biology ch. 15 classification systems classification systems
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BiologyCh. 15
BiologyCh. 15
Classification
Systems
Classification
Systems
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CH.15 Classification SystemsCH.15 Classification SystemsTaxonomyTaxonomy:
- the science of classification
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I. Why Classify?I. Why Classify?A.A. Reasons for ClassifyingReasons for Classifying
1. Convenience
2. Communication
3. Studying and understanding
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B.Characteristics of Scientific Classification
B.Characteristics of Scientific Classification
1. Unique, universal name for organisms
2. Puts organisms into meaningful groups
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II. Biological Classification
II. Biological Classification
A.A. Aristotle:Aristotle:- devised first classification system- 2 kingdoms: Plants and
Animals- 2 problems:
1. superficial classification2. used common names
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B.Disadvantages of Common Names
1. Confusing
Puma concolorPuma concolor
- ex. mountain lion, cougar, puma, catamount, panther
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2. Misleading2. Misleading- ex. starfish, jellyfish, cuttlefish,
silverfish, crawfish
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2. Misleading2. Misleading- ex. starfish, jellyfish, cuttlefish,
silverfish, crawfish- none are
fish
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3. Language Problems3. Language Problems
- local names- names used by different
languages
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C. Carolus LinnaeusC. Carolus Linnaeus- developed
modern classification system
- Swedish
botanist
(1700’s)
- 2 important innovations:
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AnimaliaChordata
Mammalia
Carnivora
Canidae Canis
Canis lupus
KingdomPhylum
ClassOrder
FamilyGenusSpecies
1. Hierarchy of Classification Groupings
1. Hierarchy of Classification Groupings
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KingPhillip
comesoften
for ginger
snaps
AnimaliaChordata
Mammalia
Carnivora
Canidae Canis
lupus
KingdomPhylum
ClassOrder
FamilyGenusSpecies
1. Hierarchy of Classification Groupings
1. Hierarchy of Classification Groupings
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Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
FamilyGenus
Species
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- Order Carnivora
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2. Binomial Nomenclature2. Binomial Nomenclature
- two-word naming system: genus & species- gives a unique,
universal name for every species
Carolus Linnaeus
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Honey Bee
Apis pubescens, thorace subgriseo, abdomine fusco, pedibus posticis glabris, utrinque margine ciliatus
Apis mellifera
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a.Genus:a.Genus:- 1st word, small group- usually a Latin noun, capitalized
b.b.Species:Species:- 2nd word, particular type- Latin adjective, lower case
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c. Examples:c. Examples:- Homo sapiens humans- Tyrannosaurus rex
- Acer macrophyllum bigleaf maple- Acer rubrum red maple- Acer saccharum sugar maple
- Sequoia gigantum giant sequoia- Tsuga heterophyllum western
hemlock- Pseudotsuga menziesiiDouglas-fir
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TheTheTheThe
EndEndEndEnd
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III. Taxonomy TodayIII. Taxonomy Today- Classification systems
change constantly
- Taxonomists do not agree on how to classify organisms(lumpers vs. splitters)
- Species is the only "real" (natural) taxonomic grouping
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A. Taxonomy and EvolutionA. Taxonomy and Evolution
- taxonomy reflects evolutionary relationships
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Phylogeny of Bears
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
MYA
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- The greater the similarities in certain organic compounds, the more closely related organisms are.
- DNA, RNA, & certain common proteins can be compared between organisms.
B. Biochemical TaxonomyB. Biochemical Taxonomy
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Six Kingdom
s
IV. Six-Kingdom SystemIV. Six-Kingdom System
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Cell Cell Mode ofKingdom TypeNumberNutrition Examples
ArchaeaEubacteriaProtistaFungiPlantaeAnimalia
IV. Six-Kingdom SystemIV. Six-Kingdom System
P = Prokaryote, E = EukaryoteU = Unicellular, M = MulticellularA = Autotroph, H = Heterotroph
PPEEEE
UU
U/mM/uMM
H/AH/AH/AHAH
bacteriabacteria
algae, protozoa
mushrooms,
mold
trees, grassinsects, worms
humans
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Three Domai
ns
- A newer system
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