard the four lions as fighting a Holy War? Refer to source C

Source C. Jihad/Holy war.1.War is justified if it will bring freedom from tyranny, combat

evil, restore peace and justice.2.It must not be used to colonise, impose Islam or suppress

non believers.3.The sick, elderly, women and children should not be harmed.

The natural world should not be damaged.4. Jihad must be declared by a religious leader, not a politician.

Jihad must be in the name of Allah (God).5.Dying in the service of Allah (God) turns a Muslim into a

martyr. True martyrs go straight to paradise as an instant reward.

Q3. What do sources A, B, C, D (video clip) and E, tell you about the London Bombings of July 2005?

Source A. 7th July 2005 Hasib Hussain: at 18, detonated his bomb on the top deck of a double-decker bus at 9:47 a.m. Fourteen people, including Hussain, perished in the explosion in Tavistock Square London. The terrorist group al-Qaeda claimed it was responsible for the attacks. It claimed it had carried out the attacks to get revenge on Britain for "massacres" in Iraq and Afghanistan.

Source E.

Source B. British Muslim Forum states Islam condemns the use of violence and the destruction of innocent lives and says suicide bombings are "vehemently prohibited". "We pray for the defeat of extremism and terrorism in the world. "We pray for the peace, security and harmony to triumph in multicultural Great Britain.“

Source D ITV News: Moderate Muslims Speak Out!

Q4. ‘No one who is religious can be a terrorist.’ Do you agree?

Give reasons for your answer. Refer to religion in your answer. 1. Religions teach about peace2. Love your neighbour …3. Wrong to kill indiscriminately

(not making a careful choice who killing)…

4. Wrong to scare people … 5. Should work with and follow

the government’s decisions …

1. Seen by some as freedom fighters …

2. Maybe be protecting their religion …

3. Conditions of jihad … 4. Maybe fighting against an

injustice …,5. The government may not be

protecting its citizens?

Judaism

The concept of peace is at the heart of Judaism. The everyday greeting ‘Shalom means ‘peace’

Most Jews are not pacifist. Wars are either milchemet mitzvah (obligatory/ must do war) or milchemet reshut (optional war)

Milchemet mitzvah (obligatory / must do war)

•A war fought in self defence.

•A pre-emptive strike in order to avoid being attacked.

•A war to help neighbouring countries – so that your own country is not invaded.

•A war commanded by God.

The Six Day War was an obligatory war. In 1967, Israel launched a series of attacks against its much larger Arab neighbours, destroying the Egyptian air force on the ground. After six days fighting, Israel had won a war against Egypt, Jordan and Syria.

Milchemet reshut (optional war)

•There are good reasons for it

•It is the last resort

No war should be fought to colonise or take revenge. This is forbidden.

Those who die in battle as martyrs are known as the holy ones (Kiddush

Hashem).

Dharam yudh (War in defence of righteousness – a just war) is allowed when It is a defence Every other possible solution has been attempted There is no desire for revenge Any land or property taken in the war is returned as soon as it end Three is no looting Civilians are not harmed Mercenaries (hired soldiers) are not used, as those fighting must believe in the cause Minimum force is used

Sikhism Sikhs believe in the principle of ahimsa (not harming living things). Guru Nanak the founder of Sikhism was a pacifist. He said that if someone was hurt, he should put up with it three times. If it happened a fourth time, then God would come to his defence. Guru Nanak.

Later Gurus (Sikh teachers) recognised the need for defence of oneself and one’s faith.Guru Gobind Singh.

One of the 5ks is the kirpan (ceremonial dagger). This was originally used in self – defence, but became a symbol of religious freedom.

‘Christians should never fight. ’What do you think? Explain your opinion. Refer to Christian teachings in your answer. (3 marks)

Which teachings below allow/do not allow a Christian to fight and why? Give reasons for your choice.

