biology and feeding behaviour iran

8/13/2019 Biology and Feeding Behaviour Iran

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ournal of Insect Science: Vol. 10 | Tavadjoh et

Journal of Insect Science | 1

Biology and feeding behaviour of ladybird,Clitostethus arcuatus, the predator of theash whitefly, Siphoninusphillyreae, in Farsprovince, Iran

. Tavadjoh1! ". "a#$eh$arghani2%! ". Ale#ansoor&! J.

'halghani( and A.Vi)ra#*

1+e,art#ent of -nto#olog! Science and /esearch a#,us of Isla#ic A$ad niversit!Tehran! Iran 1(1**

(3&&2+e,art#ent of 4lant 4rotection! Shira$ niversit! 5adjgah!Iran! 61(((7*187&/esearch enter of 9atural /esources and Ani#al "usandr of ;ars ,rovince Shira$!Iran 61***716 and for#er facult of /esearch enter of 9atural /esources and Ani#al"usandr of ;ars ,rovince Shira$! Iran61***716(-vin 4lant +isease and 4est /esearch Institute!


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ournalof Insect Science: Vol. 10 | Tavadjoh et

www .in s e ctscien c e . o r g 2

$arghan i sh ira$u .ac.ir! %orres,onding author AssociateEditor:


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www .in s e ctscien c e . o r g &

ournal of Insect Science: Vol. 10 | Tavadjoh et

Introduction

hiteflies feed heaily on plant sap and

produce stic/y honeydew. Ash whitefly(Siphoninus phillyreae) (Halliday)

(Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) is a small white

sap suc/ing insect that occurs in both

temperate and 0editerranean climates.

1ymphs and adults of this pest cause

economic damage on the host plants mainly

by feeding on plant sap from late 0ay to

mid ecember (Alemansoor and

2allah3adeh #44"). !he highest population

density of this pest occurs on ash trees, butmore than seenteen other host plants

(including apple, pears, apricot, acer, and

plum) are reported under its host range in

2ars -roince of Iran (Alemansoor and

2allah3adeh #44"). It can also be found on

many small trees and shrubs during

outbrea/s (Caon and de 5arro +666). Heay

infestations of S. phillyreae can cause stress

to apple and pear trees, resulting in

premature leaf drop, wilting, and smallerfruit si3e in 7urope (Caon and de 5arro

+666). 8utbrea/s of S. phillyreae fre9uently

occur when their natural enemies hae been

disturbed or destroyed by pesticides or

other factors (2lint #44#).

S. phillyreae has seeral natural enemies

that can control its population to leels

under the economic threshold. !hese

natural enemies include predators such asClitostethus arcuatus (Rossi) (Coleoptrea:

Coccinellidae), Menochilus spp., and

Scymnus pallidivestis and parasites such as

Coccophagus eleaphilus, Encarsia gautieri,

Encarsia inaron, Encarsia partenopea,

Encarsia siphonini, Encarsia

pseudopartenopea Eretmocerus siphonini,

and Eretmocerus corni (1guyen and

Hamon Aas #444).

Among arious parasitoids, predators and

pathogens reported on S. phillyreae, the

ladybird beetles hae long been used as

biological control agents (8nillon +664

8bryc/i and ;ring +66'). In their recent

studies, Alemansoor and 2allah3adeh

(#44") reported C. arcuatus as a good

candidate for controlling the pest in 2ars.

!his ladybird beetle belongs to the

subfamily ), -ortugal (0agalhaes +6'4), Africa

(2ursch +6'$), Italy (?argani +664), the

=) (2igure +).

!he predator prefers Aleyrodid species

(0ills +6'+) and has been used to control S.

phillyreae in California. It preys on other

species of Homoptera (5untin and !ama/i

+6'4) including Trialeurodes

vaporariorum, Bemisia tabaci (?erling et

al. #44+),Dialeurodes citri (Age/yan +6$$

5asiri et al. #44"), Aleurotrahelus jelinekii

(0ills +6'+), and Aleurodes proletella

(5athon and -ietr3i/ +6'). In addition it

also feeds on the eggs of Tetranychus

urticae (Biotta et al. #44&) as well as aphids

(?erling et al. #44+).
http://www.insectscience.org/http://www.insectscience.org/http://www.insectscience.org/http://www.insectscience.org/


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A decline in the population of S. phillyreae

was obsered in all locations in 7gypt after

the release of the predator C. arcuatus. !he

population of C. arcuatus increased in all

eperiments following its release (Abd*Rabou #44). !he population of C.

arcuatus spread oer a wider area all the

way from the northwest of Iran to coastal

lines of -ersian ?ulf. 5athon and -ietr3i/

(+6') reported the coloni3ation of the

predator in the warmest regions of Central

7urope. Although C. arcuatus is widely

distributed in Iran, only a few studies hae

been conducted on the biology of this

predator. !he obectie of this study was toinestigate the biology and feeding

behaiour of C. arcuatus as one of the

potentially important biological control

agents of S. phillyreae.

