Prof. Melissa Iyengar

Spring 2018

BIOLOGY 260

Human Anatomy Laboratory Manual

Biology 260 Laboratory Information

LAB ACTIVITIES

Participation in lab is mandatory; please see attendance and participation guidelines for more information.

Each lab will be unique to its content so there is no special format. It is important to come to lab prepared, by reading

the entire lab and chapter of the book before class. Take any notes you may need while reading. Be sure to bring a copy

of the lab handout, lecture notes and protective equipment.

Our class will be observing anatomical structures using microscopes, models, and preserved specimens. We will

perform dissection using Rabbits this semester as well as various Sheep organs. Students that do not participate by

handling materials or dissecting specimens may lose participation points for the day. More importantly they will miss

out on the opportunity to observe and study materials that will be on the practical.

You will receive a brief introduction for the laboratory activity or be guided through the activity. It is important to be

present and actively listening so that you perform activities correctly. You will then be given time to observe and

investigate specimens during the remainder of lab. Take your time to make broad and specific observations. If you are

ever in doubt during lab get the attention of the instructor and ask, it will only assist you in learning and applying the

material. Take pictures and videos of models and dissections to use as study materials.

Anatomy may seem like an easy subject but involves being able to recognize and distinguish one structure from

another. Therefore, it is important that you utilize your time in lab wisely by handling and observing specimens several

times. Spending your time with materials even if you think you know it make sure to review, observe, and quiz

yourself several times. Spelling is important so take the time to learn to spell each structure correctly.

Come to office hours if you need additional help or individual attention. Attend the Supplemental Instruction (SI)

offered or check to see if the Student Success Center has models for check out.

Tentative Summary of Laboratory Objectives and Resources

SECTION 1 ACTIVITIES (Practical 1)

Anatomy and Physiology Terminology

1. Use your book to complete the Language of A&P handout provided in class.

2. Try to utilize the information about directional and/or regional terms throughout the class.

3. It will be essential to know what organs are present in each body cavity and the membranes that line them.

4. These terms will be used throughout the semester and will be important to know as well as be able to utilize

correctly.

Microscopy and Cell Anatomy

1. Observe different types of cells found in the human body.

2. Identify observable organelles (e.g., nuclei, cell membrane, etc)

3. Observe a model of an animal cell and be able to identify all organelles.

4. Describe/ define the anatomical features and functions of each cell type.

Histology

1. Observe the differences between the four basic types of human tissues.

2. Describe/ define the anatomical features and functions of each tissue.

3. Identify and describe similarities and differences between the subcategories of tissues (use size, shape, cell

arrangement, cellular content, etc.).

4. Compare and contrast the anatomy and function of different tissue subcategories.

a. Students should always study several slides of the same tissue because there are always small differences in

the way the slides were prepared or the tissues were obtained from different regions.

b. Use your book, google images, and lab manual as your navigational system.

c. It is important to actually observe slides available in class as these may be used on the practical.

Integumentary System Anatomy

1. We remove the skin from our rabbits in preparation for muscle dissections.

2. Observe and identify the anatomical components of skin using the models provided.

3. Know the functions of each anatomical structure.

Nervous System Anatomy

1. Observe the nervous tissues and know the different parts of a neuron from microscopic slides and class models.

2. Identify brain structures on human brain models or appropriate diagrams.

3. Identify brain structures on whole and dissected sheep’s brain

4. Identify ear structures on a model or appropriate diagram; also observe skull structures that make up the hearing

apparatus.

5. Identify eye structures on a model, diagram, or dissected specimens AND know the function of each part.

6. Identify spinal cord structures on a model or diagram AND know the function of each part.

SECTION 2 ACTIVITIES (Practical 2)

Skeletal System and Joints

1. Identify the bones belonging to the axial and appendicular skeletal system.

2. Identify surface structures of each bone AND know the function of the structure.

3. Observe different joints using the articulated skeleton provided.

SECTION 3 ACTIVITIES (Practical 3)

Muscular System

1. Identify the different types of muscle tissue and know their specific functions.

2. Identify the different features of skeletal muscle cell using the models provided

3. Conduct detailed dissections of superficial and deep muscles using rabbits.

4. Identify the different muscles using rabbits

a. The direction of muscle fibers can be used for identification; names of muscles relate to shape, location,

and/or function

5. Know the origin, insertion and action of selected muscles (see muscle table provided)

SECTION 4 ACTIVITIES (Practical 4)

Heart and Blood Vessel Anatomy

1. Identify heart structures and corresponding blood vessels on a model or rabbit heart.

2. Conduct detailed dissections of sheep’s heart (whole and mid-sagittal sections) and observe each of the heart

structures listed.

3. Describe the function of the listed structures.

4. Identify selected arteries and veins from the human images provided.

Internal Organ Systems - Endocrine, Cardiovascular, Digestive, Respiratory, Urinary, and Reproductive Systems

1. Conduct detailed dissections of the rabbit’s internal organ systems.

2. Identify each the structures listed for each organ system

a. Observe different rabbit specimens, there will be slight differences due to students’ rabbit preparation.

b. Be sure to also observe structures on the models provided and compare them with the rabbit’s anatomy.

3. Describe the function of each listed structure.

LABORATORY SAFETY AND DISASTER PREPAREDNESS INFORMATION

This laboratory is an active and dynamic environment. In each and every lab exercise there is a possibility for

accidents to occur. Lab work may involve using potentially hazardous chemicals and/or reagents. Our primary

concerns are to learn and practice safe laboratory techniques, and to follow procedures that permit the safe handling of

all laboratory chemicals, solutions and equipment. Below is a list of procedures and guidelines that will minimize

accidents and foster safe laboratory operations and handling of all laboratory materials and equipment. Any student

who fails to follow these laboratory rules, or who behaves in an unsafe manner, will be removed from the

laboratory.

1. Do not eat, drink, smoke or store food in the laboratory classroom. Avoid all finger to mouth contact.

2. Report ALL accidents immediately!

3. Wipe down the lab bench surface with disinfectant before and after each lab period.

4. Keep the lab bench clear of any unnecessary books or other items.

5. Know the locations of fire extinguishers, the fire blanket, the eyewash apparatus, emergency flashlights and the

first aid kit.

6. Know emergency procedures, phone numbers and evacuation routes (see information on the bulletin board in the

front of the classroom.)

7. Use caution when handling laboratory equipment. Do not operate laboratory equipment unless you have been

instructed on proper use.

8. Wear closed-toed shoes at all times.

9. Wear protective gear when necessary. This includes a lab coat or cover-up, closed-toe shoes, safety goggles and

gloves during dissections.

10. Inform your instructor of any allergies or medical conditions you may have that could directly affect your work in

the lab, including pregnancy.

11. Under no circumstances are visitors, including children, allowed in the lab.

In case of an earthquake, we must follow all safety rules. Don’t step out of the lab, unless your instructor has directed

you to do so. Immediately during an earthquake DUCK and COVER!

Electrical hazards in the lab are similar to those in your home. Using a few common-sense guidelines to reduce the risk

of electrical hazards. Do not force any electrical plug into an outlet; unplug all electrical cords by pulling the plug, not

the cord. Never plug in or unplug an electrical device in a wet area. Uncoil an electrical cord completely before

plugging into an outlet. Lastly, do not handle hot objects with your bare hands!

If equipment fails to operate inform your instructor immediately and do not store the equipment unless instructed to do

so.

WASTE DISPOSAL - There will be use of hazardous materials. Any hazardous chemicals require proper disposal

methods as follows;

• Non-glass sharp materials (e.g., scalpels, needles) are to be disposed into SHARPS/BIOHAZARD container.

• Liquid material will need to be disposed according to directions given by your lab activity or instructor.

• Glassware is the most frequently used material in our labs. Be cautious in its use, and always know what to do in

case of breakage.

Cleaning measures

*In case of a chemical spill –

• Inform others! Everyone needs to know where it occurred. This prevents further injuries.

• Ask others to help isolate the area.

• Follow instructions given by your instructor - every chemical is unique. Don’t treat every chemical/equipment in

the same manner.

• If you are unsure, ask your instructor how to handle chemicals or equipment. You are not yet an expert,

assuming you remember the information is an inappropriate safety rule.

* In case of broken glass –

• Inform others! Everyone needs to know where it occurred. This prevents further injuries.

• Ask others to help isolate the area. DO NOT PICK UP ANY BROKEN GLASS WITH BARE HANDS.

• Get a broom or brush and dustpan from the back of the lab.

• Using the dustpan and brush to SWEEP glass.

• Dispose of glass pieces in the “BROKEN GLASS” container (white and blue) located in the back of the lab. If

the container is full, let your instructor know before any attempted disposal.

TERMINOLOGY of ANATOMY and PHYSIOLOGY

OBJECTIVES:

1. Demonstrate and describe anatomical position.

2. Use regional terms to describe anatomical locations.

3. Demonstrate and describe anatomical planes of section.

4. Identify the abdominopelvic quadrants and regions on the torso image.

BACKGROUND

Read Ch. 1 of the textbook and pay particular attention to the section about anatomy and physiology terminology.

Exercise 1. Anatomical position, regional terms, and directional terms.

A. Accurate communication among scientists in the fields of anatomy and physiology is critical, which means we

must describe body parts, wounds, procedures and more in a specific, standardized way. The first way in which we

standardize communication is in the presentation of specimens in anatomical position. In anatomical position the

specimen is presented facing forward, with the toes pointing forward, the feet shoulder-width apart, and the palms

facing forward.

B. There are two basic divisions of the body, axial and appendicular. Within these divisions, specific areas are

further subdivided into regions. Many of these regions refer to the underlying bone(s) and will help you once you get

to the skeletal and muscular anatomy.

With your lab partner, write the name of the regions indicated (*) from the list below on strips of scotch tape. Then

place all the anterior body regions on one student and all the posterior body regions on the second student. Make sure

to place each in the correct position. Once this is completed then have the instructor sign off on your worksheet.

