biologie člověka - úvod orgány, orgánové soustavy
TRANSCRIPT
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Biologie člověka - úvod
Orgány, orgánové soustavy
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Hierarchické uspořádání živočišného těla
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Cardiovascularsystem
OrganelleMoleculeAtoms
Chemical levelAtoms combine to form molecules.
Cellular levelCells are made up ofmolecules.
Tissue levelTissues consist of similartypes of cells.
Organ levelOrgans are made up of different typesof tissues.
Organ system levelOrgan systems consist of differentorgans that work together closely.
Organismal levelThe human organism is made upof many organ systems.
Smooth muscle cell
Smooth muscle tissue
Connective tissue
Blood vessel (organ)
HeartBloodvessels
Epithelialtissue
Smooth muscle tissue
12
3
4
56
Figure 1.1
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MoleculeAtoms
Chemical levelAtoms combine to form molecules.1
Figure 1.1, step 1
Atomy
Molekuly
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OrganelleMoleculeAtoms
Chemical levelAtoms combine to form molecules.
Cellular levelCells are made up ofmolecules.
Smooth muscle cell
12
Figure 1.1, step 2
Buněčné organely
Buňky
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OrganelleMoleculeAtoms
Chemical levelAtoms combine to form molecules.
Cellular levelCells are made up ofmolecules.
Tissue levelTissues consist of similartypes of cells.
Smooth muscle cell
Smooth muscle tissue
12
3
Figure 1.1, step 3
Tkáně
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OrganelleMoleculeAtoms
Chemical levelAtoms combine to form molecules.
Cellular levelCells are made up ofmolecules.
Tissue levelTissues consist of similartypes of cells.
Organ levelOrgans are made up of different typesof tissues.
Smooth muscle cell
Smooth muscle tissue
Connective tissue
Blood vessel (organ)
Epithelialtissue
Smooth muscle tissue
12
3
4
Figure 1.1, step 4
Orgány
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Cardiovascularsystem
OrganelleMoleculeAtoms
Chemical levelAtoms combine to form molecules.
Cellular levelCells are made up ofmolecules.
Tissue levelTissues consist of similartypes of cells.
Organ levelOrgans are made up of different typesof tissues.
Organ system levelOrgan systems consist of differentorgans that work together closely.
Smooth muscle cell
Smooth muscle tissue
Connective tissue
Blood vessel (organ)
HeartBloodvessels
Epithelialtissue
Smooth muscle tissue
12
3
4
5
Figure 1.1, step 5
Orgánové soustavy
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Cardiovascularsystem
OrganelleMoleculeAtoms
Chemical levelAtoms combine to form molecules.
Cellular levelCells are made up ofmolecules.
Tissue levelTissues consist of similartypes of cells.
Organ levelOrgans are made up of different typesof tissues.
Organ system levelOrgan systems consist of differentorgans that work together closely.
Organismal levelThe human organism is made upof many organ systems.
Smooth muscle cell
Smooth muscle tissue
Connective tissue
Blood vessel (organ)
HeartBloodvessels
Epithelialtissue
Smooth muscle tissue
12
3
4
56
Figure 1.1, step 6Organismus
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Orgánové soustavy
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Figure 1.3a
NailsSkin
Hair
(a) Integumentary System Forms the external body covering, and protects deeper tissues from injury. Synthesizes vitamin D, and houses cutaneous (pain, pressure, etc.) receptors and sweat and oil glands.
Soustava tělního pokryvu
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Figure 1.3b
Bones
Joint
(b) Skeletal System Protects and supports body organs, and provides a framework the muscles use to cause movement. Blood cells are formed within bones. Bones store minerals.
Kosterní soustava
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Figure 1.3c
Skeletalmuscles
(c) Muscular System Allows manipulation of the environment, locomotion, and facial expression. Main- tains posture, and produces heat.
Svalová soustava
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Figure 1.3d
Brain
NervesSpinalcord
(d) Nervous System As the fast-acting control system of the body, it responds to internal and external changes by activating appropriate muscles and glands.
Nervová soustava
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Figure 1.3e
Pineal gland
PituitaryglandThyroid
glandThymus
AdrenalglandPancreas
Testis
Ovary
(e) Endocrine System Glands secrete hormones that regulate processes such as growth, reproduction, and nutrient use (metabolism) by body cells.
Soustava žláz s vnitřní sekrecí
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Figure 1.3f
(f) Cardiovascular System Blood vessels transport blood, which carries oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, wastes, etc. The heart pumps blood.
Heart
Bloodvessels
Oběhová soustava
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Figure 1.3g
Lymphaticvessels
Red bonemarrow
Thoracicduct
Thymus
Spleen
Lymphnodes
(g) Lymphatic System/Immunity Picks up fluid leaked from blood vessels and returns it to blood. Disposes of debris in the lymphatic stream. Houses white blood cells (lymphocytes) involved in immunity. The immune response mounts the attack against foreign substances within the body.
