biology 210 chapter 8: skeletal tissues supplement 1 by john mcgill material contributed by beth...
TRANSCRIPT
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Biology 210 Chapter 8: Skeletal Tissues
Supplement 1
By John McGill
Material contributed by
Beth Wyatt &
Jack Bagwell
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DIVISIONS OF THE SKELETAL SYSTEM
AXIAL SKELETON (80 BONES) Bones of the Head, Neck,
and Torso APPENDICULAR
SKELETON (126 BONES) Bones of the Upper and
Lower Extremeties• * Total Number of Major Bones
in the Body = 206
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BONES OF THE AXIAL SKELETON
SKULL
28 Bones
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CRANIAL BONES
• 8 • Form the
Cranium• Surrounds the
Brain
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FRONTAL-1
Anterior Forms Anterior Portion of Cranium (Forehead) & Anterior Cranial Floor & Forms Roofs of Orbits (Eye Sockets)
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PARIETAL ‑ 2
Superior Forms Superior Portion of Cranium
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TEMPORAL ‑ 2
Lateral Forms Lateral Portion of Cranium & Cranial Floor
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OCCIPITAL ‑ 1
Posterior Forms Posterior Portion of Cranium & Cranial Floor
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SPHENOID ‑ 1 Central
Forms Central Portion of Cranial Floor
Shape Resembles Bat Known as the “Keystone of the
Cranium” B/C the Sphenoid Bone Anchors All the Other Cranial Bones
Lateral Forms Lateral Walls of
Cranium Lies in Front of Temporal Bone & Lateral Walls of Orbits
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ETHMOID ‑ 1
Complex, Irregularly Shaped Bone General Location: Between Nasal and
Sphenoid Bones
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ETHMOID ‑ continued
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ETHMOID ‑ continued
Where the Ethmoid Bone Can Be Seen in an Articulated Skull: Medial Walls of Orbits Upper Portion of Nasal
Septum Upper "Ledges" Projecting into the Nasal Cavities Anterior Cranial Floor
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ETHMOID ‑ continued
Ethmoid sinuses associated with
ethmoid bone hollow spaces inside
ethmoid bone
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BONES OF THE AXIAL SKELETON
SKULL FACIAL BONES
• Primarily Form the Face
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NASAL ‑ 2 Form Bridge of Nose
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MAXILLARY (MAXILLA) ‑ 2 Upper Jawbones Form the central portion
of the face "Keystone of the Face“
Anchors All Other Facial Bones Except Mandible
Also Forms: Floor of Orbits & Anterior Portion (Most) of Hard Palate
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BONES OF THE AXIAL SKELETON
SKULL FACIAL BONES
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ZYGOMATIC ‑ 2
Cheekbones Also Form
Lateral Walls of Orbits
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MANDIBLE ‑ 1
Lower Jawbone Largest, Strongest
Bone of the Face
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LACRIMAL ‑ 2
Forms Medial Walls of Orbits B/T the Maxillary and
Ethmoid Bones
Paper Thin Bones Usually Broken in
Real Bone Skulls
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PALATINE ‑ 2
Shaped like 2 L's facing one another Horizontal Portion
of L's Forms Posterior Portion of Hard Palate
Vertical Portion of L's Forms Lateral, Posterior Walls of Nasal Cavities
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Palatine Bones
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Turbinates
INFERIOR TURBINATES (CONCHAE) ‑ 2 Form Lower "Ledges"
That Project into Nasal Cavities
Scroll‑Shaped
Inferior turbinate (IT) Middle turbinate (MT)
Increase the surface area of the lining of the nose
Warms, humidifies, & cleans air
• U=uvula• T=anterior tongue• BoT=base of tongue• See next slide too
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Tu
rbin
ates
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VOMER ‑ 1
Forms Lower Portion of Nasal Septum
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VOMER ‑ 1
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BONES OF THE EAR (6) Tiny Bones Located
Within Temporal Bones In Middle Ear 3/Ear
MALLEUS (2) INCUS (2) STAPES (2)
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HYOID BONE (1)
U Shaped Bone That Lies in the Neck B/T Mandible and Larynx
The Only Bone in the Body That Doesn’t Form a Joint With Another Bone
Held in Place By Ligaments and Muscles
Supports and Provides Muscle Attachment For Muscles That Form Floor of Mouth and Tongue
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HYOID BONE (1)
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BONES OF THE AXIAL SKELETON
SPINAL (VERTEBRAL) COLUMN (26)
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CERVICAL VERTEBRAE – 7