Axial: Related to head, neck and trunk or axis of the body Appendicular: Relating to the limbs and attachments to the axis

ANTERIOR BODY REGIONS Abdominal: Anterior body trunk region inferior to the ribs

Acromial: Point of the shoulder

Antebrachial: Forearm

*Antecubital: Anterior surface of the elbow

Axillary: Armpit

Brachial: Arm

*Buccal: Cheek

Carpal: Wrist

Cephalic: Head

*Cervical: Neck region

Coxal: Hip

Digital: Fingers or toes

Femoral: Thigh

*Fibular: Side of the leg

Frontal: Forehead

Inguinal: Groin area

Mammary: Breast region

Mental: Chin

Nasal: Nose

Oral: Mouth

Orbital: Bony eye socket (orbit)

Palmar: Palm of the hand

*Patellar: Anterior knee (kneecap) region

Pedal: Foot

Pelvic: Pelvis region

Pubic: Genital region

*Sternal: Region of the breastbone

Tarsal: Ankle

Thoracic: Chest

*Umbilical: Navel

POSTERIOR BODY REGIONS

Acromial: Point of the shoulder

*Brachial: Arm

Calcaneal: Heel of the foot

Cephalic: Head

Cervical: Neck region

*Dorsal: Back

Femoral: Thigh

Gluteal: Buttocks or rump

*Lumbar: Area of the back between the ribs and hips; the loin

Occipital: Posterior aspect of the head or base of the skull

*Olecranal: Posterior aspect of the elbow

Pedal: Foot

Plantar: Sole of the foot

*Popliteal: Back of the knee

Sacral: Region between the hips (overlying the sacrum)

*Scapular: Scapula or shoulder blade area

Sural: Calf or posterior surface of the leg

*Vertebral: Area of the spinal column

C. Another method that makes communication easier and less prone to errors is to use certain terms to define the

location of body parts and body markings. For example, when describing a wound on the chest, we could say:

• The wound is near the middle and top of the chest; or • The wound is on the right anterior thoracic region, 4 centimeters lateral to the sternum and 3

centimeters inferior to the acromial region.

The second option is precise and allows the

reader to locate the wound exactly. Note that

these descriptions are referring to a figure in

anatomical position.

Terms such as superior, inferior, anterior

(ventral), posterior (dorsal), proximal, distal,

superficial, deep as well as medial and lateral

can provide valuable information in describing

location on a specimen.

On your worksheet use the definitions provided

and create a correct anatomical sentence for

each term.

Exercise 2. Sectioning along Anatomical planes

A. Often in science and the medical field, it is necessary to obtain different views of the internal anatomy of an

organ or a body cavity. These views are obtained by making an anatomical section along a specific plane. The

commonly used planes of section are as follows:

• Sagittal – A section along the sagittal plane is parallel to the

body’s long axis and divides the body into left and right

mirror images.

o Midsagittal – divides the body into equal right and left

halves

o Parasagittal - divides the body into unequal right and left

halves

• Frontal/Coronal – Also known as the coronal section, is

also parallel to the body’s long axis. It divides the body into

an anterior (ventral) part and posterior (dorsal) part.

• Transverse – Also known as a cross section, is

perpendicular to the body’s long axis. It divides the body

into a superior part and inferior part.

• Oblique – A section made at a right angle to a longitudinal

axis.

Exercise 3. Body cavities and membranes

A. The body is divided into several fluid-filled cavities, each of

which contains specific organs. In this exercise, you will use the torso model to identify the body cavities and the

organs contained within each cavity.

There are two major body cavities each of which is subdivided into smaller cavities:

• Dorsal (posterior) – Is largely posteriorly oriented that includes the Cranial & Spinal cavities that enclosed the skull and vertebral column, respectively

• Ventral (anterior) - Is largely anteriorly oriented and is divided into the: o Thoracic – Is superior to the diaphragm and encased by the ribs

▪ It is further divided into the Pleural, Mediastinum, & Pericardial cavities

o Abdominopelvic - Is inferior to the diaphragm and extends to the bony pelvis. ▪ It is further divided into the Abdominal & Pelvic cavities

B. The walls of each body cavity and the outer surfaces of the organs contained within

are covered with a set of membranes. The dorsal body cavity, brain and spinal cord are

covered in meninges, several layers of protective connective tissue that also hold and

circulate cerebral spinal fluid.

However, the ventral body cavity and viscera (organs) are covered in thin, double-

layered membrane called serosa, or serous membrane.

The part of the membrane that lines the cavity wall is the parietal (pertaining to the

walls of a part or cavity) serosa and is continuous with the visceral (internal organs of

the body) serosa that covers the surface of the organs within the cavity. Between the two

layers is a thin lubricating fluid that allows the organs to slide over one another or against

the body wall without friction.

The specific names of the serous membranes depend on the structures they surround.

• Pericardium – surrounds the heart • Pleura – enclose each lung

• Peritoneum – lines the abdominal cavity and organs

C. The abdominopelvic cavity is large and contains many

organs; as a result, it can be divided into smaller areas for

better communication.

Most physicians and nurses divide this area into four equal

regions, or quadrants, each named according to relative

position. The left and right are referred to as anatomical

right and left. One-midsagittal plane and one transverse

plane are used to divide the body into the following regions.

QUADRANTS Right upper quadrant (RUQ)

Left upper quadrant (LUQ)

Right lower quadrant (RLQ)

Left lower quadrant (LLQ)

Most anatomists, however, divide the area into nine regions using four planes. Two transverse and two

parasagittal planes are used to divide the body into the following regions

REGIONS Umbilical: the centermost region deep to and surrounding the umbilicus (navel).

Epigastric: immediately superior to the umbilical regions; overlies most of the stomach.

Hypogastric (pubic): immediately inferior to the umbilical region; encompasses the pubic area

Right and left Iliac, or inguinal: lateral to the hypogastric region and overlying the superior parts of the hip bones

Right and Left Lumbar: between the ribs and the flaring portions of the hip bones; lateral to the umbilical region

Right and Left Hypochondriac: Flanking the epigastric laterally and overlying the lower ribs

D. Besides the large, closed body cavities,

there are several smaller body cavities;

many of which are in the head and open to

the exterior surface. These include the

oral, nasal, orbital, middle ear and

synovial.

Name: ___________________ Section: ___________________

ANATOMY and PHYSIOLOGY LANGUAGE WORKSHEET

PLEASE READ: This worksheet is designed to be completed during the first lab meeting. Students may work

in groups to complete the worksheet but the academic dishonesty rules apply.

Exercise 1.

1. Have your lab partner stand in a normal, relaxed way, and then adjust his or her position so it matches anatomical position. Describe completely the standard human anatomical position.

2. Have the instructor sign off that you have completed this the body regions exercise. ______________

3. Define of the following terms in your own words.

Directional Term Definition

1. Superior Above other structures, along the long axis of the body

2. Inferior

3. Anterior / Ventral

4. Posterior / Dorsal

5. Medial

6. Lateral

7. Proximal

8. Distal

9. Superficial

10. Deep

4. Several incomplete statements are listed below. Correctly complete each statement by choosing the

appropriate anatomical term from the key. Record the key letters on the correspondingly numbered

blanks below. Some terms are used more than once.

Key:

In the anatomical position, the face and palms are on the _1_ body surface; the buttocks and shoulder blades are

on the _2_ body surface; and the top of the head is the most _3_ part of the body.

The ears are _4_ and _5_ to the shoulders and _6_ to the nose. The heart is _7_ to the vertebral column (spine)

and _8_ to the lungs. The elbow is _9_ to the finger but _10_ to the shoulder.

A _11_ section would cut the stomach into equal right and left parts; but if the heart is cut so that superior and

inferior portions result, it is a _12_ section.

You are told to cut a dissection animal along two planes so that both kidneys are observable in each section. The

two sections that will always meet this requirement are the _13_ and _14_sections.

a. anterior b. distal c. frontal d. inferior e. lateral f. medial

g. posterior h. proximal i. sagittal j. superior k. transverse

1. ____________________________ 8. __________________________

2. ____________________________ 9. __________________________

3. ____________________________ 10. _________________________

4. ____________________________ 11. _________________________

5. ____________________________ 12. _________________________

6. ____________________________ 13. _________________________

7. ____________________________ 14. _________________________

Exercise 2.

5. You are asked to read a surgeon’s operative report. During the course of the surgery, he/she made

several incisions. Your job is to read the operative report and determine where the incisions were

made. Draw and label each incision on the patient figure provided.

a. The first incision was made in the left anterior axillary region and extended medially to the

sternal region. At the sternal region, the cut turned inferiorly to 4cm superior to the umbilical

region.

b. The second incision was made in the left scapular region. The cut was extended medially to

2cm lateral to the vertebral region, where it turned superiorly and progressed to 1cm inferior to

the cervical region.

Introduction to the Microscopy and Cell Anatomy

LAB OBJECTIVES: 1. Properly care and manipulate the light microscope.

2. Learn the difference between prepared and wet mount slides.

3. Learn to make descriptive note-taking.

4. Visualize different types of human cells.

BACKGROUND 1. Obtain a microscope from the cabinets. Prior to taking it out of the cubby, notice the way it has been stored.

2. Make sure the number of microscope and cubby correspond to each other.

3. My microscope number is ______________, make sure you remember your number! The microscope

checked out will be the same for the rest of the semester.

MICROSCOPE STORAGE, CARE, USE- take note of any microscope procedures. One point participation deduction will be applied for each incidence of improper use/care/storage.

PART I: PROPER USE OF THE MICROSCOPE

A. GUIDELINES

Microscopes are inordinately expensive, very fragile, and much heavier than they look. For these

reasons, the following instructions must be followed to the letter. If you discover damage, or lack of

attention to the guidelines by the previous user, report it immediately.

✓ Use the microscope assigned to you.

✓ Carry the ‘scope with both hands: one on the arm, one under the base. Don’t tip it. The eyepieces

may fall out.

✓ Set it down gently. No bumping or dragging. ✓ Lenses cleaned with lens paper only. A little humidity may help if there is crud on the lens. If this

fails, let your instructor risk the nastier solvents.

✓ The stages are equipped with slide mounts: it is a grey frame with a spring-load lever (#3, see

image), which opens the mount. Gently place the slide between the arm and the frame. On the

right is a pair of knobs, which allow you to move the slide back and forth and side to side as you

view the object through the lens.

