Name: Date:

Biology 1 EOC Study Guide

Standard 2: The student will demonstrate an understanding of the structure and function of cells and their organelles

1. What are three tenets of the cell theory? Page 59

2. What is a unicellular organism? What is a multicellular organism? Page 59

3. T/F Only multicellular organisms must carry out all basic cell processes. Page 59

4. Why must new cells be formed? Page 59

5. What is an organelle? Page 61

6. Describe the function of the following organelles AND include a small sketch for each one: Page 61

Nucleus

Mitochondria Chloroplasts Lysosomes

Vacuoles

Ribosomes Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

Golgi Apparatus

Cilia Flagella Cell Membrane (plasma membrane)

Nuclear Membrane (nuclear membrane)

Cell Wall Cytoplasm

7. Which organelles are only found in plant cells? Which organelles are only found in animal cells? Page 59

8. Compare and contrast plant cells vs. animal cells Page 59

9. What is a prokaryotic cell? Page 59

10. What is a eukaryotic cell? Page 59

11. How are prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells different? How are they similar? Page 59

12. Which diagram is a prokaryotic cell? (A or B) A B Page 59

13. Which diagram is a eukaryotic cell? (A orB)

14. What are stem cells? What makes them unique? Page 91

15. Compare cell division and cell differentiation. Page 91

16. What is the hierarchical organization of organisms? Start with cells and work up to organ systems. Page 91

17. What is homeostasis? Page 71

18. How does the cell membrane help maintain homeostasis? Page 71

19. What does it mean if a cell has a semi-permeable membrane? Page 71

20. What is passive transport? What are 3 types of passive transport? What does each type do? Page 71

21. What is a hypotonic solution? What happens to the cell? Page 73

22. What is a hypertonic solution? What happens to the cell? Page 73

23. What is an isotonic solution? What happens to the cell? Page 73

24. What is active transport? What are two reasons a cell may undergo active transport? Page 75

25. What is endocytosis? Page 75

26. What is exocytosis? Page 75

27. List ALL the phases of the cell cycle. Be specific. What happens in each phase? Page 87

28. Which phase do cells spend the majority of their time in? Page 87

29. What is cytokinesis? Page 87

30. What is a cleavage furrow? A cell plate? Page 87

31. Illustrate the phases of mitosis. Page 87

32. What is a cell checkpoint? How do checkpoints regulate cell growth? Page 89

33. What is an internal signal? What is an example? Page 89

34. What is an external signal? What is an example? Page 89

35. What causes a cancer cell? Page 89

36. What is the difference between malignant and benign? Page 89

37. What is a chemical reaction? What is activation energy? Page 47

38. How can temperature and pH affect a chemical reaction? Page 39

39. What is a buffer? Page 39

40. What is a catalyst? What is an enzyme? How do catalysts affect chemical reactions? Page 47

Standard 3: The student will demonstrate an understanding of the flow of energy within and between living

systems.

1. What is photosynthesis? What is the chemical equation? Page 105/107

2. What occurs during the light-dependent reaction? (Summarize) Page 105

3. What occurs during the light-independent (dark) reaction? (Summarize) Page 105

4. What is needed to break down water molecules? Page 105

5. Compare light and dark reactions. Page 105

6. What is cellular respiration? What is the chemical equation? Page 109

7. What occurs during glycolysis? (Summarize) Page 109

8. If oxygen is available, what stage follows glycolysis? Page 109

9. What occurs during the Krebs cycle/citric acid cycle/aerobic respiration? Page 109

10. What step happens next? Summarize what occurs. Page 109

11. How much ATP is produced? Page 109

12. If oxygen is not available, what stage follows glycolysis? Page 111

13. Describe both types of fermentation. Page 111

14. Compare photosynthesis and cellular respiration. Page 92/93

15. What is ATP? Sketch and label a molecule of ATP. Page 103

16. How is energy released from ATP? Page 103

17. Explain the ADP-ATP cycle. A sketch will work fine. Page 103

18. What are the 4 organic compounds? List the monomers and polymers for each type. Page 41

19. Which organic compound contains the most energy? WHY? Page 41

20. Compare the caloric value of proteins, carbs, and fats. Page 41/30

21. Which organic compound is the primary source of energy in humans? Page 41/30

22. What are proteins used for in the human body? Page 41

23. Describe at least 3 functions that proteins serve in the human body. Page 41

24. What are carbohydrates used for? Page 41

25. What are lipids used for? Page 41

26. What is a food chain? Page 207

27. What is a trophic level? Page 207

28. What does makes up the first trophic level? The second trophic level? The third? Page 207

29. What is an autotroph? A heterotroph? Page 207

30. What is an herbivore? An omnivore? A carnivore? A detritivore? Page 207

31. What is a food web? Page 207

32. What is an energy pyramid? How much energy is passed on to each successive level? Page 207

33. What is a number pyramid? What happens to the number of individual organisms as you go up the pyramid?207

34. What is a biomass pyramid? Page 207

35. Be able to interpret food webs/chains/energy pyramids/number pyramids/biomass pyramids. Page 207

Standard 4: The student will demonstrate an understanding of the molecular basis of heredity.