"aterials and"ethods

Rearing of C. arcuatus

Adults of the whitefly S. phillyreae werecollected from trees in nature, and a stand

of &4 young ash trees in + mm polystyrene

-etri dishes under laboratory conditions.

!he predators were additionally fed with

syrup of honey made by adding one

teaspoonful of honey in +44 ml water.

Rearing containers were /ept under

laboratory conditions at #$ D +E C, &' D #%RH, and a photoperiod of +:' B:

photoperiod.

Biological studies conducted in the

laboratory


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Figure #$ +istriution of Clitostethu. arcuatus in Iran. "igh >ualit figures are availale online.


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dishes to estimate the egg to adult mortality

rate. !he incubation period of the eggs and

the lifetime of different laral stages, pre*

pupae, pupae, and the adults were also

recorded, with a difference for the latter inwhich only si pairs of adults were used.

!he mean duration of & pre*copulation

times (the time between emergence of the

adults and their first copulation) were

recorded for twele pairs of C. arcuatus.

!he time re9uired for a copulated female to

lay her eggs was also determined. 8ne

hundred pupae were collected from ash

trees, and the number of males and females

were recorded to determine the se ratio.

Biological studies conducted in the field


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&rowth "ini'u' "a*i'u' "ean+E" "ortality

-gg & ( &.66F0.06 2.7

1st larva 2 & 2.(3F0.03 7.2

2nd larva & ( &.(7F0.03 *

&rd larva & ( &.&(F0.08 2.6

(th larva ( * (.27F0.08 1.2

4re,u,a 1 2 1.27F0.08 0.*

4u,a & ( &.83F0.07 2.6

-gg to Adult 16 21 13.07F0.16 22.6

;e#ale longevit 60 66 6&.*F1.07

min (between 6:">

and +4:44 am) eery wee/ from spring until

late autumn in order to estimate the

population density. !he area around the

host plants that were used for the fieldeperiments was chec/ed during winter to

determine C. arcuatus hibernation sites.

Feeding behaviour of C. arcuatus

aily and the oerall feeding of each actie

stage (laral and adult) of C. arcuatus were

measured by placing #4 newly emergent

samples of each stage in separate -etri

dishes. !en adults were randomly selected

and placed in separate -etri dishes toinestigate staration tolerance and daily

mortality of C. arcuatus adults. aily

obserations were recorded from each adult

without feeding them. !o study the feeding

behaiour, +> adults were randomly

selected from a population of C. arcuatus

that had preiously been stared for #"

hours and then eposed to +#4 S. phillyreae

eggs as a food supply. D 4.+, &.> D 4.+, &." D 4.+, ".& D 4.+),

and &.6 D 4.+ days, respectiely (!able #).

!he adults of C. arcuatus suried for #*

$& days, and the predator lifetime underlaboratory conditions was +6.+ D 4.# days.

!he highest mortality rate was recorded for

the first laral instar (.#%) and the

mortality from egg to adult was ##.$%

(!able #). -re*copulation time aeraged &.'

days, and the mean length of copulation

time was $.+ minutes. !he results showed

that the mated females laid their eggs after

+.' D 4.& days. !he females laid their eggs

indiidually on the lower side of the leafsurface among S. phillyreae eggs. !he C.