✓ NEVER FORCE ANYTHING. It should work smoothly. If it doesn’t, find out why.

Twisting harder will only break it and cost you lots of money.

CLEAN UP - When you put the microscope away, perform the following steps each time.

✓ Clean every lens (with lens paper!) and wipe off any mess. ✓ Place the stage to its lowest height by rotating the coarse focus adjustment knob.

✓ Move the mechanical stage to center, so nothing sticks out on any side.

✓ Rotate the objective lens (revolving nosepiece) so the scanning objective (4x) is in position.

✓ Open the iris diaphragm all the way. (see lever under stage)

✓ Turn the light dial all the way to zero/one. Wait 30 seconds. Turn off the light.

✓ Remove the electrical cord, wrap, and place in the cubby separately.

✓ Put it away in the proper numbered cubby in the same way it was found.

B. HOW TO FOCUS THE MICROSCOPE.

REPEAT THIS PROCESS EVERY TIME YOU LOAD A NEW SLIDE.

1. Place an “e” slide on the stage so that the specimen is over the stage opening. 2. Use the smallest objective lens at first, Scanning Objective (4x)

3. Turn the coarse adjustment knob so that the lens is as close to the slide as it will go. As you do

this OBSERVE that the objective lens doesn’t touch the slide. (Low and High power objectives

can crack right through slides.) 4. Now look through the ocular lens, while moving the stage up with the coarse focus knob. Stop

when the object on the slide comes into view.

5. Now adjust the fine focus for a crisp image.

6. Next, use the iris diaphragm to adjust the light for an even clearer image.

7. If you need to increase the magnification, turn the coarse focus adjustment knob to increase the clearance between the slide on the stage and the objective lenses, then select the lens you want (Usually 10x, then 40x). Now you can focus again by starting at step 3.

*CAUTION: USE THE COARSE FOCUS ONLY WHEN USING SCANNING OBJECTIVE (4x).

C. ADDITIONAL SUGGESTIONS TO FINE TUNING YOUR MICROSCOPE TECHNIQUE

a. Light. The iris diaphragm controls the amount of light passing through the condenser. Start with

it wide open. The lever should be all the way to the right. Then close slightly or all the way until

you find a better contrast.

b. Magnification. Avoid the temptation to go to high power immediately. Use low power for

looking at tissue structure and groups of cells, high power for looking at single cells and smaller

objects. High power looks at too small an area to be of much use in studying structures larger

than cells. Ask for assistance before trying to use the oil immersion (100x) lens…never

attempt to do this by yourself!

c. Blurry image. Clean the ocular lenses with lens paper. Clean every slide prior to loading onto

the stage. You may use Kim Wipes on slides. Remove any finger smudges on the specimen area

d. Eyestrain. These are binocular microscopes. You need to adjust the two eyepieces to your eyes.

a. Use the high objective.

b. Cover your left eye and focus carefully, looking in the right eyepiece.

c. Trade eyes. Looking in the left eyepiece, turn the eyepiece to focus it for your left eye.

d. Adjust the distance between eyepieces until you can see a single image without eyestrain.

D. TOTAL MAGNIFICATION To determine the total magnification (enlargement) of your image you need to multiply the magnifications of the

objective and ocular lenses. Objective and ocular magnifications are stamped on the lens tubes. On the objective

lenses the magnification number is the large bold number (For example: EA4 on the scanning lens. The 4 is the

magnification number.) On the ocular lenses the magnification number is on the face ring near the lens glass

(10X).

Total Magnification = Ocular Lens Magnification X Objective Lens Magnification

PART II: USING THE MICROSCOPE

A. LETTER “e” SLIDE

1. Obtain a microscope.

2. Obtain a letter “e” slide.

3. Use the steps above to view the letter “e” at each magnification.

4. Center the “e” and draw what you see on the worksheet provided.

5. Answer the remaining questions on your worksheet.

6. When finished follow the clean-up procedure and return your microscope to the cabinet

PART III: EUKARYOTIC CELL DIVERSITY

A. Wet mounts - Animal cells (Human Cheek Cells)

Typical animal cell do not have a cell wall outside of the plasma membrane. You will be staining these cells

with Methylene Blue stain. This stain highlights the nucleus (which is usually clear) in the cell.

1. Obtain a clean, clear-glass microscope slide AND a coverslip.

2. Using a clean toothpick, lightly scrape the inside of your cheek. Place these scrapings (with cheek cells) in

the center of a clean glass slide.

3. Place a drop of Methylene Blue stain on top. This stain stains the nucleus.

4. Drop a coverslip over the drop of stain (and the objects it contains). The function of the coverslip is to

flatten the preparation, to keep the specimen from drying out, and to protect the objective lenses.

5. Starting at scanning power, view your specimen at various magnifications until you get to high power.

B. Prepared mounts

a. Liver tissue – cell membrane, nucleus, nucleoli, mitochondria (very small dark grains)

b. Adipose cells – cell membrane, nucleus, vacuole

c. Pseudostratified columnar epithelium – goblet cell and columnar cell (+nucleus)

d. Sperm cells – cell membrane, nucleus, flagella

PART IV: EUKARYOTIC CELL MODEL

Locate all of the following structures on the model provided and write a brief sentence detailing its

function.

✓ Cell membrane

✓ Cytoplasm

✓ Chromosomes/ DNA

✓ Nucleus

✓ Nuclear membrane

✓ Mitochondria

✓ Nucleolus

✓ Golgi apparatus

✓ Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

✓ Rough endoplasmic reticulum

✓ Ribosomes

✓ Centrioles

Name: ___________________ Section: ___________________

Introduction to the Microscope Lab Worksheet

PLEASE READ: This worksheet is designed to be completed during the microscope lab. Students are

expected to work individually to fill out the worksheet.

PART I: LETTER “e” SLIDE

1. Use your microscope to view the slide. At each power, center the “e” in the field of view. Draw what you

see, in the space provided.

Objective

Total

magnification

Drawing

2. Describe the three ways that a microscope alters the appearance of the specimen being observed.

PART III: EUKARYOTIC CELLS

3. Make a sketch of 1-5 of you’re the cheek cells and then one or two other cell types, at high power, below.

a. Label all the cellular structures that you can.

Cell Type Cheek cells

Objective

Total magnification

Description

Drawing

Histology

OBJECTIVES:

1. Make detail notes of anatomical features of various tissue types

2. Compare and contrast the anatomical features of tissue subtypes

3. Know the anatomical features of tissues and relate structure to function

BACKGROUND

Read Ch. 4 of the textbook and bring it to lab! This will be your reference.

ACTIVITY

PART I: HISTOLOGY BASICS Histology is the study of tissues, and requires thin slices, or sections, of gross anatomical structures to be prepared

and stained before viewing using a microscope. Therefore, most histology preparations include several different

types of tissues.

We will begin by using visual characteristics to identify the four main tissue types. Visual memorization of any

object can be difficult so instead you will want to use ask a series of questions for each image to first determine

which general tissue type the image is associated. From there you can then use more characteristics to determine

the tissue subgroup the image belongs to.

Tissue Type Connective Epithelial Muscle Nervous

Common

function

Support and/or

binding

Covering and/or

lining Movement Communication

Common

characteristics

✓ Cells widely

spaced apart

✓ Mostly made up

of extracellular

matrix and/or

fibers

✓ May or may not

have blood vessels

✓ Cells connected

✓ One free edge

✓ One edge

attached to CT

✓ No blood

vessels

✓ Cells connected

✓ Cells may appear

stripped

✓ No free edges

✓ Blood vessels

present

✓ Cells widely

spaced apart but

with one or more

processes coming

from the central

area.

✓ Empty space if

filled with smaller

cells

Draw a

picture and

make some

notes about

each tissue

type

PART II: TISSUE DIVERSITY Your lab will have trays with prepared slides that need careful observation and exploration for anatomical

recognition. You should use your textbook, or an atlas, to help you correctly identify tissue on the slides provided.

Since most histology slide contain several different tissues it will be easy to get lost during navigation. Remember

to use a serious of questions to eliminate any possible incorrect tissues during your search. Make particular notes

emphasizing details that will help you recognize each tissue, its location, and function in your own notebook

or separate sheets of paper.

You will need to observe the listed Epithelial and Connective tissues and take notes on appearance of each

tissue. It is possible that this exercise may be a guided class exercise. If so make sure to pay attention and take

detailed notes as your Practical will cover visual recognition of tissues.

At the end of lab, check your knowledge. Test your classmates and ask your classmate to do the same for you.

Do this by covering a slide, position it on the microscope and asking you classmate what type of tissue it is.

Epithelial Tissue

Simple squamous

Simple Columnar – goblet cells, cilia

Simple Cuboidal

Stratified squamous – compare the plantar (thick skin) and scalp (thin skin) slides

Pseudostratified columnar tissue – goblet cells, cilia

Transitional epithelium

Connective Tissue

Areolar – collagen fibers, elastic fibers, fibroblasts

Adipose – adipocytes (nucleus, vacuole), collagen fibers

Reticular – reticular fibers, reticular cells

Dense regular – collagen fibers, fibroblasts

Dense irregular – collagen fibers, fibroblasts

Elastic Tissue – elastic fibers, fibroblasts

Hyaline cartilage – chondrocytes, lacuna

Fibrocartilage – chondrocytes, lacuna, collagen fibers

Elastic Cartilage – elastin fibers, matrix, chondrocytes, lacuna

Compact Bone – osteocytes, lacuna, central canal, canaliculi, osteons

Blood – red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets

Muscular Tissue

Skeletal muscle – striations, nuclei, plasma membrane

Cardiac muscle – striations, intercalated discs, plasma membrane, nuclei

Smooth muscle – nuclei, plasma membrane

Nervous Tissue

neurons (axon, dendrites, cell body, nucleus), neuroglial cells

LOOSE Proper CT

Tissue: _________________________ _________________________ _______________________

NOTES:

DENSE Proper CT

Tissue: _________________________ _________________________ _______________________

NOTES:

CARTILAGE CT

Tissue: _________________________ _________________________ _______________________

NOTES:

BLOOD & BONE CT

Tissue: _________________________ _________________________ _______________________

NOTES:

SIMPLE ET

Tissue: _________________________ _________________________ _______________________

NOTES:

“OTHER” ET

Tissue: stratified squamous pseudostratified columnar transitional

NOTES:

Name: ___________________ Section: ___________________

Introduction to the Microscope Lab Worksheet

PART I: HISTOLOGY BASICS 1. Using the characteristics that distinguish each of the four main body tissues from one another, assign a general

tissue type to each of the images below, and then write the characteristics you used to name the tissue.

