biology 1 - 1st quarter reviewer

Biology 1 // 1st Quarter SY 2011 - 2012

BIOLOGY AS THE STUDY OF LIFEA. Characteristics of Life

1. Living Things are made up of cells. Unicellular - made up of only one cell

Ex. Amoeba - Amoeba sp.Multicellular - made up of two or more cells.

Ex. Human - Homo sapiens.

2. Living Things reproduce.Sexual - 2 parents contribute genetic material.

Ex. Human sperm & Egg cellAsexual - 1 parent gives birth to genetically identical offspring.

Ex. Binary fission of Paramecium; Hydra breeding

3. Living Things Grow and Develop.Growth - increase of cell number or size.

Ex. Onion (Allium cepa) cells.Mitosis - cell divisionDevelopment - changes from conception to death.

Ex. Mosquito Life CycleMetamorphosis - change in form

4. Living Things Obtain and Use Energy.Metabolism - sum of chemical activities inside an organism.

Anabolism - simple to complex

Ex. photosynthesis

Catabolism - complex to simple

Ex. digestion5. Living Things respond to their

environment.Ex. Blue-ringed octopus (Hapalochaera sp.)Irritability - ability to respond to a stimulusStimulus - physical/chemical change in the internal/external environment.Homeostasis - maintaining a stable internal condition

6. Living Things are capable of movement.Locomotion - movement from one one place to anotherTropism - movement in response to a certain stimulus

7. Living Things are based on a universal genetic code.Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) - molecule where genetic instructions are encoded.

8. Living Things, as a group, change over time.Adaptation - trait that helps an organism survive in a given

habitat (structural, physiological or behavioral)

Ex. Polar bear’s white fur; bacterial endosperm; Nocturnal silky anteater

B. Themes in the Study of Biologyo The Cell

Cells are every organism’s basic unit of structure and function.

Two types of cells: prokaryotic (bacteria and archaea) and eukaryotic (protists, plants, fungi and animals).

o Heritable Information Continuity of life depends

on the inheritance of biological information in the form of DNA molecules.

Genetic information is encoded in the nucleotide sequences of DNA.

o Emergent Properties of Biological Systems The living world has a

hierarchical organization, from molecules to the biosphere.

Each step is a result of interactions among components at the lower levels.

o Regulation Feedback mechanisms

regulate biological systems. In some cases, regulation

maintains in a relatively steady state for internal factors such as body temperature.

o Interaction with Environment Organisms are open

systems that exchange materials and energy with their surroundings.

An organism’s environment includes other organisms as well as non-living factors.

o Energy and Life All organisms must perform

work, which requires energy.

Energy flows from sunlight to producers to consumers.

o Unity and Diversity Biology is grouped in

three major domains: Bacteria, Archea and Eukarya.

The more closely related 2 species are, the more characteristics they share.

© PAT RIVERA


As diverse as life is, we find unity through the universal genetic code.

o Evolution Evolution is Biology’s core

theme. It explains both unity and

diversity of life. The Darwinian theory of

natural selection accounts for adaptation of populations to their environment through differential reproductive success of varying individuals.

o Structure and Function Form and function are

correlated at all levels of biological organization.

o Scientific Inquiry The process of science

includes observation-based discovery and the testing of explanations through hypothesis-based scientific inquiry.

Scientific credibility depends on the repeatability of observations and experiments.

o Science, Technology and Society Many technologies are goal-

oriented applications of science.

The relationship of science and technology to society are now more crucial to understand than before.

C. Levels of Organization1. Sub-atomic Particle2. Atom3. Molecules4. Organelles5. Cells6. Tissues7. Organs8. Organ Systems9. Organisms10. Populations11. Communities12. Ecosystems13. Biosphere

D. Branches of Biology Molecular Level of Organization

Biochemistry - chemical substances in living organisms

Bioegernetics - energy transformations & exchanges

Genetics - hereditary factors Genetic Engineering - deliberate

changing makeup of living cells Molecular Biology -

physicochemical organization of living matter

Cellular Level of Organization

Bacteriology - bacteria Cytology - cells Microbiology - microorganisms

Tissues, Organs and Systems Anatomy - structure of living

things Comparative Anatomy -

comparison of structures between animals

Embryology - early stages in the development of animals

Histology - tissue structure Morphology - external anatomical

structures Organology - organs & their

functions Physiology - functions & life

processes in organisms Comparative Physiology -

comparison of functions & life processes between animals

Organisms and Populations Ethology - animal behavior Mycology - fungi Parasitology - organisms living

