Biology EOC Review Name: ________________________________

Period: ______

1.01 Identify biological problems and questions that can be answered through scientific Investigations.

The Scientific Method:

1. List and describe the steps of the Scientific Method.

2. Why do many experiments make use of a control group? ____________________________

3. What are the characteristics of a good experiment? __________________________________________

4. What is the difference between an independent and dependent variable?

1.2 Design and conduct scientific investigations to answer biological questions.

5. You have measured the rate at which a fish breaths at various temperatures by counting the rate at which its gills open.

The data is below. Graph this data.

Breathing rate Temperature

19/min 5 deg C, 25/min 10 deg C, 30/min 20 deg C, 34/min 30 deg C,

37/min 35 deg C

6. What is the independent variable? The dependent variable?

7. What is the best type of graph for this data? Why?

8. What happens to breathing rate with increase in Temperature?

9. What would be a good control for this experiment?

10. How do you think the breathing rate was measured?

11. What do you think would happen if you raised the temperature even more?

12. Why would it be a bad idea to do this?

1.3 Formulate and revise scientific explanations and models of biological phenomena using logic and evidence to:

explain observations, make inferences and predictions, and explain the relationship between evidence and

explanation.

An experiment was done that measured the Effects of Nitrates on the Growth of Algae. Growth of algae was determined

by how well the water transmitted light. The less the light transmission than the greater the algae growth blocking the

transmission of light.

13. Looking at the graph what conclusions can you draw about algae growth and nitrates in the water?

14. What other data would you like to have?

15. What would you predict would happen if this same data was

gathered at the end of week 8?

16. Why do you think that nitrates have this effect on algae growth?

Biology EOC Review

Analyze the matter-energy relationships of living and non-living things:

1. What are the differences between living and non-living things: List the 8 characteristics of life:

2. What are the ways that living things get energy to live?

3. What are some of the ways that living things use energy?

4. What are some ways that cells maintain homeostasis?

5. How do biological materials respond to acids and bases? What is a buffer?

2.02 Investigate and describe the structure and function of cells including cell organelles, cell specialization, and

communication among cells within an organism.

Cell theory and Organelles.

6. What does the term “membrane bound organelles mean?” What cell type are they found in?

7. What are the three parts of cell theory?

The diagram below shows many proteins and other molecules embedded in a cell membrane.

8. What is the function of the cell membrane?

9. What are some of the functions of these

proteins and other molecules?

10. Put the following in order from smallest to largest:

Organ systems Cells Organs Tissues

___________ ___________ ___________ ___________

11. What is a feedback mechanism?

Biology EOC Review 12. Fill in this chart. Also give the letter or number of the part as seen in the diagrams below.

Cell Part and Letter Structure Description Function Letter/Number

Nucleus

Plasma Membrane

Cell wall

Mitochondria

Vacuoles

Chloroplasts

Ribosomes

13. Which cell is the plant cell (left or right)? _____________________________

14. Which structures are found only

in the plant cell?

_____________________________

15. Which structures are found only

in the animal cell?

_____________________________

2.03 Investigate and analyze the cell as a living system including: maintenance of homeostasis, movement of

materials into and out of cells, and energy use and release in biochemical reactions.

Explain what has happened in the diagram to the left.

16. Why did the large dark molecules NOT move to the left?

17. How is the semi-permeable membrane like a cell

membrane?

18. If the dark molecule is starch, where is the starch

concentration greatest (left or right)?

19. If the white molecule is water, where is the water concentration greatest at first?

20. In osmosis, water moves from an area of __________ to an area of _________ concentration. (higher/lower)

21. If the dark molecules could move, in what direction would they move? Why?

Biology EOC Review 22. In diffusion, molecules move from an area of ________ to an area of ________ concentration. (higher/lower)

23. Which way water will move in each of the following situations:

a. Salt inside the cell 65% and outside the cell 40%. ___________________________________

b. Sugar inside the cell 27% and outside 80%. ___________________________________

24. What is homeostasis?

25. How do cells maintain homeostasis? Consider pH, temperature, blood glucose, water balance

26. Comparison of active and passive transport

PASSIVE TRANPORT ACTIVE TRANSPORT

Requires energy?

Low to high concentration or

high to low concentration?

Examples

Energy use and release in biochemical reactions.