Tissue Name Tissue Picture Characteristics

PART II: TISSUE DIVERSITY 2. What anatomical features can be used to distinguish pseudostratified columnar from stratified squamous?

3. What anatomical features can be used to distinguish dense regular CT from elastic CT?

4. What anatomical features can be used to distinguish hyaline cartilage from elastic cartilage?

5. What anatomical features can be used to distinguish transitional ET from stratified squamous?

6. What anatomical features can be used to distinguish hyaline cartilage from stratified squamous?

7. What anatomical features can be used to distinguish areolar from reticular tissue?

Integumentary System

OBJECTIVES:

1. Make detail notes of anatomical features of various tissue types and subtypes

2. Compare and contrast the anatomical features of tissue subtypes

3. Know the anatomical features of tissues and relate structure to function

BACKGROUND

Read Ch. 5 of the textbook or Ch. 2 of the Rabbit anatomy and dissection guide.

BEFORE YOU COME TO CLASS - Label all of the structures from the list below on the following

image. Remember the model, not this image, will be on your Practicum.

ACTIVITY

PART I: HUMAN SKIN MODEL

Locate all of the following structures on the model provides and write a brief sentence detailing its

function. ✓ Hair

o Shaft

o Root

o Follicle

o Arrector pili muscle

o Bulb

✓ Epidermis

o Stratum basale

o Stratum spinosum

o Stratum granulosum

o Stratum lucidum

o Stratum corneum

✓ Dermis

o Papillary layer

o Dermal papillae

o Reticular layer

o Eccrine sweat glands

o Sebaceous glands

o Lamellar corpuscle

o Meissner corpuscle

✓ Hypodermis

o Adipose tissue

o Cutaneous plexus

PART II: MICROSCOPIC SKIN ANATOMY

Examine prepared slides of skin from different regions of the body so we can compare and contrast two type

of skin: (1) thick skin and (2) thin skin. Draw a picture of each type of skin below and make some notes

about their similarity and differences in terms of structure, function, and location.

__________________________________ _________________________________

NOTES:

PART III: SKINNING THE CAT

A. Removing the Skin - You will be supplied with a preserved, adult cat. It may be necessary to remove the skin and

superficial tissues before observing and dissecting muscles. Watch the YouTube video on Canvas BEFORE attending

lab and follow the steps below.

Start by place the cat dorsal side up (ventral side down) on the tray. You will attempt to remove the skin in a single

piece so that it can be used to cover specimen during the entire dissection process. To do this you will make only a

few cuts and use a blunt probe or fingers to separate the skin from the muscle under.

1. Place the cat dorsal side up (ventral on the tray).

2. Using a scalpel make transverse incision at the base of the neck toward the jaw line on the ventral surface, and

follow the mandible back to the start of the incision, you want to cut thru to the dermis of the skin but not cut

through the muscles.

a. Then make a sagittal incision from the base of the tail to the neck. At the tail make a circular incision

around the tail

3. Using the scissors and a blunt probe (fingers work best) carefully

separate the skin and hypodermis from the superficial muscle

along the dorsal surface. Start at the neck and work your way

from the midline toward the ventrolateral surface.

4. Once the skin and hypodermis has been removed from the dorsal

surface, turn the cat to be ventral side up (dorsal on the tray).

5. Starting from the incision you made under the mandible, carefully

separate the skin and hypodermis from the muscles at the neck

working toward the chest, arms, and abdomen. Be careful NOT to

pull some of the thin superficial muscle in these areas which can

be confused for superficial fascia instead of muscle.

6. At each forearm make an incision from the axillary region toward

the olecranon and then round the wrist. Be cautious here so you

DO NOT remove the brachioradialis or any forearm muscles.

7. At each leg make an incision from tail toward the lateral aspect of

the leg. Be cautious here so you DO NOT remove the iliotibial

tract of connective tissue.

8. If you cat is male, be careful when removing skin around the

scrotum. The spermatic cord runs from the body wall into the

scrotum on the ventral surface. DO NOT cut this or the scrotum.

9. Try to remove the skin in 1 piece was no holes or damaged muscles.

10. WHEN IN DOUBT ASK THE INSTRUCTOR BEFORE YOU CUT OR PULL ANYTHING OFF.

CAUTION:

✓ On the lateral thoracic wall and axillar area – watch out for the large cutaneous maximus muscle and

latissimus dorsi.

✓ Ventral surface of the neck use the external jugular and transvers jugular veins as a guide. All tissue

superficial to these can be removed.

✓ For each forearm, keep the cephalic vein (blue) and strap-like brachioradialis with the cat.

WHEN IN DOUBT GET YOUR INSTRUCTORS ATTENTION FOR ASSISTANCE

ANATOMY OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM

OBJECTIVES:

5. Observe, identify and describe the principle structures of the sheep brain and eye

6. Compare sheep’s brain structures to human brain structures.

7. Observe, identify and describe the principle structures of the human ear

8. Observe, identify and describe the principle structures of the human spinal cord and nerves

BACKGROUND

Read the corresponding chapters of the textbook and pay particular attention to the section about the functional

anatomy of the brain, eye, ear, and spinal cord.

MATERIALS

You will need gloves to handle preserved specimens.

ACTIVITY

I. NERVOUS TISSUE

View the prepared slides of the nervous tissue and fill out the information below

Tissue type: Motor nerve smear

1) Draw the tissues in the box to the right

2) Label the important anatomical structures

Cells: neurons (axon, dendrites, cell body, nucleus),

neuroglial cells

II. BRAIN ANATOMY You will be supplied with a human brain model and/or sheep’s brain to observe. Use the images below and from the textbook as a map to guide you

1. Identify the following brain structures on models or diagrams before moving on to the sheep brain

dissection.

2. Sheep brain dissection:

a. Notice the thick part of the dura mater covering the longitudinal fissure. Cutting through this will

open the superior sagittal sinus.

b. Remove the dura mater from the superior surface to reveal the thin, shiny pia mater directly touching

the surface of the cerebrum. To remove the pia mater carefully, insert a probe in one sulcus of the

cerebrum and carefully pull the pia mater off the gyrus. The arachnoid mater will be visible on the

underside of the dura mater.

c. Examine the superior and inferior surface anatomy of the brain before moving on to the internal

anatomy.

d. Carefully separate the two cerebral hemispheres with your fingers to observe the corpus callosum.

e. Using scissors or a blade cut along the longitudinal fissure to separate the brain in equal right and left

sections.

f. Examine the internal anatomy of the brain using a probe to find the ventricles.

g. Section one of the halves of the brain in the frontal plane along the central sulcus. Examine the tissue

structure of the cerebrum and location of the ventricles.

External structures

A. Coverings

Dura mater

Arachnoid mater

Pia mater

B. Superior

Cerebrum

• Hemispheres • Fissures

o Longitudinal fissure

o Transverse fissures

• Sulci

o Central sulcus

o Lateral sulcus

• Lobes

o Frontal o Parietal o Occipital o Temporal o Insula

Cerebellum

C. Inferior

Olfactory bulb (CN I)

Optic chiasma

Optic nerve (CN II)

Pituitary gland

• Infundibulum

Brainstem

• Pons • Midbrain • Medulla oblongata

Spinal cord

Internal structures:

Cerebrum

• Lateral ventricles • Corpus callosum • Fornix

Diencephalon

• Thalamus • Hypothalamus

o Mammillary body • Pineal gland • Third ventricle

Pituitary gland

• Infundibulum

Brainstem

• Pons • Midbrain

o Corpora quadrigemina ▪ superior colliculus ▪ inferior colliculus

o Cerebral aqueduct • Medulla oblongata • Fourth ventricle

Cerebellum

• Arbor vitae

Spinal cord

• Central canal

III. SHEEP’S EYE ANATOMY

You will be supplied with a human eye model and/or preserved sheep’s eye to observe. Use the images below and from

the textbook as a map to guide you.

1. Identify the following eye structures on models or diagrams before moving on to the sheep eye

dissection.

2. Sheep eye dissection:

a. Examine the external anatomy of the eyeball.

b. Using a pair of scissors, remove the adipose and muscle tissue surrounding the eyeball. Take care

NOT to remove the optic nerve.

c. Hold the eyeball at its anterior and posterior poles, and using a scalpel make an incision along the

frontal plane. The aqueous and vitreous humor are likely to spill out, so take care.

d. Complete the incision to separate the anterior and posterior portions of the eyeball.

e. Examine the internal anatomy of the eyeball.

SHEEP EYE & HUMAN MODEL

Extrinsic muscles

• Lateral & Medial rectus

• Superior & Inferior rectus

• Superior & Inferior oblique

Optic nerve

Fibrous tunic

• Cornea

• Sclera

Lens

Vascular tunic

• Pupil

• Iris

• Ciliary body

• Choroid

Sensory tunic

• Retina

• Optic disc

• Fovea centralis

Anterior cavity

• Aqueous humor

Posterior cavity

• Vitreous humor

IV. HUMAN EAR

You will be supplied with a human ear model to observe. Use the images below and from the textbook as a map to

guide you.

• Pinna

• Tympanic membrane

• Auditory channel

• Eustachian tube

• Semi-circular canal

• Cochlea

• Vestibulocochlear nerve

(CN VIII)

• Malleus

• Incus

• Stapes

• Oval window

• Round window

V. SPINAL CORD and NERVES

You will be supplied with a spinal cord model to observe. Use the images below and from the textbook as a map to

guide you. Using the next few pages, make particular notes emphasizing details that will help you recognize each

structure, its location, and function.