1. Christians are taught about the sanctity of life, so all human life is sacred/holy. This teaching shows Christians should/should never fight because …2. The Bible teaches that God has placed rulers in power so Christians should obey them if they tell them to go to war. This teaching shows Christians should/should never fight because …3. Jesus taught “Blessed are the peace makers.” This teaching shows Christians should/should never fight because …4. The Bible teaches that people should fight against evil. This teaching shows Christians should/should never fight because …5. When Jesus was being arrested a friend tried to protect him. Jesus said to him: “Put your sword back in its place for all those who draw the sword will die by the sword.” This teaching and example shows Christians should/should never fight because …6. Jesus became angry when people were misusing God’s house, the Temple: He overturned the tables of the money changers and the benches of those selling doves. This example shows Christians should/should never fight because …7. Jesus did not condemn the centurion for being a part of the military. This example shows Christians should/should never fight because …8. The Bible (Joel) teaches of a time of God’s judgement “Proclaim this among the nations; prepare for war, stir up your soldiers.” This text shows Christians should/should never fight because …9. In the 10 commandments, God said “You shall not murder.” This commandment shows Christians should/should never fight because …10. Jesus taught “Love one another” This teaching shows Christians should/should never fight because …

‘Christians should never fight. ’What do you think? Explain your opinion. Refer to Christian teachings in your answer. (3 marks)

Which teachings below allow/do not allow a Christian to fight and why? Give reasons for your choice.

1. Christians are taught about the sanctity of life, so all human life is sacred/holy. This teaching shows Christians should/should never fight because …2. The Bible teaches that God has placed rulers in power so Christians should obey them if they tell them to go to war. This teaching shows Christians should/should never fight because …3. Jesus taught “Blessed are the peace makers.” This teaching shows Christians should/should never fight because …4. The Bible teaches that people should fight against evil. This teaching shows Christians should/should never fight because …5. When Jesus was being arrested a friend tried to protect him. Jesus said to him: “Put your sword back in its place for all those who draw the sword will die by the sword.” This teaching and example shows Christians should/should never fight because …6. Jesus became angry when people were misusing God’s house, the Temple: He overturned the tables of the money changers and the benches of those selling doves. This example shows Christians should/should never fight because …7. Jesus did not condemn the centurion for being a part of the military. This example shows Christians should/should never fight because …8. The Bible (Joel) teaches of a time of God’s judgement “Proclaim this among the nations; prepare for war, stir up your soldiers.” This text shows Christians should/should never fight because …9. In the 10 commandments, God said “You shall not murder.” This commandment shows Christians should/should never fight because …10. Jesus taught “Love one another” This teaching shows Christians should/should never fight because …

1. Give two examples of recent wars. (2 marks) One mark for each correct point. 2. Explain two of the main causes of war. (3 marks)

0 marks Nothing relevant or worthy of credit. 1 mark Something relevant or worthy of credit. 2 marks Elementary knowledge and understanding, e.g. two simple points. 3 marks Sound knowledge and understanding.

3. ‘Religious believers should never agree with a country having weapons of mass destruction.’ What do you think? Explain your opinion. (3 marks)

0 marks Unsupported opinion or no relevant evaluation.1 mark Opinion supported by simple reason. 2 marks Opinion supported by one developed reason or two simple reasons. 3 marks Opinion supported by one well developed reason or several simple reasons.

4. Explain why some religious believers are prepared to fight in a war. Refer to religious beliefs and teachings in your answer. (4 marks)

0 marks Nothing relevant or worthy of credit. 1 mark Something relevant or worthy of credit. 2 marks Elementary knowledge and understanding, e.g. two simple points. 3 marks Sound knowledge and understanding. 4 marks A clear knowledge and understanding with some development and / or analysis

5. ‘There will always be wars.’ Do you agree? Give reasons for your answer, showing that you have thought about more than one point of view. Refer to religious arguments in your answer. (6 marks)

0 marks Unsupported opinion or no relevant evaluation.1 mark Opinion supported by simple reason.2 marks Opinion supported by one developed reason or two simple reasons.3 marks Opinion supported by one well developed reason or several simple reasons. N.B. Candidates who make no religious comment should not achieve more than Level 3.4 marks Opinion supported by two developed reasons with reference to religion. 5 marks Evidence of reasoned consideration of two different points of view, showing informed insights and knowledge and understanding of religion.6 marks A well-argued response, with evidence of reasoned consideration of two different points of view showing informed insights and ability to apply knowledge and understanding of religion effectively.