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ATLAS 1st Cervical Vertebra Named For Atlas in
Greek Mythology
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AXIS 2nd Cervical
Vertebra Named B/C Atlas
Pivots Around Axis
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THORACIC VERTEBRAE – 12
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LUMBAR VERTEBRAE – 5
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SACRUM – 5 FUSED INTO 1
Wedge-Shaped Bone Consists of 5
Separate Vertebrae (Childhood)
That Fuse Into 1 After Bones Mature
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COCCYX – 4 OR 5 FUSED INTO 1
Tailbone Consists of Separate
Vetebrae That Fuse (Like
Sacrum)
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BONES OF THE AXIAL SKELETON
STERNUM AND RIBS (25)
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STERNUM – 1 Breastbone Dagger-Shaped Flat Bone
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RIBS – 12 PAIR TRUE RIBS – 7 PAIR
Called True Ribs B/C They Attach Directly to the Sternum By Costal Cartilage
FALSE RIBS – 5 PAIR Called False Ribs B/C:
• 3 PAIR• Attach Indirectly to the
Sternum By the Costal Cartilage of Rib 7 (1st 3 Pair of False Ribs
• #’s 8,9,10 Counting From the 1st True Rib)
• 2 PAIR • Don’t Attach to the Sternum
At All (Last 2 Pair Of False Ribs, #’s 11,12 Counting From the 1st True Rib)
• These Are Also Known as Floating Ribs
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STERNUM AND RIBS (25) continued…
Note: Posteriorly, ALL Ribs Are Attached to the Thoracic Vertebrae
Note: Thorax (Thoracic Cage) = Sternum + Ribs + Vertebral Column, (Creates a Complete Boney Cage)
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BONES OF THE APPENDICULAR SKELETON
UPPER EXTREMITIES (64)
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CLAVICLE – 2
Collarbone
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SCAPULA – 2 Shoulder Blade
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Shoulder Girdle Shoulder Girdle =
Clavicle + Scapula
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HUMERUS – 2 Long Bone of the
Upper Arm
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RADIUS – 2 Radius and Ulna Are
Bones of the Forearm Radius: Thumb Side,
Ulna: Little Finger Side
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ULNA – 2 Radius and Ulna Are
Bones of the Forearm Radius: Thumb Side,
Ulna: Little Finger Side
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CARPALS – 16
Bones of the Anatomical Wrist Proximal End of Hand
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METACARPALS – 10
Bones That Form the Palm of the Hand Knuckles = Heads of Metacarpals
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PHALANGES – 28
Bones of the Fingers 3 in Each Finger, 2 in Each Thumb
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BONES OF THE APPENDICULAR SKELETON
LOWER EXTREMITIES (62)
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OS COXAE (COXAL/INNOMINATE) – 2 (PELVIC GIRDLE)
Pelvic/Hip Bones Broadest Bone in
the Body Os Coxae (2) +
Sacrum + Coccyx, Forms Complete Boney Ring
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FEMUR – 2
Thigh Bone Longest, Largest,
Strongest Bone
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PATELLA – 2 Kneecap
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TIBIA – 2 Tibia and Fibula Are
Bones of the Lower Leg
Tibia: Shin Bone Larger, More Medial
and More Superficial Compared to Fibula
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FIBULA – 2
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TARSALS – 14
Bones That Form the Heel and the Posterior Portion of the Foot
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METATARSALS – 10
Bones That Form the Long Portion of the Foot
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PHALANGES – 28
Bones of the Toes; 3 in Each Toe Except Big Toes, 2 in Each Big Toe
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BIO 210 Chapter 8Supplements 2 & 3
TERMS USED TO DESCRIBE BONE MARKINGS
Developed by:Mr. McGillMrs. Wyatt
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Define Bone Markings Identifying Features
on Bones “Marks” Each Bone as
Unique
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DEPRESSIONS AND OPENINGS
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FORAMEN
Round Hole in Bone for Blood Vessels and Nerves
Example: Supraorbital Foramen
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FOSSA Depression in Bone into Which Another Bone Fits (Forms Joint)
Example: Mandibular Fossa
Which #? 10
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MEATUS Tubelike Canal in
Bone Example: External
Auditory Meatus Which #? 11
11
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NOTCH
V-like Depression in Bone
Example: Supraorbital Notch
Allows passage of supraorbital vessels & nerves.
