biology 1102 lecture four. slide 1 - taxonomy kingdom phylum class order family genus species
TRANSCRIPT
Biology 1102
Lecture four
Slide 1 - Taxonomy
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
Slide 2 – Examples of taxonomy of animals
Category Haircap moss Red oak House fly Herring gull Wolf Human
Kingdom Plantae Plantae Animalia Animalia Animalia Animalia
Phylum Bryophyta Tracheophyta Arthropoda Chordata Chordata Chordata
Class Musci Angiospermae Insecta Aves Mammalia Mammalia
Order Bryales Fagales Diptera Charadriiformes Carnicora Primata
Family Polytrichaceae Fagaveae Muscidae Laridae Caridae Hominidae
Genus Polytrichum Quercus Musca Larus Canis Homo
Species commune robra domestica argentatus lupus sapiens
Slide 4 – Vertebrates
Slide 5 - Invertebrates
Slide 6 - asymmetry
Slide 7 – Symmetry of animals
Slide 6 – primary tissue layers
-Ectoderm is defined as the outermost of the three primary layers of an embryo; produces the nervous system, the epidermis and epidermal derivatives, and the lining of various body cavities such as the mouth.
-Mesoderm - gives rise to tissue including connective tissue, muscle, circulatory system and gives rise to the notochord and neural tube as well as the urogenital system.
-Endoderm - gives rise to various tissues including the gastrointestinal tracks and endocrine glands
Slide 9 - Coelom
Only animals that develops a mesoderm will develop a coelom
Slide 7 - Body cavities and designs
Slide 10 - Segmented animals – earth worms
Slide 12 – Non-segmented animals
Slide 13 – Sac vs. Tube-within-tube body plan
Slide 12 - Phylum Porifera – Sponge Bob
Slide 14 – Internal structure of a sponge
Slide 16 – Sponge continued
Slide 17 – Sponge reproductive methods Sponges can reproduce either through asexual or sexual
means. Examples of asexual reproduction are given below:
• Fragmentation – small part of the sponge may break away (e.g. accident) and develop into a complete mature organism
• Budding – a small out growth will appear along the side of the sponge and will gradually increase in size
- The outgrowth never really break away from the original organism but will continue to branch out and create a extremely large and complex
organism
Slide 18 – Gemmules of sponges
Gemmules are formed when the environmental conditions gets tough.
The sponge proceed into a semi-dormant phase for protection and could be considered as a form of asexual reproduction. For example:
-The outer cluster of the sponge cells forms a hard outer covering around others
-The clusters inside are dormant and are protected from the environment
-When the conditions are right, the inner cluster of dormant cells began to divide (mitosis) and establish a new colony of sponge
Slide 19 – Sexual reproduction of sponges
Sexual reproduction of sponges proceeds as follows:
• Amoeboid like cells produces both egg and sperm
• The egg and sperm are released into the central cavity and into the surrounding environment
• The egg and sperm are released at different times to insure that there will be no self fertilization (defeating the purpose)
• Once the egg is fertilized a zygote is formed
• The zygote or also could be called a larva (pl. larvae) is mobile and can relocate to a different location and develops into another sessile filter feeder
• Sponges are capable to regenerate a damaged part of itself when needed. Even if it is chopped up or a major piece of its body is lost, new sponges may grow and appear in its place.
Slide 17 - Ctenophora
Slide 18 - Cnidarians
Slide 23 - Cnidocytes and nematocysts
Slide 23 – Cnidarians – distinct life cycles
Slide 24 – Nerve net
Slide 25 – Life cycle of a Jellyfish
Slide 26 – Sea anemone
Slide 27 - Class Anthozoa - corals
Slide 28 - Class hydozoa (Portuguese Man of War)
Slide 25 - Class hydozoa - hydra
Slide – 26 - Obelia
Slide 31 - Phylum Nemertea – Ribbon worms
Slide 28 - Phylum Platyhelminthes – class Turbellaria –planarians - flat worms
Slide 33 - Phylum Platyhelminthes - Turbellaria
Slide 29 - Phylum Platyhelminthes - class Trematoda - flukes
Slide 30 - blood flukes
Slide 31 – blood fluke eggs
Slide 33 - class Trematoda - flukes - Schistosoma haematobium
This man has advanced schistosomiasis. Note the distension of the collateral veins due to portal hypertension.
Slide 34 – liver fluke (sheep and moose)
Slide 35 – liver fluke human
Slide 36 – Human liver fluke life cycle
Slide 37 - Phylum Platyhelminthes - Class Cestoda – tape worms
Slide 42 – Human tapeworm lifecycle
Slide 43 – tapeworms in small intestines
Slide 44 – Tape worms and diet
Slide 41 - A nine year-old Brazilian boy, displaying the hookworms and tapeworms he expelled
Slide 38 – tape worm
Slide 39 – Tapeworms
Slide 40 – Tapeworms
Slide 45 - Phylum Nematoda – roundworms - Ascaris
Slide 46 – Ascaris life cycle
Slide 47 - Phylum Nematoda - Trichinella spiralis - Trichinosis
Rectal prolaps
Phylum Nematoda – Trichuris trichiura – Whipworms
Whipworms in the intestines
Embryonated eggs
Slide 49 – Whipworm life cycle
Slide 50 – Nematoda - Onchocera volvulus – Elephantiasis Lymphatic Filariasis
Slide 51 - Filariasis
Slide 52 – Onchocera life cycle