1. World War 1 and 2. Afghanistan / Iraq / Iran / Falklands / Bosnia / Vietnam /Korea / Israel / Palestine/ Libya/ war against terrorism (Al Qaeda)/ Pakistan/ Gulf War/ Civil wars and Cold War 2. Defend country from attack / defend beliefs, religion, freedom and way of life / defend an ally or protect a weaker country / remove own leader or government (civil war) / to gain land / wealth / power / resources such as oil / stop atrocities such as genocide / get rid of a dictator / restore justice or peace / hatred / revenge, Max. L2 for a list. 3. Not a deterrent it might lead to war, e.g. Saddam Hussein was believed to have weapons of mass destruction / not morally justifiable / religions should teach peace not war / biological and chemical weapons outlawed by Geneva convention / no country should have them/ damage to people and infrastructure, roads and buildings etc / expensive money could be spent on the needy / effect on future generations/ justwar arguments/ HOWEVER they act as a deterrent / stop other countries attacking / if you have them you are able to hit back if you are attacked by others who have similar weapons / need protection from others / don’t have to use them, e.g. nuclear deterrent / N.B. Two sided evaluation is not required but acceptable.

4. Idea of Holy War / religious aims or goals / authorized by God or a religious leader /spiritual reward, e.g. heaven or paradise / defend religion / spread faith or win backcountry that used to follow a particular religion. Idea of Just War / just cause / declaredby proper authority, e.g. government / good intention / last resort / reasonable chance of success / fought by just means / the good achieved will outweigh the evil that led to war / civilians protected. Stories of warriors and battles are in religious books .Max. L3 if no reference to religious teachings or beliefs.

5. Agree Since recorded history only one or two years where there haven’t been wars in the world / many wars (of different magnitude) currently being fought / always conflict / disagreements / people who want power or what others have / human problem of greed, selfishness and craving / going to be an increase in lack of resources for a growing world population / Bible says that there will always be wars and rumours ofwars / patriotism may encourage support for war/ Jesus’ actions in the Temple.

Other Views Religions teach peace, so if people followed their teachings wars would end / if people take notice of the Golden Rules of religion war would end / if justice was promoted, wars would end / if people helped the poor in the world and shared more than there would be no need for fighting.Buddhism preaches peace and non-violence (Ahimsa) Christianity ‘turn the other cheek’ / Jesus did not resist arrest / Quakers –pacifism Hinduism – Ahimsa (non-harming) / good karma / Mahatma Gandhi rejected violence Islam – ‘Islam’ means ‘peace’ / Muslims should not seek revenge Sikhism peace is a gift of God who is called ‘a haven of peace’ / idea of good karma/ khalsa members have a responsibility to work for peace.

1. Give two ways in which organisations might help victims of war. (2 marks) One mark for each correct point. 2. Describe the work of one religious believer who has campaigned for peace. (3 marks) 0 marks Nothing relevant or worthy of credit. 1 mark Something relevant or worthy of credit. 2 marks Elementary knowledge and understanding, e.g. two simple points. 3 marks Sound knowledge and understanding. 3. No war should be called a Holy War... What do you think? Explain your opinion. (3 marks) 0 marks Unsupported opinion or no relevant evaluation.1 mark Opinion supported by simple reason. 2 marks Opinion supported by one developed reason or two simple reasons. 3 marks Opinion supported by one well developed reason or several simple reasons.

4. Explain why some religious believers might not be prepared to fight in a war. (4 marks)

0 marks Nothing relevant or worthy of credit. 1 mark Something relevant or worthy of credit. 2 marks Elementary knowledge and understanding, e.g. two simple points. 3 marks Sound knowledge and understanding. 4 marks A clear knowledge and understanding with some development and / or analysis

5. “It is wrong to have nuclear weapons.” Do you agree? Give reasons for your answer, showing that you have thought about more than one point of view. Refer to religious arguments in your answer. (6 marks) 0 marks Unsupported opinion or no relevant evaluation.1 mark Opinion supported by simple reason.2 marks Opinion supported by one developed reason or two simple reasons.3 marks Opinion supported by one well developed reason or several simple reasons. N.B. Candidates who make no religious comment should not achieve more than Level 3.4 marks Opinion supported by two developed reasons with reference to religion. 5 marks Evidence of reasoned consideration of two different points of view, showing informed insights and knowledge and understanding of religion.6 marks A well-argued response, with evidence of reasoned consideration of two different points of view showing informed insights and ability to apply knowledge and understanding of religion effectively.

1. Earl Haig Fund provide funds and employment such as making poppies, e.g. the work of the Red Cross or Red Crescent, hospitals provide medical care and assistance, wheel chairs for the crippled or other special equipment to make the victims lives easier, counselling and pastoral support, the work of Help for Heroes, support for injured service personnel and their families, sending UN peace keeping troops. 2. The Dalai Lama – worked for peace in Tibet, tried to bring about peaceful solution after the Chinese invasion, after Chinese army crushed uprising lived in exile in India, refused any forms of violence to win back his country, encouraged refugees to save Tibetan culture and way of life, proposed five point peace plan, awarded Nobel Peace Prize.