Imunitní systém
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Figure 1.3h
Nasalcavity
Bronchus
Pharynx
Larynx
Trachea
Lung
(h) Respiratory System Keeps blood constantly supplied with oxygen and removes carbon dioxide. The gaseous exchanges occur through the walls of the air sacs of the lungs.
Dýchací soustava
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Figure 1.3i
Liver
Oral cavity
Esophagus
Largeintestine
StomachSmallintestine
RectumAnus
(i) Digestive System Breaks down food into absorbable units that enter the blood for distribution to body cells. Indigestible foodstuffs are eliminated as feces.
Trávicí soustava
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Figure 1.3j
Kidney
Ureter
UrinarybladderUrethra
(j) Urinary System Eliminates nitrogenous wastes from the body. Regulates water, electrolyte and acid-base balance of the blood.
Vylučovací soustava
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Figure 1.3k-l
Prostategland
Ductusdeferens
Penis
Testis
Scrotum
Ovary
Uterinetube
Mammaryglands (inbreasts)
Uterus
Vagina
Overall function is production of offspring. Testes produce sperm and male sexhormone, and male ducts and glands aid in delivery of sperm to the femalereproductive tract. Ovaries produce eggs and female sex hormones. The remainingfemale structures serve as sites for fertilization and development of the fetus.Mammary glands of female breasts produce milk to nourish the newborn.
(k) Male Reproductive System (l) Female Reproductive System
Pohlavní (rozmnožovací) soustava
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Figure 1.2
Digestive system Takes in nutrients, breaks them down, and eliminates unabsorbed matter (feces)
Respiratory systemTakes in oxygen and eliminates carbon dioxide
Food O2 CO2
Cardiovascular systemVia the blood, distributes oxygen and nutrients to all body cells and delivers wastes and carbon dioxide to disposal organs
Interstitial fluid
Nutrients
Urinary systemEliminates nitrogenouswastes andexcess ions
Nutrients and wastes pass between blood and cells via the interstitial fluid
Integumentary system Protects the body as a whole from the external environment
Blood
Heart
Feces Urine
CO2
O2
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Homeostáza
= stálost vnitřního prostředí (fyziologická stabilita organismu)
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Stimulusproduceschange invariable.
Receptordetectschange.
Input: Informationsent along afferentpathway to controlcenter.
Output:Information sent alongefferent pathway toeffector.
Responseof effectorfeeds backto reducethe effect ofstimulusand returnsvariable tohomeostaticlevel.
Receptor Effector
ControlCenter
BALANCE
Afferentpathway
Efferentpathway
IMBALANCE
IMBALANCE
1
2
34
5
Figure 1.4
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Stimulusproduceschange invariable.
BALANCE
IMBALANCE
IMBALANCE
1
Figure 1.4, step 1
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Stimulusproduceschange invariable.
Receptordetectschange.
Receptor
BALANCE
IMBALANCE
IMBALANCE
1
2
Figure 1.4, step 2
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Stimulusproduceschange invariable.
Receptordetectschange.
Input: Informationsent along afferentpathway to controlcenter.
Receptor
ControlCenter
BALANCE
Afferentpathway
IMBALANCE
IMBALANCE
1
2
3
Figure 1.4, step 3
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Stimulusproduceschange invariable.
Receptordetectschange.
Input: Informationsent along afferentpathway to controlcenter.
Output:Information sent alongefferent pathway toeffector.
Receptor Effector
ControlCenter
BALANCE
Afferentpathway
Efferentpathway
IMBALANCE
IMBALANCE
1
2
34
Figure 1.4, step 4
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Stimulusproduceschange invariable.
Receptordetectschange.
Input: Informationsent along afferentpathway to controlcenter.
Output:Information sent alongefferent pathway toeffector.
Responseof effectorfeeds backto reducethe effect ofstimulusand returnsvariable tohomeostaticlevel.
Receptor Effector
ControlCenter
BALANCE
Afferentpathway
Efferentpathway
IMBALANCE
IMBALANCE
1
2
34
5
Figure 1.4, step 5
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Figure 1.5
Sweat glands activated
Shiveringbegins
StimulusBody temperaturerises BALANCE
Information sentalong the afferentpathway to controlcenter
Information sentalong the afferentpathway to controlcenter
Afferentpathway
Afferentpathway
Efferentpathway
Efferentpathway
Information sentalong the efferentpathway toeffectors
Information sentalong the efferentpathway to effectors
StimulusBody temperature falls
ReceptorsTemperature-sensitivecells in skin and brain
ReceptorsTemperature-sensitivecells in skin and brain
EffectorsSweat glands
EffectorsSkeletal muscles
Control Center(thermoregulatory
center in brain)
Control Center(thermoregulatory
center in brain)
ResponseEvaporation of sweatBody temperature falls;stimulus ends
ResponseBody temperature rises;stimulus ends
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