-able #$ +ail ovi,osition and total eggs of Clitostethus arcuatus ,er fe#ale at 26F1G CSEM:

Replication"ini'u'daily

"a*i'u'daily

.ailyoviposition

-otaleggs per

1 1 7 2.26F0.26 18*

2 1 ( 2.06F0.27 160

& 2 * 2.&6F0.26 13&

( 1 * 2.26F0.23 180

* 2 7 2.(&F0.27 136

7 1 ( 2.1&F0.20 177


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Replicatio"ini'u'

daily"a*i'u'

daily.aily

oviposition-otal eggs

per

1 2 7 2.86F0.(7 136

2 2 ( 2.(6F0.(* 181& 1 * 2.68F0.(7 20(

( 1 7 2.86F0.(8 132

* 1 & 2.*3F0.(* 208

7 2 ( 2.7&F0.&3 166


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0adybird

active

"ini'u'

daily

"a*i'u'

daily

.aily feeding

("ean+E")

-otal

feeding("ean+E

1st larva & 27 12F2. 27F0.7

2nd larva 1( (3 &2F&. *1F2.&

&rd larva 26 6* (3F*. 6*F(.2

(th larva 28 10* 78F8. 106F(.8

min aftereclosion of the first laral instar, and the

adults can consume an egg in +>*#4 s.

1ewly hatched +st

instar C. arcuatus larae

were relatiely immobile and fed on S.

phillyreae eggs and nymphs oer a limited

leaf surface area. !he #nd

, &rd

and "th

laral

instars of C. arcuatus moed rapidly on the

leaf surface and fed on all nymphal stages

of the host while showing a preference for

eggs. !otal feeding by lara of C. arcuatusamounted to #>6 D & S. phillyreae eggs !he

total number of eggs consumed by males

and females of C. arcuatus was #4#" D &6

and "4#& D $", respectiely (!able >).

!he adults of C. arcuatus suried

staration for a maimum period of " days.

!he greatest loss of adult C. arcuatus due to

staration occurred in the second day

(2igure "). !o assess feeding rate of thepredator, +> adult C. arcuatus were

randomly selected from a population that

had preiously been stared for #" hours

and eposed to +#4 S. phillyreae eggs as a

food supply. !he consumption of eggs was

recorded hourly for the first h after

feeding and again at +# h, +' h, and #" h

after feeding. !he results showed thathighest and lowest feeding actiity occurred

in the #nd

and >th

hours, respectiely. !here

was a sharp increase in feeding in the #nd

hour after feeding followed by a steady

decline until the >th

hour where the feeding

rate dropped to its minimum and began to

increase slowly to reach to a second smaller

pea/ at +# hours after feeding, which was

followed by a less steep increase. !he

differences obsered between feeding ratesof stared predators at different hours after

feeding were highly significant (2igure >).

.iscussion

5iological studies on C. arcuatus showed

that the mean duration of egg deelopment,

laral and pupal stages were &.', ++." and

&.6 days, respectiely. 7gg incubation timewas relatiely shorter than the alue

reported by Age/yan (+6$$), which might

be attributed to the fact that the host

Dialeurodes citri, was different. 2rom our

-able 1. The longevit CdaD and #ortalit CHD of different growth stages of Clitostethus arcuatusunder field conditionsCSEM: Standard -rror of


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studies C. arcuatus adults suried for #*

$& days on S. phillyreae eggs, which is

considerably lower than the surial of C.

arcuatus on Aleurodes proletella, which

was reported to be approimately +>4 days(Biotta +6'+). !he longeity of females ($&

days) is was higher than males (# days),

which is consistent with the results of other

studies (5ellows et al. +66#).

!he first laral instar had the highest

mortality rate, and the mortality of egg to

adult was ##.$%, which is consistent with

results from 5ellows et al. (+66#), who

reported egg to adult surial of $'%

(!able ). A higher mortality rate for the

first laral instar is conceiable because thisinstar is the most ulnerable stage for C.

arcuatus followed by the #nd

, &rd

and "th

instars. 0ortality of C. arcuatus stabili3es

after the #nd

instar. Immature instars of

higher stages surie aderse

enironmental conditions better and

accordingly hae a lower mortality rate.

Figure 1$ +ail losses in adults of Clitostethus arcuatus during the starvation ,eriod. Valuesare the #eans of four re,licatesE error ars re,resent standard error of the #ean. "igh>ualit figures are availale online.

Figure 2$ ;eeding ehaviour of Clitostethus arcuatus in a 2(h ,eriod. Values are the #eans offour re,licatesE error ars re,resent standard error of the #ean. "igh >ualit figures are availale


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online.


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Al3Alafet al$

Bellows

et al$ #55%

Bathon and

6ietr7i8,

Age8yan,#5;;

0iotta,#59#

6resen

t

9u#erofgeneratio

& ( (

@ength ofegg! larval!and ,u,alStages

*! 1&1(! (* Con

Dialeurodes &.8! 11.(!