3. War is never holy but could be Just, the right thing to do, brings about death, maiming, refugees, a Holy God would not want suffering, destruction and pain, Bible teaches Do not kill, etc. However God may sometimes call people to fight for justice, needs a religious goal or aim, Crusades, can fight if authorised by God or a religious leader, spiritual reward for those taking part (jihad), go to heaven, right to defend faith, right to fight for revenge attack on their religion, to stop religious persecution, win back a country that used to follow their beliefs

4. Causes suffering, death, destruction, maiming, refugees, psychological damage, economic consequences, sanctity of life, Golden Rule to love one another. Christianity “Blessed are the peacemakers” "Love your enemies and pray for those who persecute you." “ do not take revenge, if anyone slaps you on the right cheek, let him slap your left cheek” 'Love your neighbour'. At Jesus' arrest Peter was violent, but Jesus told him to put away his sword - "all who take up the sword will die by the sword" "If someone has done you wrong, do not repay him with a wrong ... Do everything possible on your part to live in peace with everybody. Never take revenge. God will take revenge ... If your enemy is hungry, feed him ... If he is thirsty, give him a drink ... conquer evil with good." Jehovah's Witnesses and The Quakers, Christian denominations who reject violence and war / if the war is not seen as a Just War / conscientious objectors.

5. Agree Nuclear weapons very destructive, proportionality, could destroy wildlife and environment, innocent people killed, long term effects e.g. from radiation (e.g. of Hiroshima), environmental impact, cost, money should be spent upon the poor not Trident missiles, violates sanctity of life and Just War conditions and stewardship, Ahimsa – non violence.Other views May act as a deterrent, last resort, quicker resolution to conflict e.g. Second World War, other countries have them

What is meant by a ‘Holy War’? A war believed to be supported by God / war with a religious goal or similar. Give two reasons why countries might go to war. To win territory / to restore peace / to protect land / to gain resources, e.g. oil / greed / to stop terrorism / genocide / revenge / religious differences / protect those who cannot protect themselves / overthrow corrupt and tyrannical rule, etc. 1 mark for a superficial comment or a single point. 2 marks for a developed answer or more than one point. ‘No one who is religious can be a terrorist.’ What do you think? Explain your opinion. 3 Candidates may include some of the following points: Religions advocate peace / love your neighbour or similar / morally wrong to kill indiscriminately / wrong to scare people / should work with government (see Romans 13). Seen by some as freedom fighters / maybe be viewed as protecting their religion / idea of jihad / maybe fighting against an injustice, etc.Explain why some religious believers are prepared to fight in a war. St Thomas Aquinas’ conditions for a Just War: i.e. (1) a just cause, (2) started by a properly constituted authority, (3) right intention – promote good and avoid evil, (4) must be a last resort, (5) must be a reasonable chance of success, (6) must be reasonable proportion – use only enough force to achieve objectives, and (7) no civilians to be involved. In Exodus, God is both a warrior and defender of his people (Exodus 15 3 and Psalm 147 14) / The Crusades – to reclaim land from Muslims / Holy War / those were fought in the name of God against unbelievers / while Christians oppose war, they believe it is right to defend country from an attack by aggressor, e.g. second world war / Liberation Theology, e.g. Oscar Romero – it is right to fight for freedom where people are suppressed unfairly / Dietrich Bonhoeffer / Matthew 21 12-13 Jesus overturned the money-changers’ tables in the temple / Luke 22 36: “Whoever has no sword must sell his coat and buy one”. “It is wrong to have nuclear weapons.” Do you agree? Give reasons for your answer, showing that you have thought about more than one point of view. Refer to religious arguments in your answer. (6 marks) Agree Nuclear weapons very destructive, proportionality, could destroy wildlife and environment, innocent people killed, long term effects e.g. from radiation (e.g. of Hiroshima), environmental impact, cost, money should be spent upon the poor not Trident missiles, violates sanctity of life and Just War conditions and stewardship, Ahimsa – non violence.Other views May act as a deterrent, last resort, quicker resolution to conflict e.g. Second World War, other countries have them