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PROCESSES Extensions of Bone 2 Groups: THOSE THAT
FIT INTO JOINTS & THOSE TO WHICH MUSCLES ATTACH. THOSE THAT FIT INTO
JOINTS-2 TYPES• HEAD &• CONDYLE
• Rounded Bump That Usually Fits into a Fossa on Another Bone Forming a Joint
• Example: Mandibular Condyle
• C or E• C, what is E?
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HEAD
Large, Rounded Distinct End of a Long Bone
Fits into a Depression on Another Bone Forming A Joint
Example: Head of Femur Fits into acetabulum of
os coxae (pelvis)
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THOSE TO WHICH MUSCLES ATTACH
EPICONDYLE SPINE (SPINOUS PROCESS) TROCHANTER TUBEROSITY
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EPICONDYLE Bump Above a
Condyle for Muscle Attachment CONDYLE-Rounded
Bump That Usually Fits into a Fossa on Another Bone Forming a Joint (Example: Mandibular Condyle)
Example: Epicondyles of Femur
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SPINE (SPINOUS PROCESS)
Sharp, Pointed Process for Muscle Attachment Example: Spine of Vertebra
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TROCHANTER
Large Bump for Muscle Attachment
Example: Trochanters
of Femur
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TUBEROSITY
Small Bump for Muscle Attachment
Example: Tibial Tuberosity
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Processes-OTHERS
BODY Main Portion of a
Bone Example:
• Body of Vertebra
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Processes-OTHERS
SINUS Cavity Within Bone Example:
• Frontal Sinuses
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BONE MARKINGS OF INDIVIDUAL BONES: THE SKULL
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FRONTAL BONE
SUPRAORBITAL FORAMEN "Hole/Notch Above Orbit“ 2 May Be a Foramen/May Be a Notch (Varies)
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FRONTAL BONE FRONTAL SINUSES
Cavities Within Frontal Bone (Above Orbits)
Usually 2 (One Above Each Orbit) But Varies
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TEMPORAL BONE
Note: 2 Temporal Bones Means 2 Each of These Bone Markings
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TEMPORAL BONE
MASTOID PROCESS Projection of Bone Just
Behind Ear Contains Mastoid Air
Cells (Small Sinuses That Communicate With Middle Ear Rather Than Nose)
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TEMPORAL BONE
EXTERNAL AUDITORY MEATUS "External Ear
Canal“ Tube That Extends
into the Temporal Bone From the External to Middle Ear
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TEMPORAL BONE STYLOID PROCESS
Slender Spike of Bone That Extends Downward From the Temporal Bone
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TEMPORAL BONE
MANDIBULAR FOSSA Depressed Area in
the Temporal Bone into Which the Mandible Fits
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TEMPORAL BONE ZYGOMATIC
PROCESS The Portion of the
Temporal Bone That Joins the Zygomatic Bone
Zygomatic Arch = Zygomatic Process (Temporal Bone) + Zygomatic Bone
1. Frontal bone 2. Parietal bone 3. Temporal bone 4. Greater wing of sphenoid
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OCCIPITAL BONE
FORAMEN MAGNUM "Large Hole“ The Hole Through Which the Spinal Cord Enters the
Cranial Cavity OCCIPITAL CONDYLES
2 Oval Shaped Bumps on Either Side of the Foramen Magnum (Where Skull Joins Vertebral Column)
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SPHENOID BONE
OPTIC FORAMEN "Hole in Eye" 2 Transmits the Optic Nerve (Vision) From Eye to Brain
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SPHENOID
SPHENOID BONE
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SPHENOID BONE
