biology 11. class reptilia evolved from the amphibians and soon displaced them were much better...
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PHYLUM CHORDATASUBPHYLUM
VERTEBRATA CLASS REPTILIA
Biology 11
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Class Reptilia
Evolved from the amphibians and soon displaced them
Were much better adapted to land
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Reptilia Objectives
General characteristics Body systems: reproductive, respiratory,
circulatory, nervous and skeletal 4 orders and example animals
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General Characteristics
1. Amniotic egg – shelled
2. Internal fertilization
3. Scales or plates
4. If legs – 2 pair with claws, on ventral surface
5. Well developed lungs
6. Partial division of ventricle
7. Exothermic
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Class Reptilia
Characteristics and Advances:
1. Reproduction:
A) The Amniotic Egg: reptiles solved the problem of water cased development with the amniotic egg. It allowed them to take water with them onto land for the development of the young
B) Internal fertilization was now required
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Amniotic egg Shell – porous, prevents rapid water loss
Chorion – lines shell, gas exchange
Amnion – encloses embryo
Allantois – develops from embryo; carries on embryonic respiration and excretion
Yolk sac – contains food supply
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Class Reptilia
2. Respiratory System: Improved lungs no longer require skin
for getting O2 - skin can now dry out Now they can cover skin with scales,
shells or leathery layers
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Class Reptilia
3. Circulatory system Activity levels required more oxygenated
blood - the three and a half chambered heart
The ventricle was almost completely separated so that the right side of the heart pumps to the lungs and the left to the body
BUT still some mixing!
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Class Reptilia
4. Nervous system: Better senses developing along with a larger
brain, better land adaptation Cerebrum and cerebellum continue to increase
in size
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Class Reptilia5. Behaviours Bigger brain and internal fertilization result
in specific behaviorsMate selection behaviorsTerritoriality
This tended to increase contribution of best fit males to gene pool
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Class Reptilia
6. Skeletal
Appendages grow out from ventral side of reptiles raising their body off the ground - not belly draggers
Allows for better and faster movement on land
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Class Reptilia
Evolution Reptiles reached their evolutionary climax
in the Mesozoic with the dinosaurs. They were the dominant vertebrate life for
over 200 million years!
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Class Reptilia
Evidence suggests that the Mesozoic ended with a bang - as a large meteorite or comet struck the Earth
This first brought on intense heat, followed by at least a ten year global winter
95% of all life went extinct during this very short time frame including the trilobites
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Class Reptilia
However, the Earth was changing anyway becoming cooler, drier, and more unstable
This favored adaptations that allowed survival in these conditions
Small isolated pockets of reptiles adapted and survived the end of the Mesozoic
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Modern Day Reptiles
Order Rhynchoephalia: Tuatara (Sphenodon) Order Chelonia: Turtles Order Crocodilia: Crocs and gators Order Squamata: Snakes and lizards
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Order Rhynchoephalia Tuatara (Sphenodon) – only living
example Found in New Zealand Resembles large lizard Parietal eye – third eye covered
by skin; senses sun’s radiation
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Order Chelonia
Turtle – sea turtles230 speciesWebbed feetSoft-shelled
(streamlines)Omnivorous
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Order Chelonia
Terrapin – fresh water turtlesClaws and webbed feetSymmetrical plates called scutes covering bony
under layers Top shell – carapaceBottom shell - plastron
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Order Chelonia
Tortoise – land turtleLong necks, short limbsAppendages completely drawn into shell, if
not – very aggressiveNo teethTympanic membrane (poor hearing) Good sense of smellGood color visionTemperature determines sex of eggs: low
temp = males
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Order Crocodilia
Only reptile with a 4 chambered heart Carnivorous Raised nostrils and eyes (so rest of
body is underwater) Valve at back of mouth prevents
water from entering lungs when mouth is open
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Order Crocodilia
Alligators Crocodiles
Less aggressive More aggressive
More terrestrial More aquatic
Rectangular head Triangular head
Teeth not visible when mouth is closed
Teeth visible when mouth is closed
Definite vocalizations No definite vocalizations
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Can you tell the difference between an alligator and a crocodile?
E
B
C
D
A
FCroc
Croc
Gator
Gator
GatorGator
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Order Crocodilian Both Alligators and Crocodiles…
Guard nest and care for youngAs with many turtles and some
lizards – temperature of nest determines sex of young○Low temperature = females
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Order Squamata – Lizards/Snakes
Moveable eyelids See color (except geckos) External ear Vocalize Live in arid climates, conserve
water by excreting uric acid (white paste that is the pre-cursor to urine)
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Lizards Iguanas – horned toad True chameleons – change color in
response to light, temperature and mood; arboreal (tree dwelling); tongue longer than body
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Lizards Gila Monster (aka Beaded Lizard) – only
poisonous lizard known to the world Native to the desert southwest of the US and MexicoPoison is found in saliva… no fangs!The poison is a nerve toxin, that is produced in
glands located in the lower jaw. When a Gila Monster bites an animal, the poison flows into the wound via grooved teeth. This poison only rarely kills people.
Gila Monster
Beaded Lizard
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Lizards Gecko (Geico?) – most primitive; pads
on toes to cling; makes noises, insectivores, eye has vertical pupil to see at night
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Lizards Monitor – Komodo Dragon is largest = 10 feet
FYI: The Komodo Dragon is not venomous or poisonous; however, its saliva contains a number of toxic strains of bacteria which often infect the wounds inflicted on its prey, causing death.
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Snakes Loss of limbs and external ears Evolved from lizards Most numerous reptile 2,800 species (300 poisonous)
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Snake Feeding Carnivorous Kills via: Poison or constriction Swallow food whole
Jaw comes unhingedElastic ligamentsGlottis moves forward (so can breathe while
swallowing)Large esophagusNo sternumStrong stomach acid
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SnakesNon-Poisonous: Garter snake Black snake King snake Boa constrictor
Poisonous: Vipers
Rattlesnakes, copperheads, adder
Elapsids (cause swelling of lymph nodes) Cobras, coral, kraits
RattlesnakeGarter
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Non-Poisonous
Boa
Black
KingGarter
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Poisonous Snakes
Copperhead
Puff Adder
Rattlesnake
Cobra
Coral Snake
Krait
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Snake Venom
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Snake Venom Neurotoxin – affect nervous system Hemotoxin or hemmoragin – affects red
blood cells All contain both types, the amounts of
each may differ Danger is in the amount and concentration
of injected venom and where its injected:In blood vessel… spread fastIn muscle or fat… spread slow
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Top Ten Most Deadly Snakes1) Fierce Snake or Inland Taipan (Oxyuranus microlepidotus),
Australia. 2) Australian Brown Snake (Pseudonaja textilis), Australia. 3) Malayan Krait (Bungarus candidus), Southeast Asia and
Indonesia. 4) Taipan (Oxyuranus scutellatus), Australia. 5) Tiger Snake (Notechis scutatus), Australia.. 6) Beaked Sea Snake (Enhydrina schistosa), South Asian waters
Arabian Sea to Coral Sea.7) Saw Scaled Viper (Echis carinatus), Middle East Asia. 8) Coral Snake (Micrurus fulvius), North America. 9) Boomslang (Dispholidus typus), Africa. 10) Death Adder (Acanthophis antarcticus), Australia and New
Guinea.