1. What are the 2 types of nucleic acids? Give both the full name and the abbreviation. Page 127

2. Sketch and label a nucleotide. Page 127

3. Compare DNA and RNA in terms of shape/structure, nitrogenous bases, and sugars. Page 127

4. What are complementary bases? Page 127

5. What is a chromosome? Page 127

6. What is a gene? Page 127

7. What is DNA? Page 127

8. How are chromosomes, DNA and genes related? You may use words or a diagram. Page 127

9. Why is DNA considered the “code of life”? Page 129

10. Summarize DNA replication. You may include a sketch if it helps. Page 129

11. What are sex chromosomes? Page 127

12. What are autosomes? Page 127

13. How chromosomes do somatic (body) cells contain? What about sex cells? Which are diploid? Haploid? Page 127/153

14. If organisms are similar, what would you their amino acid sequence to look like? Page 127

15. Summarize the process of transcription. Page 131

16. What are the 3 types of RNA? What is the function of each type? Where is each type found? Page 131

17. Summarize the process of translation. Include tRNA, anticodons and peptide bond in your answer.

18. What is a codon? Page 133

19. What would the amino acid sequence be if the DNA code was ACTCGACCGATC? (don’t forget to transcribe & translate)P133

20. Compare the processes of transcription and translation. Page 131/133/116

21. Briefly describe and sketch each step of Meiosis (include Meiosis I and II). Page 155/157

22. What are homologous chromosomes? Page 153

23. Compare meiosis I and meiosis II with regard to processes and outcomes. Page 142/155/157

24. What is a haploid cell? A diploid cell? Page 153

25. Compare mitosis and meiosis. Page 142

26. What is crossing over? How does crossing over effect genetic variation? During which phase does crossing over occur? P153

27. What is an allele? Page 159

28. What does the Law of Dominance state? Page 161/159

29. What does the Law of Segregation state? Page 161

30. What does the Law of Independent Assortment state? Page 161

31. What does it mean if an organism is homozygous? Heterozygous? Page 159

32. What does it mean if a trait is dominant? Recessive? Page 159

33. What has to occur (in terms of alleles) for an organism to exhibit a recessive trait? Page 159

34. What is a genotype? A phenotype? Page 159

35. Complete the attached monohybrid and dihybrid crosses. Include genotypic and phenotypic ratios. Page 161

36. What is the parental generation? F1 generation? F2? Page 161

37. What does it mean for genes to be linked? Are they more or less likely to be inherited together? If they are not inherited together, what could have caused this? Page 161

38. Define incomplete dominance. Sketch an example. Page 165

39. Define codominance. Sketch an example. Page 165

40. Define multiple alleles. Give an example. Page 165

41. Define polygenic traits. Give an example. How would you know if a trait was polygenic? Page 165

42. Define sex-linked traits. Why are sex-linked traits more often seen in males? Complete the sex-linked cross on the attached sheet. Page 167

43. What is the genotype for a female? A male? Page 167

44. What is a pedigree? Complete the pedigree questions on the attached sheet. Page 167

45. What is a mutation? Page 173/135/117

46. Will somatic cell mutations be passed on to the offspring? Sex cell mutations? Page 173/135/117

47. Compare a gene mutation and a chromosomal mutation. Which is worse? Page 173/135/117

48. What is nondisjunction? Page 173

49. What is genetic engineering? What are some results of genetic engineering? (in plants, animals, and humans) Page 135

50. What is a gene map? A genome? Page 135

51. What is cloning? Describe the steps completed when cloning an organism. Page 135

52. What is gene therapy? Page 135

53. What is selective breeding? Page 139

a. Define inbreeding and give an example. Page 139

b. Define hybridization and give an example. Page 139

Standard 5: The student will demonstrate an understanding of biological evolution and the diversity of life. 1. What is evolution? Page 185

2. What is microevolution? Macroevolution? Page 185

3. What is natural selection? Page 185

4. What are the 4 principles of natural selection? Describe how each one leads to natural selection. Page 185

5. What is fitness? Page 185

6. What are two organic compounds that all life contains? Page 185

7. What is sexual reproduction? When is this beneficial? Why? Page 185

8. What is asexual reproduction? When is this beneficial? Why? Page 185

9. What two things lead to genetic variation? Page 185

10. Define species. Page 189

11. Define gene pool. Page 189

12. What happens to organisms with favorable traits when the environment changes? What happens to organisms

with less favorable traits? Explain in terms of allele frequency. Page 189

13. What are the 5 mechanisms that lead to evolution? Page 189

14. What are the 5 conditions that must be met in order for a population to be in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium?