9u#er ofeggs

consu#ed the

(((Con5e#isi

*((F183ConAleurodes , to 270

. days and that the aerage surial

ability of the females was '# days. !he

results of the eperiments were produced

under laboratory conditions (#$ D +E C, &' D

#% RH and +:' B:) which was close to

the optimum temperature (#'.#E C) for the

deelopment, surial, and fertility of C.arcuatus reported by 5ellows et al. (+66#).

8ur studies reported a lower se ratio

(+:+.&') for C. arcuatus as compared to the

se ratio (+:+) reported by 5ellows et al.

(+66#).. In addition, the mean number of

eggs laid per day per female in present

eperiments was #.& D 4.&, with a total of

+'# D > eggs per female throughout its

entire lifetime, which is lower than the #4#eggs per day per female reported by

5ellows et al. (+66#) (!able ).

?enetic heterogeneity of the local

populations of C. arcuatus added to the

inherent demographic stochasticity of C.

arcuatus indiiduals and possibly the use of

S. phillyreae as prey may account for minor

inconsistencies between our results and

other findings. C. arcuatus is normallyactie for eight months, from April to

ecember, in the


13/15

A. proletella in central 7urope where each

lara consumes about >"" D +'6 eggs

during its lifetime (5athon and -ietr3i/

+6'). C. arcuatus larae are reported to

consume an aerage of """ whitefly eggson B. tabaci (Al*Alaf et al. #44+). 7ach

male and female consumes about #$." and

4.$ whitefly eggs per day, respectiely

(5athon and -ietr3i/ +6'). Age/yan

(+6$$) obsered that C. arcuatus has a

preference for eggs and +st

instar nymphs of

S. phillyreae. Bower consumption rates of

the eggs of B. tabaci (approimately """)

C. arcuatus larae (Al*Alaf et al. #44+)

may be accounted for by host differencesand differential egg consumptions by males

and females, which are #$." and 4.$ eggs

of A. proletella per day, respectiely

(5athon and -ietr3i/ +6'). 2urther

research on this will certainly be re9uired to

clarify the host effect on the biology and

feeding behaiour of C. arcuatus (!able ).

In this study, the laral and adult stages of

C. arcuatus showed cannibalisticbehaiour. !he larae fed on conspecific

eggs, younger instars, and een pupae,

while the adults fed mainly on the eggs.


14/15

Age/yan 1?. +6$$. Clitostethus arcuatus

Rossi (Coleoptera, Coccinellidae) * A

predator of citrus whitefly in Ad3haria.

Entomologicheskoe#$bo%renie >(+): &+*

&&.

Al*Alaf 1!, Ali AA, A*Adil ;0. #44+.

Integration of the I?R ApplaudJ

and the

predators, Clitostethus arcuatus (Rossi) and

$rius albidipennis Reut., for controlling the

whiteflyBemisia tabaci ?en. in Ira9.Arab

!ournal o" &lant &rotection +6(#): ++6*+#".

Alemansoor H, 2allah3adeh 0.#44".

5ioecology of ash whitefly Siphoninus

phillyreae (Halliday) (Hom. Aleyrodidae)

in the 2ars -roince, Iran.&ajouhesh#va#

Sa%andegi #: "*$4.

5asiri ?H, Allahyari 0, 2asihi 0!. #44".

-arsaitoids and predators of citrus

aleyrodids in south of Iran.pp. "",

-roceeding of the +th

Iranian -lant

-rotection Congress #' August*+

++*&".

5untin BA, !ama/i ?. +6'4. 5ionomic of

Scymnus marginicollis (Coloptera:

Coccinellidae). Canadian Entomologist

++#($): $>*'4.

Caon ?, e 5arro -.+666. Ash hitefly*A

1ew -est.)ursery *ndustry Association o"

Australia. Aailable from:

http:KKwww.ngia.com.auKpublicationLresour

cesK1-L-dfK1-L+666*4$.pdf.

elrio ?, 8rtu !7


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Biotta ?. +6'+. 8ssera3ioni bio*etologiche

su Clitostethus arcuatus (Rossi)

(Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) in .

Biotta ?, Agro A, -into 0B. #44&.

5iological control in citrus groes in the

last >4 years: !hree successful cases in

estern .Aleurothrius "loccosus(0as/.) in

biology and feeding behaviour iran

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