biology
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Biology. Specialized Cells. Content Standard 6.1. Specialized cells enable organisms to monitor what is going on in the world around them. Homeostasis. stable internal conditions. stable internal conditions. Several body systems adjust to maintain these stable conditions. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
Content Standard 6.1
Specialized cells enable organismsto monitor what is going on in the world around them.
Several body systemsadjust to maintainthese stable conditions.
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Homeostasis - 6 min
Movement of water through the cellmembrane.
Tonicity - 3 min
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In an isotonic solution,water concentration isthe same inside andoutside the cell.
This is theideal conditionfor living cells.
In a hypotonic solution,water concentration isgreater outside the cellthan inside the cell.
Water willmove intothe cell.
In a hypertonic solution,water concentration isgreater inside the cellthan outside the cell.
Water willmove out of the cell.
The shrinking of a cell as water moves out by osmosis.
Normal plant cell
vacuoles contain water
Water beginningto move out of cell.
vacuoles begin to shrinkand cell membranebegins to pull away fromthe cell wall
Most of the waterhas moved outof the cell.
empty spacecell membrane
Nervous system - 5 min
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TheCentral
Nervous System,
CNS
ThePeripheral Nervous System,
PNS
Central Nervous System,CNS
1 - cerebrum2 - brainstem3 - cerebellum4 - spinal cord
Brain
Peripheral Nervous System, PNS
Nerves that connect the CNSto the rest of the body.
B1 - Somatic Nervous System
Controls voluntary movementof the skeletal muscles.
B2 - Autonomic Nervous System
Controls involuntary actionsof the body.
There are more than10 Billion nerve cellsin the human body.
Nerve Cells
Nerve Cells - 5 min
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The ThreeParts of aNeuron
Cell body structuresare the same asregular cells.
Carry signalstoward thecell body.
Carries signalsaway from thecell body.
Most neurons haveseveral dendrites...
but only one axon.
This gap is bridged by chemicals calledneurotransmitters.
1. Resting state -
the neuron is not conducting impulse.
2. Depolarization -
The neuron is stimulated. Sodium ions, Na+, move into the cell.
3. Repolarization -
Potassium ions, K+, move out of the cell to balance the charge.
4. Travel -
A wave of charge changesmoves across the cell.
5. Transmission -
Neurotransmitters are thechemical messengers thatbridge the synapse.
6. Refractory period -
The time it takes a neuron to return to its resting potential after being stimulated.
The refractory periodfor humans is4/1000 of a second.
120meters/sec
1/2
meter/sec
120meters/sec
1/2
meter/sec
The Brain - 10 min
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Contains about 1 x 1011 neurons
Makes up about 2% of your body weight
Uses 20% of your body’s oxygen
The Cerebrum contains 75% of your neurons.
Reasoning, speech,movement, and emotions
Touch, pressure,temperature, and pain
Vision
Hearing and memory
Controls muscle coordinationand balance
Midbrain controlsreflexes and pupil size
Midbrain
Pons relays signals betweencerebrum & cerebellum
Pons
Medulla controls heart and breathing rate
Medulla
There are31 pairs of
Spinal Nerves
C 1-7
T 1-12
L 1-5
S 1-5
There are 12 pairs of Cranial Nerves
Sensory Nervesof the PNS
cover all partsof the body.
Concentration of sense organs at the “front” of an organism.
What is the advantage of cephalization?
Traumatic Brain Injuries
Degenerative Brain Diseases
Concussion
occurs when small braincapillaries are broken,a brain bruise.
Contusion
the result of marked tissue damage.
Cerebral Edema
swelling of the brain due to injury.
CerebrovascularAccidents - CVAs
commonly called strokes, occur when blood circulation to an area of the brain is blocked.
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Stroke - 6 min
Temporary brain ischemia,restriction of blood flow, is called a transient ischemic attack, TIA.
Alzeimer’s disease
a progressive degenerativedisease of the brain thateventually results in dementia,mental deterioration.
Any one spot onthe skin cannot"feel" every sensation.
There are even spots on the skin that have NO sensory receptors.
Touch - 3 min
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How many differenttastes are there?
How many differenttastes are there?
Taste - 1 min
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How many differenttastes are there?
There are FIVE tastes.