SPINAL NERVE MODEL

Coverings

• Dura mater

• Arachnoid mater

• Pia mater

Spinal Cord

• Ventral median fissure

• Dorsal median sulcus

• Ventral gray horn

• Dorsal gray horn

• Lateral gray horn

• Ventral white column

• Lateral white column

• Dorsal white column

• Dorsal rootlets

• Ventral Root

• Dorsal Root

• Dorsal Root Ganglion

• Spinal nerve

• Ventral ramus

• Dorsal ramus

• Rami communicantes

• Sympathetic trunk

• Sympathetic trunk ganglia

VERTEBRAL COLUMN MODEL

• Cervical Nerves

• Thoracic Nerves

• Lumbar Nerves

• Sacral Nerves

• Coccygeal Nerves

Biology 20 Lab Practicum 1 Coverage - UPDATED

Lab Topics (60-75pts) - Several stations will be set up for you to view specimens or models and answer questions. This is NOT a multiple-choice test, and spelling counts! Topics include: 1. Language of A&P 2. Microscopy 3. Cell Anatomy 4. Histology – ET & CT 5. Skin

Review Activity * This may NOT a full list of questions that will be on the Practicum. It is simply and activity to help you test your knowledge while you study. Language of A&P 1. Describe completely the standard human anatomical position. 2. Locate each region on your own body, and then identify it by its common name and the corresponding

anatomical descriptive form. 3. Define each directional term. Be able to use each directional term in reference to structures found in the

body. For example, are the fingers distal or proximal to the elbow? What term would you use where the heart is in relationship to the lungs, ribs, and vertebral column?

4. What landmarks separate the various body cavities from one another? 5. What are the two main body cavities? 6. What are the two divisions of the dorsal body cavity? The ventral body cavity? What membranes are

associated with each body cavity and subdivision? 7. A nurse needs to take blood from the antecubital region. What part of your body would you show them?

Microscopy 1. Know the correct procedure for using the microscope and storing it. 2. Know how to calculate TOTAL Magnification. 3. Be able to identify the following parts of the microscope.

a. Ocular lenses b. Objective lenses c. Rotating nosepiece

d. Stage e. Fine focus knob f. Course focus knob

g. Condenser h. X – axis knob i. Y - axis knob

Cell Anatomy 1. Be able to identify the following structures from the Cell Model available.

a. Plasma membrane b. Nucleus c. Nucleolus d. Chromatin/ DNA

e. Nuclear membrane f. Mitochondria g. Smooth ER h. Rough ER

i. Free ribosomes j. Golgi k. Centrioles l. Cytoplasm

2. Be able to identify the following structures from the slides or pictures. a. Plasma membrane b. Nucleus c. Cytoplasm

Tissues – Epithelial & Connective 1. Know the four types of cells in the body. What structures and functions are common to each group? 2. Know the general structures and functions associated with ALL ET.

3. Be able to identify the following types of ET from slides or pictures. Be able to identify and/or write the structures & functions associated with the following ET.

d. Simple squamous e. Simple columnar f. Simple cuboidal

g. Pseudostratified columnar h. Transitional epithelium i. Stratified squamous

4. Be able to identify the following types of ET from slides or pictures. Be able to identify and/or write the structures & functions associated with the following CTs.

j. Areolar k. Adipose l. Reticular m. Dense CT (regular, irregular & elastic) n. Hyaline cartilage

o. Fibrocartilage p. Elastic cartilage q. Bone r. Blood

Skin Anatomy 1. Be able to identify the structures from the Skin Models available

a. Hair shaft

b. Epidermis

a. Stratum basale

b. Stratum spinosum

c. Stratum granulosum

d. Stratum lucidum

e. Stratum corneum

c. Dermis

a. Papillary layer

b. Dermal papillae

c. Reticular layer

d. Hair follicle

e. Arrector pili muscle

f. Hair bulb

g. Hair root

h. Hair papilla

i. Eccrine sweat glands

j. Sebaceous glands

k. Lamellar corpuscle

l. Meissner corpuscle

d. Hypodermis

SKELETAL SYSTEM ANATOMY

OBJECTIVES

1. Identify, name, and distinguish the bones of the skeleton and their corresponding features.

2. You’ll also need to tell right from left. Become familiar with each bone as an organ with a function!

BACKGROUND - Read Chapters on Skeletal Anatomy. Bring your textbook or an Atlas to the Human Body to

lab! To remember many of these names, read about the meaning of the features and the roots of the words.

MATERIALS

You will need 1-2 rolls of Scotch Masking Tape for labeling.

Some Helpful Tips

• In your notes, sketch bones and muscles studied and their unique anatomical features. It will mostly help your

long-term memory.

• Make sure you are handling the bones when observing the surface features.

• ALWAYS test your knowledge frequently. Know what you don’t know.

ACTIVITIES

BONE TISSUE

a. View the prepared slides of the bone. Draw each tissue and label the important structures.

Tissue type: Compact Bone Tissue type: Spongy Bone

b. View the model of the bone tissue and identify all of the following structures

Compact Bone Spongy Bone

• Canaliculi • Osteocytes • Endosteum • Red bone marrow

• Central canal • Osteon • Lacunae • Trabeculae

• Lacunae • Perforating canal • Osteocytes • Canaliculi

• Periosteum • Lamella

GENERAL BONE TERMINOLOGY

A. Elevations – depending on height, width, and area.

• Crests

• Lines

• Ridges

B. Articulation surfaces

• Facets

• Condyles

• Sutures – thin line of CT

• Symphyses – thin or thick line of CT

C. Depressions

• Fossa – when broad or shallow

• Pits or Foveas – when small

• Foramen – a perforating hole

• Meatus or Canal – when tubular / covered

D. Projections or bumps

• Process – when large

• Tuberosity – a rounded process

• Trochanter – when pronounced and blunt

FETAL SKULL

In the fetal skull, the sutures have not yet fused and are instead joined by fibrous membranes. This can be seen with the

frontal suture, where the two fetal frontal bones fuse. Where several sutures meet, large, membrane-covered areas

called the fontanelles are found, commonly known as “soft spots.”

The four main fontanels:

1. anterior (or frontal) fontanelle - where the sagittal and coronal sutures meet.

2. posterior (or occipital) fontanelle – where the sagittal and lambdoid sutures meet.

3. sphenoidal fontanelle – where the squamous and frontal suture meet.

4. mastoid fontanelle – where the lambdoid, squamous, and occipitomastoid sutures meet.

These fontanels allow the fetal skull to compress slightly during birth, and allow for the brain to grow during fetal

development. They completely ossify by the time a child is 1 ½ to 2 yrs. of age.

View the fetal skulls, and note each of the fontanelles and sutures. Also, locate all of the cranial and facial bones.

Sutures: fibrous joint between skull bones

• Coronal (frontal) suture: articulation between parietal and frontal bones

• Sagittal Suture: articulation between left and right parietal bones

• Squamous Suture: articulation between the temporal bone and the parietal bone

• Lambdoid Suture: articulation between the occipital bone and parietal bones

• Occipitomastoid Suture: articulation between the occipital bone and the temporal bone.

OVERVIEW OF THE SKELETON

AXIAL SKELETON

A. SKULL

8 cranial bones 14 facial bones

frontal bone

• supraorbital foramen (notch)

• coronal suture

parietal bone (paired)

• sagittal suture

• coronal suture

• squamous suture

temporal bone (paired)

• external acoustic meatus

• styloid process

• mastoid process

• stylomastoid foramen

• mandibular fossa

• jugular foramen

• carotid canal

• internal acoustic meatus

• zygomatic process

• squamous suture

• lambdoid suture

• occipitomastoid suture

occipital bone

• occipital condyles (articulates with atlas)

• foramen magnum

• hypoglossal canal

• lambdoid suture

• occipitomastoid suture

sphenoid bone

• greater wing

• lesser wing

• sella turcica – where the pituitary sits

• hypophyseal fossa

• optic canal – where optic nerve

• foramen lacerum

• foramen rotundum

• foramen ovale

• foreamen spinsoum

• superior orbital fissure

• inferior orbital fissure

ethmoid bone

• crista galli

• cribiform plates with olfactory foramina

• perpendicular plate

• middle nasal conchae

maxillae (paired)

• alveolar margin of the maxillae

• infraorbital foramen

• palatine process

• incisive fossa

mandible (single)

• alveolar margin of the mandible

• mental foramen

• mandibular condyle

• coronoid process

• body of mandible

• mandibular ramus

palatine bones (paired)

zygomatic bones (paired)

• temporal process

lacrimal bones (paired)

nasal bones (paired)

inferior nasal concha (paired)

vomer (single)

Other bones in cephalic region

hyoid bone

B. VERTEBRAL COLUMN

Identify curvatures of the vertebral column

• Primary curvatures – thoracic and sacral

• Secondary curvatures – cervical and lumbar

C. BONES OF THE THORAX

Structure of a Typical Vertebra

Be able to identify the following general structures on a

Cervical, Thoracic & Lumbar Vertebrae:

• body

• vertebral foramen

• transverse process and foramen

• spinous process

• superior articular process

• inferior articular process

• lamina

• pedicle

3 types of vertebrae

Cervical vertebrae and its spinal curvature (C1 – C7)

• Atlas

• Axis

o Dens

Thoracic vertebrae and its spinal curvature (T1-T12)

Lumbar vertebrae and its spinal curvature (L1-L5)

Additional vertebral bones

Sacral vertebrae and its spinal curvature (5 fused bones)

• sacral canal

• sacral foramina

• superior articular process & facet

• median sacral crest

Coccyx

Structures of a rib (know right and left)

• head of the rib

• tubercle

• neck of the rib

• shaft (body)

• costal groove

HOW TO TELL RIGHT FROM LEFT

RIBS

✓ Head articulates with the vertebrae ✓ Costal groove is inferior and posterior ✓ Shaft curves inferiorly

3 types of ribs (12 pairs)

• Vertebrosternal or True Ribs (7 pairs) – each connects to the sternum

• Vertebrochondral or False Ribs (3 pairs) - connect to each other and the 7th rib

• Vertebral or Floating Ribs (2 pairs) – not connect to the sternum

Additional bones of the thorax

Sternum

• manubrium

o jugular notch

o clavicular notch

• body

o costal cartilage notches

• xiphoid process

APPENDICULAR SKELETON

A. PECTORAL GIRDLE B. UPPER LIMBS

clavicle (know right and left)