SELLA TURCICA Depression in the Center of the Sphenoid
Bone (Houses the Pituitary Gland)
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SPHENOID BONE
SPHENOID SINUSES Cavities Within the Sphenoid Bone Number Varies
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ETHMOID BONE
CRISTA GALLI Upward Projection of Ethmoid Bone Lies in Anterior Cranial Floor Point of Attachment for the Meninges
• Protective Coverings for Brain and Spinal Cord
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ETHMOID BONE CRIBIFORM PLATE
Thin Plate (Anterior Cranial Floor) That Crista Galli Sets On
Separates the Cranial and Nasal Cavities
Contains Numerous Holes for Branches of the Olfactory Nerve (Smell) (Branches of This Nerve Pass From Nose to Brain Through These Holes)
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ETHMOID BONE
PERPENDICULAR PLATE Upper Portion of Nasal Septum (Nasal Septum
is the Midline Wall in Internal Nose)
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PERPENDICULAR PLATE
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ETHMOID BONE
SUPERIOR AND MIDDLE CHONCHAE (TURBINATES) Upper and Middle
"Ledges" in Nasal Cavities
Superior and 2 Middle Conchae
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ETHMOID BONE
ETHMOID SINUSES Small, Spongy
Cavities That Lie Within the Lateral Portions of the Ethmoid Bone
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MAXILLARY BONE
ALVEOLAR PROCESS Arch That
Contains the Teeth
INFRAORBITAL FORAMEN "Hole Below
Orbit“ 2
Alveolar Process
Infraorbital Foramen
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MAXILLARY BONE PALATINE
PROCESS The Portion of the
Maxillary Bones That Forms the Anterior
and Most of Hard Palate• Hard Palate is the
Hard Portion of the Roof of the Mouth
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MAXILLARY BONE
MAXILLARY SINUSES Cavities Within the Maxillary Bones Below Orbits Usually 2
• One Below Each Orbit• Varies
The Largest of the Sinuses
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MANDIBLE BONE
MANDIBULAR CONDYLE (c) Rounded Portion
of Mandible That Fits Into Mandibular Fossa of Temporal Bone to Form the Jaw Joint (2)
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MANDIBLE BONE
ALVEOLAR PROCESS Arch That Contains the Teeth
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MANDIBLE BONE
MENTAL FORAMEN "Hole in Chin" (Outer Surface of Mandible) 2
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MANDIBLE BONE
MENTAL FORAMEN
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MANDIBLE BONE MANDIBULAR
FORAMEN "Hole in Mandible"
(Inner Surface of Mandible)
2 PALATINE BONE
(HORIZONTAL PLATE) Posterior portion
of the hard palate
Mandibular foramen
PalatineBone
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SUTURES Immovable Joints Between Skull Bones
SQUAMOUS Lies Along the
Top Curved Edge of the Temporal Bone
• Joint Between Temporal, Parietal, and Part of the Sphenoid Bones
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SUTURES
CORONAL (FRONTAL)(1) The Joint Between
Parietal and Frontal Bones
LAMBDOIDAL (8) The Joint Between
Parietal and Occipital Bones
SAGITTAL The Joint Between
the 2 Parietal Bones
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FONTANELS
DEFINITION "Soft Spots" in an
Infant's Skull• Areas Where
Ossification is Incomplete at Birth
PURPOSE • Allows
Compression of the Skull During Childbirth
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PARANASAL SINUSES (PREVIOUSLY LISTED WITH SKULL BONES) "Sinuses Around Nose"
(Communicate Directly (Open Into) Internal Nose)
• FRONTAL• SPHENOID• ETHMOID• MAXILLARY
SINUSES