27. Use the following diagram to show where energy is released and where energy is used. Also use arrows on the lines

attached to the circles to indicate the direction of the energy.

28. How many phosphates? ATP? _________ ADP? ________ AMP? _________

29. What cellular process produces ATP?

30. What is ATP energy used for? (Page 202) Give examples.

2.05 Investigate and analyze the bioenergetic reactions: aerobic respiration, anaerobic respiration, and

photosynthesis.

31. What are the reactants and products for each of these?

Process Reactant Product Example?

Photosynthesis

Cellular Respiration

(Aerobic)

Cellular Respiration

(Anaerobic)

32. Which reaction makes the most ATP? ______________ What gas is the final electron acceptor? ________

33. How do factors such as pH, temperature, light and food availability affect these reactions?

34. Label the following molecules in these equations (water, glucose, oxygen, carbon dioxide,)

A)

B) + +

Biology EOC Review

35. Which of the above reactions is photosynthesis? (A or B) ________

36. Which of the above reactions is cellular respiration (aerobic)? (A or B?) ________

37. Which reaction(s) requires or stores energy?

38. Which reaction(s) release energy (ATP)?

39. Which reaction releases the most energy? ______________ Why?

40. Which reaction requires chlorophyll? _________________ What is the purpose of the chlorophyll?

41. Which reaction requires light? ________________ What is the light used for?

42. Which organisms carry out process A?

43. Which organisms carry out process B?

44. Which process uses chloroplasts in eukaryotes? ____________________________________

45. Which process uses mitochondria in eukaryotes? ____________________________________

46. Compare and contrast: Alcoholic Fermentation and Lactic Acid Fermentation. (# ATP, where it occurs)

2.4 Investigate & describe the structure & function of enzymes & explain their importance in biological systems.

47. What is the function of enzymes in cells? (Or, what is a catalyst?)

3.01: Analyze the molecular basis of heredity including: DNA replication, Protein Synthesis (transcription and

translation), and gene regulation.

1. Below is a strand of DNA. DNA in the cells exists as a double helix – what needs to be added to it to make it a double

helix? Give the complementary nucleotide sequence. _____ ______ ______ ______ ______ ______

2. Describe the structure of DNA. What are the black pentagons? ___________ What are the nitrogen bases?

____________ What weak bonds hold the complementary bases together? ________________________

3. If the strand of DNA above undergoes transcription, what will the

sequence of the mRNA be? ___________________

4. After translation, what would the amino acid sequence be for this

section of mRNA? (read from right to left)

__________________________________________________________

5. What is a codon?

6. Compare RNA and DNA in the following table.

Biology EOC Review RNA DNA

Sugars

Bases

Strands

Where

In Cell

Function

7. What kind of bond holds the amino acids together in the protein that is formed? _______________________________

8. What are the three types of RNA and what are their functions?

1) _________________________________________________________________________________

2) _________________________________________________________________________________

3) _________________________________________________________________________________

9. What kind of weak bonds hold the two strands of DNA together? ___________________________________

10. Why is it important that these bonds be weak?

11. Describe the process of DNA replication. What enzyme breaks apart the hydrogen bonds between bases?

__________________________________________________

How many pieces of DNA are made? ___________

12. Describe the process of protein synthesis:

What is transcription?

13. What is translation?

14. What happens to DNA when a mutation

occurs?

15. How does this affect the mRNA?

16. How can this affect translation?

Biology EOC Review

17. How does this affect the structure and shape of the resulting protein? ____________________________________

Cell Cycle

Look at the diagram of the cell cycle.

18. When does the replication of DNA occur? What is this phase called?

19. What do GI and G2 represent?

20. What stage does the cell spend most of its life in? ___________________

What does the cell do during this time?

21. Does mitosis include cytokinesis (division of the cytoplasm)? (Y/N?)

22. What is cancer? What are some causes of cancer?

3.02 Compare and contrast the characteristics of asexual and sexual reproduction.

23. Complete the following Chart of Mitosis and Meiosis.

MITOSIS MEIOSIS

Type of reproduction

(Asexual or sexual)

Chromosome number of mother

cell (1N=haploid or 2N=diploid)

Chromosome number of daughter

cells (1N=haploid or 2N=diploid)

Number of cell divisions

Number of cells produced

When does replication happen?