within/on other organisms Botany - plants Dendrology - trees & their

history Zoology - animals Arachnology - spiders and

scorpions Conchology - mollusks & shell

structure Entomology - insects & life

cycles Helminthology - worms Herpetology - reptiles and

amphibians Ichthyology - fish Mammalogy - mammals Ornithology - birds

Communities and Ecosystems Ecology - organisms & their

relationships with their environment

Limnology - freshwater ecosystem

Marine Biology - oceans & their ecosystem

Synecology - structure, distribution, development of ecological communities

Applied Biology Agriculture - botany in growing

food plants/crops Apiculture - bees Forestry - conservation of

trees/shrubs Hydroponics - growth and

culture of plants Phytopathology - plant diseases Pomology - cultivation of fruits &

trees Taxidermy - preparing, stuffing &

mounting the skins of animals

© PAT RIVERA


Taxonomy - identifying & classifying organisms

Veterinary Medicine - animal care/diseases

Wildlife Management - conservation & maintenance of wildlife resources

Interdisciplinary Studies Anthropology - man Astrobiology - ecological

conditions in other planets Bioengineering - biology/medical

science in engineering Biogeography - geographical

distribution of organisms Biophysics - physical principles

and methods in biological problems

Biotechnology - application of biology in other fields of engineering

Geobotany - locating mineral resources

Paleontology - fossilized plants

ECOLOGYA. Introduction to Ecology

1. BiomesFreshwater Biome

Salinity: < 1-3% Standing Water: ponds, lakes

isolated species diversity Shoreline Distance:

- Littoral Zone (Near) - Limnetic Zone (Near-Surface

Open Water)- Profundal Zone (Deep Water)

Examples: lakes, streamsMarine Biome

Salinity: >3% Shoreline Distance: depth,

sunlight, temp life zones - Intertidal (Low/High Tide

Area)- Pelagic (Open Ocean)- Benthic (Ocean Floor)- Abyssal (Deep Ocean)

Examples: ocean, sea Estuarine

freshwater < estuarine < marine organisms highly tolerant to salt

Spawning & Nursing Grounds Examples: salt marsh, mangrove

swamp

Ecology - Study of interactions between organisms and their habitat

Gr. oikos, “hose”- Ernst Haeckel (1866),

German Biologist- Houses = level of

organizationBiosphere - Portions of the planet in which life exists; (SC)

Atmosphere Hydrosphere

LithosphereBiomes - Group of ecosystems that have the same climate and similar dominant communitiesEcosystem - Relationship between Abiotic and Biotic Components; (NSC)Habitat - Area in which an organism livesNiche - Conditions in which an organism lives; the way an organism uses these conditions* Competitive Exclusion Principle - Proposition in which states that two species competing for the same resources cannot coexist if other ecological factors are constantEcological Succession - Another community is gradually replacing an existing community; Directional & Usually predictable

Primary Succession - Starts with a virtually lifeless area; soil has not yet been formed

Secondary Succession - An ecosystem which had a disturbance will be replaced with a new one

Pioneer Species - Colonize in areas where no communities exits Dominant Species - Most obvious species in the communityClimax Community - A fairly stable collection of organisms that result from Ecological Succession2. Flow of Energy in Ecosystems

Ecological Pyramid - Shows relative amount of energy/matter contained within each trophic level

Energy Pyramid - Shows relative amount of energy being passed from each trophic level to another

Biomass Pyramid - Represents the amount of living organic matter in each trophic level

Pyramid of Numbers - Shows relative number of Individual Organisms at each trophic level

Trophic Level - Gr. trophe; “food” or “nourishment; feeding levelFood Chain - The transfer of energy of organisms by eating/being eatenFood web - Network of complex feeding relationshipsB. Population EcologyCore Concept 1 - Five important characteristics of a population are its:

Geographic Distribution - area inhabited by a population

Population Density - number of individuals at a given time

Population dispersion - patterns of spacing in relation to other members of a population

Growth Rate - number of Individuals added to/taken from the population

Age Structure

© PAT RIVERA


Core Concept 2 - Three factors can affect population size: the

Number of Births - Number of Deaths Number of Individuals who enter

or leave a population- Immigration (Into)- Emigration (Exit)Growth Rate - number of Individuals added to/taken from the population

o Exponential Growth (J-Curve) - Individuals in a population reproduce at a constant rate

o Logistic Growth (S-Curve) - A populations growth slows/stops following a period of exponential growth

Core Concept 3 - The biotic potential of an ecosystem is affected by environmental resistance, thus resulting in a maximum carrying capacity.

Logistic Growth (S-Curve) - A population’s growth slows/stops following a period of exponential growth

o Biotic Potential - Maximum Rate which a population could increase under ideal conditions

o Environmental Resistance - Unfavorable Conditions that prevent a population from reaching its maximum GR

o Carrying Capacity - Maximum number of individuals a given environment could support

Core Concept 4 - Factors that limit population growth include both density-dependent (ex. competition) and density-independent (ex. natural disasters) factors.