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MASTOID SINUSES (AIR CELLS) Located in the Mastoid
Processes of the Temporal Bones
Small Sinuses That Communicate With the Middle Ear Rather Than the Nose
1 Mastoid sinuses2 Mastoid process
SINUSES
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ORBITS & NASAL SEPTUM ORBITS
Eye Sockets Formed By Many Cranial and
Facial Bones: Frontal, Sphenoid, Zygomatic, Ethmoid, Lacrimal, Maxillary (See Previous Info)
NASAL SEPTUM Midline Wall in the Internal Nose
(Divides the Internal Nose Into 2 Cavities)
Formed By: • Bone:
• Perpendicular Plate of Ethmoid Bone: Forms Upper Portion
• Vomer: Forms Lower Portion
• Cartilage (Hyaline): Forms Anterior Portion
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BONE MARKINGS OF INDIVIDUAL BONES: THE SKULL
WORMIAN BONES Small Islands of Bone Located Within Sutures Highly Individual So the Number Varies
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VERTEBRAE BODY
Flat, rounded portion Anterior and medial
SPINOUS PROCESS Sharp, pointed, posterior,
and medial projection Can be felt through the skin
of the back TRANSVERSE PROCESSES
Sharp, pointed, and lateral projections
2 (left and right)• Note: These are markings
that are common to most vertebrae
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VERTEBRAE SUPERIOR ARTICULAR PROCESSES INFERIOR ARTICULAR PROCESSES
"Joining Processes"; One Way That the Vertebrae Join Together (They Also Join By Their Bodies)
Superior Articular (Articulating) Processes: 2; Uppermost (Project Up)
Inferior Articular (Articulating) Processes: 2; Lowermost (Project Down)
The Superior Articular Processes of One Vertebra Join to the Inferior Articular Processes of the Above Vertebra
SPINAL (VERTEBRAL) FORAMEN Hole in the Center of Each Vertebra When All the Vertebrae are Joined,
These Holes Create the Spinal Cavity (Houses the Spinal Cord)
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STERNUM
MANUBRIUM Upper Portion of the Sternum
BODY Middle (Main) Portion of the
Sternum XIPHOID PROCESS:
Blunt, Lower Tip of Sternum Composed of Cartilage That
Ossifies As One Ages RIBS: COSTAL CARTILAGES
Cartilage (Hyaline) That Joins Ribs to Sternum
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BONE MARKINGS OF INDIVIDUAL BONES: SCAPULA
Spine
SPINE Sharp Ridge on
the Posterior Surface of the Scapula
GLENOID CAVITY Arm Socket: A
Shallow Depression That Holds the Head of the Humerus to Form the Shoulder Joint
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BONE MARKINGS OF INDIVIDUAL BONES: HUMERUS
HEAD Large, Rounded, Proximal
Epiphysis Medial (Fits Into Glenoid
Cavity) The following are distal:
MEDIAL EPICONDYLE LATERAL EPICONDYLE CAPITULUM-Rounded, Lateral Knob TROCHLEA
• Rounded, Medial Knob That Contains a Depression in the Center
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BONE MARKINGS OF INDIVIDUAL BONES: RADIUS
HEAD: Proximal; Disk‑Shaped STYLOID PROCESS: Distal, Pointed
Projection (Lateral in Anatomical Position)
ULNA OLECRANON PROCESS: Proximal,
Upward Projection of the Ulna (Elbow)
SEMILUNAR NOTCH• Curved Depression• Proximal
STYLOID PROCESS• Distal, Pointed Projection
(Medial in Anatomical Position)• Can Be Felt Through the Skin in
the Wrist Area
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BONE MARKINGS OF INDIVIDUAL BONES:OS COXAE (COXAL/INNOMINATE)
ILIUM: Uppermost, Flaring Portion (Largest)
ISCHIUM: Lowermost Portion (Strongest)
PUBIS: Anterior, Medial Portion Markings:
ACETABULUM• Hip Socket: A Deep
Depression that Holds the Head of the Femur to Form the Hip Joint
SYMPHYSIS PUBIS• Joint Between the Pelvic
Bones (Pubis Portion)• Anterior and Medial• Composed of Cartilage
(Fibrocartilage)