• acromial end

• sternal end

scapula (know right and left)

• acromion

• spine of the scapula

• glenoid cavity/fossa

• coracoid process

• supraspinous fossa

• infraspinous fossa

• subscapular fossa

• medial border

• lateral border

• superior border

humerus (know right from left)

• proximal head of humerus

• anatomical neck

• greater tubercle

• lesser tubercle

• intertubercular groove/sulcus

• deltoid tuberosity

• trochlea

• capitulum

• coronoid fossa

• olecranon fossa

• medial epicondyle

• lateral epicondyle

ulna (know right from left)

• olecranon process

• coronoid process

• trochlear notch

• radial notch

• styloid process

radius (know right from left)

• proximal head of the radius

• neck of the radius

• radial tuberosity

• ulnar notch

• styloid process

hand (know right from left) carpals*

• scaphoid

• lunate

• triquetral

• pisiform

• trapezium

• trapezoid

• capitate

• hamate

metacarpals I to V

phalanges I to V (proximal, middle, distal)

*Some lovers try positions that they can’t handle

HOW TO TELL RIGHT FROM LEFT

CLAVICLE

✓ Proximal end is triangular shaped & articulates w/

the sternum. Inferior surface of this end is rough ✓ Convex anteriorly-medial 2/3 - (] ✓ Concave anteriorly-lateral 2/3 - )]

SCAPULA

✓ Spine is posterior ✓ Glenoid cavity is superior & medial

HUMERUS

✓ Head projects medially + superiorly & posteriorly ✓ Olecanon fossa is distal & posterior

RADIUS – on the lateral/ thumb side

✓ Thin and rounded at the proximal end ✓ Styloid process is at the distal end on the lateral

border ✓ Radial tuberosity is on the anterior side

ULNA

✓ Thicker at the proximal end ✓ Olecranon process is posterior ✓ Styloid process is posterior and medial

HAND

✓ Thumb cannot move posteriorly

✓ Thumb is lateral in SAP.

APPENDICULAR SKELETON CON’T

C. PELVIC GIRDLE D. LOWER LIMBS

Coxa (know right from left)

• acetabulum

• pubic symphysis – hyaline cartilage joint

• auricular surface

• obturator foramen

• ilium

o iliac fossa

o iliac crest

o anterior superior iliac spine

o anterior inferior iliac spine

o posterior superior iliac spine

o posterior inferior iliac spine

o greater sciatic notch

• ischium o ischial spine

o lesser sciatic notch

o ischial tuberosity

o obturator foramen

• pubis o pubic body

o superior pubic ramus

o inferior pubic ramus

femur (know right from left)

• head of the femur

• neck of the femur

• greater trochanter

• lesser trochanter

• linea aspera

• medial condyle

• lateral condyle

• medial epicondyle

• lateral epicondyle

• intercondylar fossa/notch

• patellar surface

tibia (know right from left)

• lateral condyle

• medial condyle

• intercondylar eminence

• tibial tuberosity

• medial malleolus

fibula (know right from left)

• head of fibula

• lateral malleolus

patella

• base

• apex

• lateral facet**

• medial facet

Foot (know right from left)

tarsals

• calcaneus

• talus

• cuboid

• navicular

• lateral cuneiform

• intermediate cuneiform

• medial cuneiform

metatarsals I to V

phalanges I to V (proximal, middle, distal)

FEMALE PELVIS - pubic angle is greater than 90º;

wider, oval pelvic inlet (brim)

HOW TO TELL RIGHT FROM LEFT

COXA

✓ Auricular surface is anterior and medial

✓ Iliac fossa is anterior on the Ilium

FEMUR

✓ Head projects medially

✓ Patellar surface is anterior

✓ Condyles are posterior

PATELLA

✓ Apex is inferior

✓ **lateral facet LAYS on the table

TIBIA– on the medial side

✓ Proximal end is big/robust

✓ Tibial tuberosity is anterior

✓ Medial malleolus…is medial ☺

FIBULA – on the lateral side

✓ Head is triangular shaped

✓ Lateral malleolus…is lateral ☺

FOOT

✓ Talus is medial and superior

✓ Calcaneus is inferior and lateral

✓ Hallux (Big toe) is medial

MALE PELVIS – pubic angle is less than 60º; narrow, heart

shaped pelvic inlet (brim)

Muscular system

OBJECTIVES:

1. Identify superficial muscles of the rabbit and understand their actions to cause gross body movements.

2. Dissection and identify deep muscles of the rabbit and understand their actions to cause gross body

movements.

MATERIALS

You will need personal protective equipment to handle preserved specimens and dissection kit.

ACTIVITY

I. Muscle Tissues

Tissue type: Skeletal Muscle

1) Draw the tissues in the box to the right and label the structures.

2) Answer the following questions:

Where is this tissue located in the body? ________________________

What is the specific function of this body tissue?

_________________________________________________________

3) What the feature that will help you distinguish this tissue from other

muscle tissues?

_________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________

Tissue type: Cardiac Muscle

1) Draw the tissues in the box to the right and label the structures.

2) Answer the following questions:

Where is this tissue located in the body? ________________________

What is the specific function of this body tissue?

_________________________________________________________

3) What the feature that will help you distinguish this tissue from other

muscle tissues?

_________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________

Tissue type: Smooth Muscle

1) Draw the tissues in the box to the right and label the structures.

2) Answer the following questions:

Where is this tissue located in the body? ________________________

What is the specific function of this body tissue?

_________________________________________________________

3) What the feature that will help you distinguish this tissue from other

muscle tissues?

_________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________

II. Dissection of Cat Muscles

Part 1. Cleaning the superficial fascia - It is unlikely that your skinned cat will look exactly like the pictures

here. This is because individual muscles are joined by loose connective tissue, to hold and bind the body

together.

1. Put all your dissection instruments on your tray. For this exercise you will not cut or pull anything!

2. Place your cat ventral side up (dorsal on the tray). Along the axillary and thoracic regions, start by

OBSERVING the muscle boundaries, or white lines of CT between muscles. To do this you will need

to get close to the muscle. It may be difficult to see the white line so look for the direction that the fascicles

are arranged. Do they go from the midline toward the lateral surface or do the run straight from the neck to

the groin area? Once you find the fascicle pattern look for thin/thick white lines that separate muscles.

Attempt to do this for all the muscles on the ventral then dorsal surfaces as well as the anterior and

posterior limbs.

3. Conclude this exercise by placing your cat dorsal side up (ventral on the tray).

Part 2. Separation of superficial muscles & dissection of deep muscles. To separate superficial muscles use the

following techniques. ONLY separate muscle on ONE SIDE of the cat. The other side will be used for deep

muscle dissections.

Blunt dissection – Using a blunt probe, forceps, or your fingers tease away the CT between adjacent muscles.

Reverse scissor technique – Insert the tip of closed scissors into the CT boundary and then open the scissors to

separate.

Transection – ONLY used to remove superficial muscles for viewing the deep muscles below.

→ Separate the free edge of the muscle from the surrounding CT.

→ Slide a blunt probe beneath the mid-region of the muscle so that the probe is perpendicular to the direction

of the muscle. Cut the muscle with scissors along the line of the probe.

SUPERFICIAL MUSCLES OF THE BACK

SPECIMEN MUSCLE FEATURES TO LOOK FOR

HUMAN Trapezius Large trapezoid-shaped muscle covering the neck and upper back area.

CAT ONLY

Clavotrapezius Anterior. Superficial muscle coving the dorsum of the neck. There is a slight

constriction at the base of the neck on the ventral side.

Acromiotrapezius Posterior to acromiotrapezius, a square-shaped muscle that originates at the

vertebrae and inserts on the spine of the scapula

Spinotrapezius Most posterior. Triangle shaped that originates from the vertebrae and inserts on the

spine of the scapula

HUMAN &

CAT Latissimus dorsi

Posterior and deep to the spinotrapezius on the dorsal surface. It crosses the shoulder

medial to the humerus and inserts at the humerus.

Using a blunt probe to separate the lateral edge of the spinotrapezius from the

Latissimus dorsi. Use reverse scissor technique to separate the lateral border of the

LD from the ventral musculature.

HUMAN Deltoid Originates on the clavicle and scapula and inserts on the upper limb. Look for a

triangular shaped muscle on the lateral aspect of the shoulder

CAT ONLY

Clavodeltoid Covers the cranial surface of the humerus and inserts on the proximal ulna.

Acromiodeltoid Small triangular muscle just posterior to the clavodeltoid. Can be identified using

the cephalic vein as an indicator (if still present).

Spinodeltoid Posterior to the acromiodeltoid. Using a blunt probe separate the inferior border

from the triceps muscles.

DEEP MUSCLES OF THE BACK

1. Slide a blunt probe beneath all three (3) trapezius muscles near the mid-dorsal line on the right side of your cat.

Use your finger or a reverse scissor technique to separate the trapezius muscles along the sagittal plane just

lateral to their origin from the spinous processes of the vertebrae. The acromiotrapezius muscle is very thin so

be careful not to damage the muscles under.

2. Transect the latissimus dorsi midway through the muscle, cutting perpendicular to the muscle fibers.

3. Reflect the muscles to expose the deep muscles of the back and scapula. Adduct the upper limbs to pull the

scapula away from the body wall.

SPECIMEN MUSCLE FEATURES TO LOOK FOR

HUMAN &

CAT

Rhomboideus

Deep to the acromiotrapezius. Look like individual strips the go between the medial

aspect of the scapula and vertebral column. This muscle is equivalent to the rhomboideus

major and minor in humans.

Supraspinatus Anterior to the spine of the scapula. Larger in cats than humans.

Infraspinatus Posterior to the spine of the scapula. Covered slightly by the spinodeltoid.

Teres minor Deep to the spinodeltoid. Attached to the posterior boarder of the scapula. May be

difficult to locate on the cat.

Subscapularis On the deep surface of the scapula

Teres major Attaches to the posterior surface of the scapula at the inferior angle and the anterior

surface of the humerus.

MASTICATION (CHEWING) & NECK MUSCLES

1. Place your cat ventral side up (dorsal on the tray).

Make sure that all the skin and superficial fascia is

cleaned from the neck and cheek areas of your cat.