Limiting Factor - A factor that causes population growth to decrease

o Density-dependent factors - becomes limiting only when population reaches a certain level

o Density-independent factors- affects all populations in similar ways, regardless of population size

Factors Limiting Populations: o Competitiono Crowding and stresso Human disturbanceso Natural catastropheso Parasitism and diseaseo Predationo

Core Concept 5 - Understanding the Patterns in Human Population Growth is

important in addressing population problems around the world.

Factors Controlling Human Population Growth through time:

Centralized Agriculture Infectious Disease Industrial, Technological

Revolutions Modern Medicine

EVOLUTION Charles Robert Darwin (1809 - 1882)

- Born February 12 1809- Named after his uncle

(Charles) and his father (Robert).

- Grandson of Erasmus Darwin (English physician, natural philosopher, physiologist, inventor and poet).

Voyage of the Beagle (1831 - 1836)- Darwin joined the crew of the

HMS Beagle in December 27, 1831 as a naturalist.

- 5 year cruise around the world to chart unknown territory, especially along the S. Am. Coastline; visited the Galapagos Islands.

Galapagos Islands - Group of Small Islands 1000 km west of Ecuador; Characteristics of Organisms varied the most noticeably.

Darwin’s finches o 13 Specimens collectedo Brought home to England

and studied by Ornithologist John Gould

- What Darwin noticed during the Beagle’s Journey: o Diversity of Life - Degree

variation of life forms within a given ecosystem, biome or an entire planet

o Fitness of organisms - Ability of an individual to survive and reproduce in its specific environment due to physical traits and behaviors that help it adapt to the environment

On the Origin of Species (1859)June 18, 1858 - Darwin received a paper from Alfred Russel Wallace, who was still at the Malay Archipelago.

© PAT RIVERA

LIMITING FACTOR

POP’N DENSITY

EFFECT

Density- Dependent

or

noneDensity-

Independent Similar Similar


July 1, 1858 - Charles Darwin first went public about his views on the evolution of species. The papers of Darwin and Wallace were read at a meeting of the Linnean Society of London.November 24, 1859 - Darwin’s book was publishedTwo Main Concepts of the book:

Evolution - Process of Change in Species through time

Natural Selection - Adaptations; Struggle for Existence

January 1860 - Thomas Huxley & Joseph Hooker became Allies with Darwin; Richard Owen was outraged1866 - “Survival of the Fittest” became a substitute for “Natural Selection” after Herbert Spencer coined it in his 2-Volume book “Principles of Biology”.Ideas the Shaped Darwin’s Theory:

Economics - Competition for limited resources

Plant & Animal Breeding - Artificial Selection

Geology - The Earth is more than just a few thousand years old

Natural Selection as a Mechanism for Evolution:

Overproduction - each species produces more offspring than will survive to maturity

Variation - There is variation among offspring

Competition (Struggle for Existence) - Organisms compete with one another for limited resources

Survival to Reproduce (Survival of the Fittest) - Individuals that possess the most favorable combination of characteristics are the most likely to survive.

Natural vs. Artificial Selection - Operate in Similar manners- Natural Selection occurs over

much longer periods of time; without any goal or purpose.

Natural Selection in Populations - Natural Selection involves

interactions between individual organisms and their environment, but individuals do NOT evolve.

- A population is the smallest unit that can evolve.

Lamarckian vs. DarwinianLamarck

o Desire to change - Inborn urge to better themselves; Innate tendency toward Complexity and perfection

o Use and disuse - change toward organisms could alter their shape by using their bodies in new ways.

o Inheritance of Acquired traits - If an animal acquired a body structure during its lifetime, it could pass that change to its offspring.

Darwin o Overproductiono Variationo Competitiono Survival to Reproduce

STATE OF THE PLANETDavid Attenborough - Producer and writer

Part 1: “Is there a Crisis?”Together with leading experts,

David Attenborough examines the latest scientific evidence in order to discover if the planet's ecosystems are really in crisis. If so, he asks how it could have come about, and what is so different now that prevents certain species from adapting to survive, as they did in the past?

Part 2: “Why is there a Crisis?”Attenborough presents some

stark facts. He states that humans are now triggering a mass extinction on a similar scale to that which wiped out the dinosaurs - but at an unprecedented rate. He investigates the five main activities of mankind that are most likely contributory factors:

Habitat Loss Introduced Species Pollution Over-harvesting Islandisation

Part 3: “The Future of Life”As Homo sapiens relentlessly

encroaches on the natural world and its inhabitants, the viewer is presented a choice: leave behind a flourishing planet or a dying one.

© PAT RIVERA

biology 1 - 1st quarter reviewer

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