What does it mean if a population is in HW equilibrium? Page 191

15. What is speciation? What are 3 types of isolation that can lead to speciation? Page 191

16. What are the 6 patterns of evolution? Briefly describe each. Page 193

17. Compare gradual and mass extinction. Page 193

18. What are the 4 fields of evidence for evolution? Describe how each field provides support for evolution. Make

sure to include homologous, analogous and vestigial structures where appropriate. Page 187

19. Explain how anatomy can support evidence of divergent evolution. Page 187

20. Explain how anatomy can support evidence of convergent evolution. Page 187

21. What are transitional fossils? How can they offer support for evolution? Page 187

22. Why is the fossil record challenging to use as evidence? Page 187

23. What is a phylogenetic tree? How does it show evolutionary relationships? Page 195

24. What 3 pieces of information can be determined from a phylogenetic tree? Page 195

25. Complete the attached phylogenetic tree. Page 195

26. What are the 3 domains? Page 197

27. What are the 6 kingdoms? Page 197

Standard 6: The student will demonstrate an understanding of the interrelationships among organism and the biotic and abiotic components of their environments.

1. What is an ecosystem? How is a stable ecosystem obtained? Page 205

2. What is predation? Page 205

3. Explain what is occurring in the diagram on the right. Page 205

4. What is competition? Page 205

5. What is a niche? Page 205

6. Can two species have the same niche in the same habitat? Page 205

7. What is a symbiotic relationship? Page 205

8. What is parasitism? Give an example. Page 205

9. What is mutualism? Give an example. Page 205

10. What is commensalism? Give an example. Page 205

11. What is a keystone species? What happens if that keystone species is removed? Give an example.

12. What is a population? Page 205/207

13. How is population density measured? Page 207

14. What are density-dependent factors? Give 3 examples. Page 207

15. What are density-independent factors? Give 3 examples. Page 207

16. What are abiotic factors? Page 207

17. What are biotic factors? Page 207

18. What may occur if there is a change in an abiotic or biotic factor? List both possibilities. Page 207

19. What is ecological succession? Page 209

20. Completely describe the process of primary succession all the way to obtaining a climax community. Page 209

21. Completely describe the process of secondary succession. Page 209

22. How long does each stage of succession last? Which typically lasts longer: primary or secondary? Page 209

23. Summarize the Carbon cycle. Make sure to include how organisms play a vital part. Include an illustration of the carbon

cycle. Page 211

24. Summarize the Nitrogen cycle. Make sure to include how organisms play a vital part. Include an illustration of the nitrogen

cycle. Page 211

25. Summarize the Water (hydrological) cycle. Make sure to include how organisms play a vital part. Include an illustration of

the water cycle. Page 211

26. What is the ozone layer? Page 213/215

27. What is the greenhouse effect? Page 213

28. What would happen if Earth no longer had a greenhouse effect? Page 213

29. How does the ocean help in reducing the amount of CO2 in the atmosphere? Page 211/213

30. What is the geosphere? Page 213

31. What is soil erosion and deposition? Page 213

32. What prevents soil erosion? Page 213

33. What happens to waste materials from organisms? Page 213

34. What does carrying capacity mean? Page 215

35. What determines the carrying capacity? Page 215

36. What has led to a natural slowing of population growth as we near Earth’s carrying capacity? Page 215

37. What does deforestation cause (name 2 things)? Page 215

38. What advances has agricultural technology made to improve our lives? Page 215

39. What does the burning of fossil fuels do? Page 215

40. What is acid rain? Page 215

41. What are some alternative energy sources? Why are they so appealing? Page 215

42. What is a renewable resource? Give some examples. Page 215

43. What is a nonrenewable resource? Give some examples. Page 215

Helpful Notebook Study Tools

Unit 1: Lab Safety and Inquiry

Concept Map- Page 6 Quizzes- Page 7 Study Guide- Page 9

Unit 2: Biochemical Reactions (Carbs, Lipids, Proteins, Enzymes)

Concept Map- Page 30 Quizzes-Page 31 Macromolecule Review Chart- Page 42 Study Guide- Page 33 Round Robin Review- Page 51

Unit 3: Cell Structure (Organelles)

Concept Map- Page 52 Quizzes- Page53 Study Guide- Page 55 Round Robin Review- Page 90

Unit 4: Cellular Transport (Active and Passive)

Concept Map- Page 64 Quizzes- Page 65 Study Guide- Page 67 Round Robin Review- Page 90

Unit 5: Cellular Division (Cell Cycle)

Concept Map- Page 78 Quizzes- Page79 Study Guide- Page 81 Round Robin Review- Page 90

Unit 6: Energy (Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration)

Concept Map- Page 92 Summaries of Stages- Page 93 Quizzes- Pages 94 and 95 Study Guide- Page 97 Round Robin Review- Page 113

Unit 7: Molecular Genetics (DNA and RNA)

Concept Map- Protein Synthesis Page 116; Mutations and GE Page 117 Quizzes- Pages 118 and 119 Study Guide- Page 121 Round Robin Review- Page 141

Unit 8: Meiosis and Heredity

Concept Map- Meiosis Page 142; Heredity and Mutations Page 143 Quizzes- Pages 144 and 145 Study Guide- Page 147 Round Robin Review- Page 175

Unit 9: Evolution

Concept Map- Page 176 Quizzes- Page 177 Study Guide- Page 179 Round Robin Review- Page 197

Unit 10: Ecology

Quizzes- Page 199 Study Guide- Page 201 Round Robin Review- Page 217