Remove the cutaneous muscle (platysma) if you

have not done so already.

2. Clean any loose CT from the ventral neck and

inferior surface of the mandible.

3. Begin by finding the sternomatoid, which forms a

V that frames the neck. The cleidomatoid is deep

and you must clean the lateral edge of the

sternomatoid and cranial edge of the trapezius to

expose it.

Rotator

cuff

muscles

SPECIMEN MUSCLE FEATURES TO LOOK FOR

HUMAN Sternocleidomastoid Find the mastoid process and move your finger down over the neck to the sternum

and clavicle. Forms a V that frames the face.

CAT

Sternomastoid Forms a V that frames the face and is deep the jugular veins.

Cleidomastoid The cleidomatoid is deep and you must clean the lateral edge of the sternomatoid

and cranial edge of the trapezius to expose it.

HUMAN &

CAT

Sternohyoid and

sternothyroid

Longitudinal muscles on the medial, ventral surface of the trachea. Sternothyroid

muscles are also longitudinal and on the lateral, ventral surface.

Digastric Runs on the inferior edge of the body of the mandible. Creates a ^ under the chin.

Mylohyoid Run transverse along the neck, slightly deep to the digastric.

Masseter Large muscles on the lateral cheek.

Temporalis May not be visible on the cat.

FACIAL EXPRESSION MUSCULES

SPECIMEN MUSCLE FEATURES TO LOOK FOR

HUMAN

MODEL

ONLY

Epicranius / Occipitofrontalis Bipartite muscle that covers the skull by the epicranial aponeurosis

Frontal belly Covers the forehead and dome of the skull

Occipital belly Small muscles on the posterior of the skull. From the occipital bone

toward the temporal bone

Orbicularis oculi Surrounds the rim of the orbit

Orbicularis oris Circular muscle around the mouth

Zygomaticus (major & minor) Runs diagonally from the zygomatic bone to the corner of the mouth

Mentalis V-shaped muscle on the chin

Risorius Small muscle at the corner of the lip and runs inferior to the zygomaticus

SUPERFICIAL & DEEP MUSCLES OF THE CHEST & ABDOMIN

1. Look at the muscles along the ventral thorax and start by locating the boundaries between the four (4) muscles

that run transverse or diagonally from the sternum toward the upper limb. These muscles create a V-shape that

frames the chest on the cat.

2. Using the reverse scissor technique carefully separate each muscle at their natural boundaries.

3. On the opposite side, push the pectoralis muscles to expose the deeper muscles of the thoracic wall. To fully

observe these muscles, we will cut and reflect the pectoralis muscles. To do this cut along the mid-line of the

sternum where all four (4) muscles originate and reflect the muscles toward the insertion at the humerus. Do

not cut too deeply so that you can observe the rectus abdominis muscles.

SPECIMEN MUSCLE FEATURES TO LOOK FOR

CAT ONLY Pectoantebrachialis Thin muscle that is inferior to the clavodeltoid and runs transverse from the

sternum along the arm.

HUMAN &

CAT

Pectoralis major The triangular muscle inferior to the pectoantebrachialis. In cats this is

the smaller pectoralis muscle.

Pectoralis minor The rhombus-shaped muscle inferior to the pectoralis major. It runs

oblique and slightly deep. In cats this is the larger pectoralis muscle.

CAT ONLY Xiphihumeralis Inferior most muscle of the chest that runs from the xiphoid process

toward the humerus obliquely.

HUMAN &

CAT

Serratus ventralis (anterior) This is a large fan-shaped, or jagged muscle on the lateral thoracic wall

in the axillary region

Rectus abdominis Deep to the pectoralis muscles. Runs longitudinal from the pectoralis

minor to the pelvis

Linea alba (CT white line) Midventral CT line from the xiphihumeralis to the pelvis

SPECIMEN MUSCLE FEATURES TO LOOK FOR

HUMAN &

CAT

External intercostals (more

dorsal, toward the back)

Between the ribs toward the vertebrae (dorsal). Run obliquely from the

vertebrae toward the middle of the inferior rib.

Internal intercostals

(more ventral, toward the chest)

Between the ribs toward the sternum (ventral). Run obliquely from the

sternum toward the angle or head of the inferior rib.

External oblique

Superficial muscles to the abdomen. Fibers run oblique and appear to run

posterior-medial. Look for the V-shape framing the abdomen.

Use scissors to cut a small opening into the external oblique lateral to

the linea alba. This is a thin muscle so do not cut too deep. Then cut

transverse near the pectoralis muscles and pelvic muscles to reflex the

external oblique. Take care to separate this muscle from the internal

oblique and transverse abdominis muscle deep to it.

Internal oblique

Fibers run at a right angle to the external oblique. Fibers appear to run

anterior-medial.

Use scissors to longitudinally through the tendon of the internal oblique

where the fibers end. This will expose the deepest abdominis muscles.

Transverse abdominis Fibers run transverse across the abdomen.

MUSCLES OF THE ARM AND FOREARM

1. Place the cat on its right side on the dissection tray. You will be dissecting the left forelimb.

2. Start by cleaning the posterior edge of the spinodeltoid to separate it from the triceps brachii.

3. Separate the posterior forearm muscles by finding the CT boundaries and using a blunt probe to separate them.

SPECIMEN MUSCLE FEATURES TO LOOK FOR

HUMAN &

CAT

Triceps brachii

Long head

Medial head

Lateral head

Anconeus

Covers the posterior and lateral surface of the humerus.

→ covers the posterior surface of the humerus

→ small, and deep to the lateral head

→covers the lateral side of the humerus & is posterior to the long head

→small, triangular muscle distal to the medial head

Brachioradialis Thin, superficial muscle that runs from the brachial region toward the

radius.

Extensor carpi radialis longus

Extensor carpi radialis brevis

Runs from the carpals along the radius on the posterior surface, thumb

side (longus → closer to the brachioradialis & brevis→ small, under the

longus)

Extensor digitorum communis

Extensor digitorum lateralis

Runs from the digits on the posterior surface toward the elbow

(communis→ medial & lateralis → lateral)

Extensor carpi ulnaris Runs from the carpals to the elbow on the posterior surface,

Biceps brachii Deep to the pectoralis muscle and posterior to the clavodeltoid.

Brachialis Anterior to the lateral head of the triceps brachii & deep to the biceps

brachii

Coracobrachialis At the proximal head of the humerus. Smaller in cats than humans.

Pronator teres Small muscle that runs oblique from the elbow towards the thumb. Creates

a V-shape with the brachioradialis

Flexor carpi radialis Runs from the carpals along the radius on the anterior surface, thumb side

Palmaris longus Runs from the palm on the anterior surface toward the elbow joint

Flexor carpi ulnaris Runs from the carpals toward the elbow on the anterior surface.

MUSCLES OF THE HIP AND THIGH

1. Place the cat on the dissection tray ventral side down. You will be dissecting the dorsolateral surface of

the left hind limb.

2. Using scissors clean the dense CT that covers the gluteal muscles. Begin with the gluteus medius, which is the

larger of the two gluteal muscles in cats. Be careful as you work not to remove the tensor fascia lata, a thick

tendon that runs from the hip toward the knee.

3. On the same side, identify and separate the posterior muscles of the thigh (hamstring muscles). You should be

able to see the large sciatic nerve that runs deep to the biceps femoris. Transect the muscle at its insertion near

the tibia, and reflect it to see the other hamstring muscles that are on the medial aspect.

4. Flip the cat over (place ventral side down) to work on the posterior muscles of the same leg. If you are working

on a male cat, take care not to damage the spermatic cord that extends from the ventral body wall and scrotum.

The femoral artery, vein and nerve should be visible and mark the boundary between the anterior and medial

thigh muscles.

5. Identify and clean the sartorius, a wide and flat muscle that runs from the ilium toward the patella. Transect

this muscle near the tibia/patella insertion and reflect it to see the quadriceps muscles. Using a blunt probe

separate the quadriceps and transect the rectus femoris to observe the vastus intermedius below it.

6. Locate the gracilis, the medial thigh muscle that is wide and runs from the pubic symphysis toward the tibia.

Clean its free border and transect the muscle near the tibia to reflect the muscle. Clean and separate the

adductor muscles and pectineus.

SPECIMEN MUSCLE FEATURES TO LOOK FOR

HUMAN &

CAT

Gluteus medius Large, round muscle high on the hip. This muscle is larger in cats than the

gluteus maximus

Gluteus maximus Posterior and superficial to the gluteus medius.

Caudofemoralis Thin muscle between the gluteus maximus and bicep femoris

Tensor fasciae latae Triangular muscle that is ventral to the gluteus medius. It has a broad tendon

that covers the lateral surface of the thigh; the iliotibial tract in humans.

Biceps femoris Large muscle on the lateral surface of the thigh

Semimembranosus Deep to the biceps femoris and runs from the ischium toward the medial

aspect of the femur and tibia.

Semitendinosus Deep to the biceps femoris. Strap-like muscle that runs from the ischium

toward the medial aspect of the tibia.

Sartorius Thin and wide, superficial muscle. Extends from the ilium toward the

patella, crossing over the medial aspect of the thigh

Vastus medialis Medial head of the quadriceps muscles.

Rectus femoris Lateral to the vastus medialis

Vastus intermedius Deep to the rectus femoris muscle

Vastus lateralis Lateral to the rectus femoris muscl

Iliopsoas Viewable only near the muscle insertion at the proximal thigh. Using a

probe move the femoral artery to see the small muscle.

Gracilis Thin and wide, superficial muscle that is posterior the sartorious

Adductor femoris (magnus) Large, triangular muscle deep to the gracilis

Adductor longus

Small muscle between the pectineus and adductor femoris

Pectineus Extremely small muscle that is anterior to the adductor longus. Should be

near the femoral vessels. It is easily torn, so probe carefully to expose it.

MUSCLES OF THE LEG

1. Your cat should still be ventral side should still be down. Separate the muscles of the leg at their

natural boundaries using a blunt probe.

2. Flip your cat to be on the dorsal surface to locate the anterior and lateral muscles.

SPECIMEN MUSCLE FEATURES TO LOOK FOR

HUMAN &

CAT

Gastrocnemius Posterior and large, superficial muscle.