Each Os Coxa Bone is Composed of 3 Separate Bones That Fuse
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BONE MARKINGS OF INDIVIDUAL BONES:OS COXAE (COXAL/INNOMINATE)
TRUE PELVIS Space Between Pelvic Inlet
and Pelvic Outlet "Basin" Portion of Pelvis
(Houses Pelvic Organs) PELVIC INLET
Boundary That Leads Into True Pelvis
PELVIC OUTLET Boundary That Leads Out
of True Pelvis FALSE PELVIS
Broad, Shallow Space Above Pelvic Inlet
Called False Pelvis Because It's Actually Located in the Abdominal Cavity Rather Than the Pelvic Cavity
False Pelvis
True Pelvis
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BONE MARKINGS OF INDIVIDUAL BONES: FEMUR
Proximal HEAD
• Large, Rounded, Proximal Epiphysis
• Medial (Fits Into Acetabulum)
NECK: Narrow Portion Just Below the Head
GREATER TROCHANTER: Lateral
LESSER TROCHANTER: Medial Distal
MEDIAL EPICONDYLE LATERAL EPICONDYLE MEDIAL CONDYLE LATERAL CONDYLE
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BONE MARKINGS OF INDIVIDUAL BONES: TIBIA
Proximal• MEDIAL CONDYLE• LATERAL CONDYLE• TIBIAL TUBEROSITY:
Anterior, Medial, Rounded Bump
Distal• MEDIAL MALLEOLUS
• Distal, Medial Process• Can be Felt on the Inner
Surface of the Ankle
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BONE MARKINGS OF INDIVIDUAL BONES: FIBULA
HEAD: Proximal and Rounded
LATERAL MALLEOLUS Distal, Lateral
Process Can be Felt on
the Outer Surface of the Ankle
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BONE MARKINGS OF INDIVIDUAL BONES: TARSALS
CALCANEUS: Heel Bone Which # 1
TALUS: Uppermost Tarsal
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CURVES OF THE SPINAL COLUMN The Spinal Column is Curved (Not Straight) Importance:
Strength Balance Protection from Fracture
PRIMARY CURVES: Present from Birth, Convex THORACIC SACRAL (PELVIC)
SECONDARY CURVES: Develop after Birth, Concave CERVICAL: Develops As Infant Learns to
Hold Head Erect LUMBAR: Develops As Child Learns to Walk
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COMPARISON OF THE STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF THE HANDS AND FEET
STRUCTURE OF THE HANDS/FEET Similar Hands: Carpals, Metacarpals,
Phalanges Feet: Tarsals, Metatarsals, Phalanges
FUNCTION OF THE HANDS/FEET Different! Hands: Major Function ‑ Manipulation of
Objects (Grasping and Holding); Due to Opposing Thumb
Feet: Major Function ‑ Strong Support for Body's Weight; Due to Big Toe and Arches
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ARCHES OF THE FOOT
Strong Tendons and Ligaments Hold Bones of the Foot in an Arched Position
Arches Provide Support LONGITUDINAL:
Lengthwise Arches • MEDIAL• LATERAL
TRANSVERSE: Crosswise Arch
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SKELETAL DIFFERENCES BETWEEN MEN AND WOMEN
GENERAL DIFFERENCES: Male Skeleton Larger and Heavier
SPECIFIC (PELVIC) DIFFERENCES SHAPE OF PELVIS
• Male Pelvis: Narrow and Deep (Funnel‑Shaped)
SIZE OF PUBIC ARCH• Angle Between Pelvic
Bones (Anterior and Medial)
• Male Pelvis: Pubic Arch < 90 Degrees
All Pelvic Differences Relate to Childbearing
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SKELETAL DIFFERENCES BETWEEN MEN AND WOMEN
GENERAL DIFFERENCES: Male Skeleton Larger and Heavier
SPECIFIC (PELVIC) DIFFERENCES SHAPE OF PELVIS
• Female Pelvis: Broad and Shallow (Basin‑Shaped)
SIZE OF PUBIC ARCH• Angle Between Pelvic Bones
(Anterior and Medial)• Female Pelvis: Pubic Arch >
90 Degrees All Pelvic Differences Relate to
Childbearing
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SKELETAL DIFFERENCES BETWEEN MEN AND WOMENhttp://medlib.med.utah.edu/kw/osteo/forensics/sex/bonepelvsex.html
Male Female
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Male
Male
Female
Female