Salty - Na+
Sour - H+
Sweet - organic molecules
Bitter - Quinine
Umami - glutamate (MSG)
Umami is Japanese for "wonderful taste",
it is the opposite of bitter.
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"savory"
Of the approximately 10,000 taste buds, MOST are locatedon the tongue.
However, a few are found on the soft palate and the innersurface of the cheeks.
Current researchshows that tastebuds of all kinds arescattered acrossthe tongue surface.
Bitter (base) - 0.000008 M
Sour (acid) - 0.0009 MSalt & Sugar - 0.01 M
Threshold Taste Concentrations
Bitter (base) - 0.000008 M
Sour (acid) - 0.0009 MSalt & Sugar - 0.01 M
Why do we havesuch good receptorsfor bitter??
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Most poisonshave a
bitter taste.
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Smell - 1 min
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1000s of olfactoryreceptors occupya postage stampsized area in theroof of eachnasal cavity.
Hundreds ofdifferent odorantsare interpretedas the “fingerprint”for a particular odor.
Most of what we call "flavor"actually comes from the odorsthat reach the nasal passagesat the back of the throat.
Why are some "perfumes" cheap, while others arevery expensive?
It all depends on"staying power"
3-methyl-1-butanethiol
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3-MBT
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A. CarotidB. RadialC. BrachialD. AorticE. AbdominalF. FemoralG. Popliteal
7 Arterial Pulse Points
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Sound occurswhen a movingor vibratingobject causesthe air aroundit to move.
Bones of the middle ear
Malleus(hammer)
Incus(anvil)
Stapes(stirrup)
The smallest bones in the body
Hearing - 6 min
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A Penrose triangleis an impossible object.
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There are NO curved lines on this drawing.
Count The Black Dots
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Squares A and B are BOTH this shade of grey.
The green and blue on this drawingare the SAMEcolor.
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Which way is the wheel turning?
You can see nearly 8 milliondifferent colors
Blinking causes your eyes to beclosed about30 minutesevery day.
Properties of vision - 4 min
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Close your left and eye and focus your right eye on the tiny cross. At some point the big circle will disappear as it crosses your 'blind spot'.
Rods and Cones are the receptor cells for vision
Rods function in low lightand do not detect color.
Rods detect motion butdo not provide sharp detail.
Cones function in bright light and detect color.
Cones provide sharp detail butare not as responsive to motion.
How can scientists saywith confidence that most mammals arecolorblind?
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It's all about the CONES.
Full color vision requires
three
types ofcone cells.
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S cones respond to short wavelengths of light.
M cones respond to medium wavelengths of light.
L cones respond to long wavelengths of light.
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Humans have about 5 millioncone cells and about90 million rod cellsin each eye.
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Humans, apes, most old world monkeys, ground squirrels, and many species of fish, birds, and insects have well-developed color vision,(3 cone types).
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Mammals with limited color vision include mice, rats, rabbits, cats, and dogs.
These mammalshave only TWOtypes of cones.
Trichromatic
Vision
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DichromaticVision
WhatWeSee
WhatDogSees
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Monochromatic Vision
WhatBullSees
Tetrachromatic, or even
Pentachromatic Vision
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Whatdoes that
mean?
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Nocturnal animals - such as foxes,skunks, and raccoons - whose vision is specialized for dim light seldom have good color vision.
Owls seem to be an exception.
Bees have trichromatic vision,
which is insensitive to red
but sensitive in ultraviolet to
a color called
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Plants - 13 min
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Early plant scientists observed these movements, but could not explain the
mechanism causing them.
Today, we know these growth responses are
caused by hormones.
Stimulates cell elongation
Stimulates shoot elongation
Tropisms are caused by growth hormones.
Phototropisma growth response to light
Solar tracking is a hydroscopic movement of leaves or flowers as they follow the sun's movement across the sky.
Thigmotropism allows vines to climb.
Thigmotropisma growth response to
contact with a solid object
Roots are positively gravitropic, growing downward.
Gravitropisma growth response to gravity
Stems are negatively gravitropic, growing upward.
Gravitropisma growth response to gravity
Chemotropisma response to chemicals
Most plants have a positive response to water - growing toward it.
Hydrotropisma response to water
are NOT tropisms.
They are fast movements due to changes inwater pressure
Hydroscopic Movements