Plantaris This muscle is a thin strip between the gastrocnemius and soleus.

Soleus Deep to the gastrocnemius. Easily viewed on the lateral side.

Flexor digitorum longus Along the tibia on the medial side of the leg.

Flexor hallucis longus Lateral to the flexor digitorum longus

Tibialis posterior Deep to the flexor digitorum longus

Fibularis longus

Fibularis brevis Originate on the fibula and insert on the metatarsals

Tibialis anterior Covers the lateral surface of the tibia

Extensor digitorum longus Lateral to the tibialis anterior

Biology 20 Lab Practicum 2 Coverage

Lab Topics (75-80pts) - Several stations will be set up for you to view specimens or models and answer questions. This is NOT a multiple-choice test, and spelling counts! 1. Nervous System Anatomy 2. Skeletal System Anatomy 3. Skeletal Muscular Anatomy

Check each of the lab handouts provided for a complete list of anatomical structures that you need to be able to recognize from dissection specimens and/or class models. Pictures WILL NOT be on the Exam so it is important that you interact with the specimens and models during lab. Do not assume that you will be able to recognize structures from pictures you take or that are provided in a book.

Some of the following muscles may be on the EXAM using pictures or models since these muscles are difficult to observe on Cats or Models available in class.

HEART ANATOMY

OBJECTIVES:

1. Observe, identify and describe the principle structures of the sheep’s heart or human heart model.

2. Relate the structures of the heart to their functions.

BACKGROUND

Read Ch. 18 of the textbook and pay particular attention to the section about the functional anatomy of the heart

and blood vessels.

MATERIALS

You will need personal protective equipment and dissection equipment for preserved specimens.

ACTIVITY

You will be supplied with preserved sheep heart specimens to observe and dissect. If preserved specimens are

not available then human heart models will be observed instead. Use the images below and from the textbook

as a map to guide you. Make notes emphasizing details that will help you recognize each tissue or structure,

its location, and function.

STRUCTURES ON THE HUMAN HEART MODEL and SHEEP HEART

HEART STRUCTURES 4) Apex 5) Anterior longitudinal sulcus 6) Auricle (R & L) 7) Tricuspid valve 8) Mitral valve (bicuspid valve) 9) Right atrium 10) Left atrium 11) Right ventricle 12) Left ventricle 13) Interventricular septum (IV septum) 14) Papillary muscles 15) Trabeculae carni 16) Aortic semilunar valve 17) Pulmonary semilunar valve 18) Chordae tendineae

TISSUE LAYERS OF THE HEART 1) Visceral pericardium 2) Myocardium 3) Endocardium

BLOOD VESSELS of the HEART 1) Aorta (red)

a. Ascending, arch, and descending 2) Pulmonary trunk (blue) 3) Pulmonary veins (red; there are four) 4) Pulmonary arteries (blue) 5) Right coronary artery 6) Left coronary artery 7) Circumflex artery 8) Coronary sinus 9) Posterior interventricular artery 10) Anterior interventricular artery 11) Brachiocephalic artery 12) Left common carotid 13) Left subclavian artery 14) Superior vena cava 15) Inferior vena cava 16) Great cardiac vein 17) Small cardiac vein 18) Anterior cardiac vein 19) Middle cardiac vein

BLOOD VESSEL ANATOMY

OBJECTIVES:

1. Locate and identify the major blood vessels.

2. Understand how blood circulates around the body.

BACKGROUND

Read Ch. 19 of the textbook and pay particular attention to the section about the functional anatomy of the heart.

ACTIVITY

You will examine major human blood vessels on the images supplied below. In addition, we will examine

several major blood vessels in our cat dissection.

VEINS TO KNOW ON THE HUMAN ARTERIES TO KNOW ON THE HUMAN

NOTE:

• There are three types of jugular veins and three types of iliac veins. Do not just write “jugular” or “iliac” on the test!

• There are three types of carotid arteries and three types of iliac arteries. Do not just write “carotid” on the test!

• There are three parts to the aorta Do not just write “aorta” on the test!

1) Superior Vena Cava 2) Inferior Vena Cava 3) Brachiocephalic 4) Subclavian 5) Axillary 6) Brachial 7) Cephalic 8) Basilic 9) External Jugular 10) Internal Jugular 11) Maxillary 12) Facial 13) Vertebral 14) Suprascapular 15) Subscapular 16) Internal Thoracic (Mammary) 17) Azygous 18) Common Iliac 19) External Iliac 20) Internal iliac 21) Femoral 22) Deep Femoral 23) Renal 24) Suprarenal 25) Gonadal (testicular or ovarian) 26) Lumbar 27) Middle Sacral 28) Popliteal 29) Great Saphenous 30) Radial 31) Ulnar 32) Median cubital

33) External Iliac 34) Common Iliac 35) Internal Iliac 36) Middle Sacral 37) Femoral 38) Deep Femoral 39) Popliteal 40) Radial 41) Ulnar 42) Anterior tibial 43) Posterior tibial 44) Dorsalis pedis

45) Aortic arch 46) Brachiocephalic 47) Common Carotid 48) External Carotid 49) Internal Carotid 50) Maxillary 51) Facial 52) Vertebral 53) Subclavian 54) Axillary 55) Brachial 56) Suprascapular 57) Subscapular 58) Internal Thoracic (Mammary) 59) Thoracic Aorta 60) Posterior Intercostal 61) Abdominal Aorta 62) Celiac Trunk 63) Gastric 64) Hepatic 65) Splenic 66) Superior Mesenteric 67) Inferior Mesenteric 68) Suprarenal 69) Renal 70) Gonadal (testicular or ovarian) 71) Lumbar

CAT BLOOD VESSEL ANATOMY

OBJECTIVES:

3. Locate and identify the major blood vessels.

4. Understand how blood circulates around the body.

BACKGROUND

Read Ch. 19 of the textbook and pay particular attention to the section about the functional anatomy of the heart.

MATERIALS

You will need personal protective equipment and dissection equipment for preserved specimens.

ACTIVITY

You will examine major human blood vessels on the images supplied below. In addition, we will examine

several major blood vessels in our cat dissection.

VEINS TO KNOW ON THE CAT ARTERIES TO KNOW ON THE CAT

** Numbers above correspond to the numbers on the CAT images on the following pages.

1- Inferior Vena Cava 2- Superior Vena Cava 3- Brachiocephalic 4- Subclavian 5- Axillary 6- Brachial 9- External Jugular 23- Renal 18- Common Iliac (no artery in cat) 21- Femoral

33- Aortic arch 3- Brachiocephalic 4- Subclavian 5- Axillary 6- Brachial 34- Common Carotid 37- Thoracic Aorta 39- Abdominal Aorta 42- Celiac trunk 23- Renal 19- External Iliac 21- Femoral Pulmonary artery (blue)

NOTE: 1. There are three types of jugular veins and three types of iliac veins in the cat. Do not just write “jugular”

or “iliac” on the test! 2. There are three types of carotid arteries and three types of iliac arteries. Do not just write “carotid” or

“iliac” on the test! 3. There are three types of aorta: aortic arch, thoracic aorta, and abdominal aorta. Do not just write “aorta”

on the test!

CAT DISSECTION – ORGAN SYSTEMS

OBJECTIVES:

1. Observe, identify and describe the organs and structures of the body systems using cats and human models

2. Relate the organs and structures of the body systems to their functions.

BACKGROUND

Read each corresponding chapter of the textbook and pay particular attention to the anatomy and general functions

of the various organs and organ systems of the body.

MATERIALS

You will need personal protective equipment and dissection equipment for preserved specimens.

ACTIVITY

You will be supplied with preserved cats to observe and dissect. If preserved specimens are not available then

human models will be observed instead. Use the table below to find all the body system organs and review

their general functions. Make sure to observe all the cats

*Also, be able to identify ALL organs and parts on the human models provided in class.

Respiratory system:

1. Nares

2. Larynx

a. Epiglottis & Thyroid cartilage

3. Trachea

4. Primary bronchi

5. Diaphragm

6. Right and left lungs

a. Anterior, middle and posterior lobes

Lymphatic system:

7. Spleen

8. Thymus

Endocrine System:

9. Thyroid

10. Adrenal glands

11. Pancreas

Urinary system:

12. Kidney

a. Renal pelvis, medulla and cortex

13. Ureter

14. Urinary bladder

15. Urethra

Reproductive system:

FEMALE CAT

16. Ovary

17. Uterine (fallopian) tubes

18. Uterine Horns (Uterus in humans)

19. Broad ligament

20. Vagina

MALE CAT

21. Penis & Scrotum

22. Spermatic cord (Note: the ductus deferens +

blood vessels + nerves that are bundled together)

23. Testis and Epididymis

Cardiovascular System:

24. Heart

a. R/L atrium

b. R/L ventricle

Digestive system:

25. Tongue & teeth

26. Salivary glands

a. Submandibular and Parotid

27. Esophagus

28. Liver

b. Right medial lobe, right lateral lobe left

medial lobe, left lateral lobe

c. Falciform ligament

d. Right, Left and common hepatic duct

e. Common bile duct

29. Gallbladder

f. Cystic duct

30. Stomach

g. Gastric Rugae

h. Greater and lesser curvature

i. Fundus, cardiac, body and pyloris

j. Pyloric sphincter

31. Greater and lesser omentum

32. Mesentery

33. Small intestine

k. Duodenum

l. Jejunum

m. Ilium and Ileoceal valve

34. Large intestine:

n. Cecum

o. Ascending, transverse, descending and

sigmoid colon

p. Rectum

Biology 20 Lab Practicum 3 Coverage Lab Topics (90-100pts) - Several stations will be set up for you to view specimens or models and answer questions. This is NOT a multiple-choice test, and spelling counts! 6. Heart (sheep & models) 7. Blood vessels (cat & human)

a. Human blood vessels pictures may be used 8. Organ systems (cat & models)

Check each of the lab handouts provided for a complete list of anatomical structures that you need to be able to recognize from dissection specimens and/or class models. Pictures MAY NOT be on the Exam so it is important that you interact with the specimens and models during lab. Do not assume that you will be able to recognize structures from pictures you take or that are provided in a book.