SOURCES OF VARIATION

Crossing over

Random assortment of

chromosomes

Gene mutations

Nondisjunction

Fertilization

24. Put the following stages of mitosis (cell

division) in order. Then Name them.

1st: ___________ called _____________________

2nd: ___________ called _____________________

3rd: ___________ called _____________________

4th: ___________ called _____________________

5th: ___________ called _____________________

Biology EOC Review

25. How many chromosomes do humans have in their… Body cells? ________ Sex cells? __________

26. What does Diploid mean?

27. What does Haploid mean?

28. When does crossing over occur during Meiosis? _____________________________

29. What is the major focus of Meiosis I? ______________________________________________________________

30. What is the major focus of Meiosis II? ______________________________________________________________

3.03 Interpret and predict patterns of inheritance: (dominant, recessive and intermediate traits, multiple alleles,

polygenic traits, sex-linked traits, independent assortment, test cross, pedigrees, and Punnett squares)

31. What does it mean when a trait is dominant? _________________________________________ Letters? _______

32. What does it mean when a trait is recessive? __________________________________________ Letters? _______

33. In the Punnett square to the left, T = tall and t=short. Give the parents genotypes.

34. Give the phenotype for the parents.

35. What are the genotypes and phenotypes of the offspring?

36. What is the genotypic ratio of the offspring?

37. What is the phenotypic ratio of the offspring?

38. What does it mean to have multiple alleles? ________________________________________________

Sex Chromosomes

39. What are the sex chromosomes in males? __________________ In Females? ___________________

Pedigrees

40. What is the inheritance pattern shown by this pedigree?

41. How do you know?

42. Using A,a, what is the genotype of person II4?

43. What is the genotype of person I3?

Biology EOC Review Test Cross

44. Describe the test cross that a farmer would use to determine the genotype of an animal that shows a dominant trait.

Use the following Punnett squares and the letters A and a to explain your answer.

Mendel’s Laws

45. How does meiosis lead to segregation and independent assortment?

46. Double check your learning, solve the following genetics problem:

A brown mink crossed with a silverblue mink produced all brown offspring. When these F1 mink were crossed among

themselves they produced 47 brown animals and 15 silverblue animals (F2 generation). Determine all the genotypes and

phenotypes, and their relative ratios, in the F1 and F2 generations.

3.05 Examine the development of the theory of evolution by natural selection including: development of the

theory, the origin and history of life, fossil and biochemical evidence, mechanisms of evolution, and applications

(pesticide and antibiotic resistance).

47. In the following chart, describe the role of each of the following in developing the current theory of evolution.

Discussion of importance to evolutionary theory

Understanding of geology

(Changes in the earth)

Malthus’ ideas about population

Growth

Anatomical comparisons

Patterns in fossil evidence

Lamarck’s ideas about inheritance

Of acquired characteristics

Biochemical comparisons

(DNA and proteins)

The role of variations

The role of sexual reproduction

The role of geographic isolation

The importance of the

environment

48. What is a vestigial structure? Name a few in humans.

Biology EOC Review 49. Discuss the steps in Darwin’s theory of evolution by natural selection.

1) Populations of organisms have many genetic variations. Where do these come from?

2) Genetic variations lead to different adaptations. What are adaptations?

3) Some adaptations have better survival value in certain environments. What does this mean?

4) Those organisms with adaptations that better fit them to an environment will survive, reproduce and pass on their

genes. What does it mean to be “fit” to an environment?

5) The next population will have a high frequency of the genes that have been selected for. Why will the frequency of

selected genes increase?

6) What is Darwin’s theory of Natural Selection? What is Artificial Selection?

50. What happens when pesticides and antibiotics are used and how does it relate to evolution?

4.01 Analyze the classification of organisms according to their evolutionary relationships. (Historical development

and changing nature of classification systems, similarities and differences between eukaryotic and prokaryotic

organisms, similarities and differences among the eukaryotic kingdoms, classifying organisms using a key)

1. In the times of Linnaeus, he used _____________________________ to classify organisms. In the time of technology,

now we mostly use _________________________________ to classify organisms.

2. Why is the current classification system continually undergoing change?

3. What is the current seven-level classification system? (KPCOFGS)

________________________________________________________________________________________________

4. What is binomial nomenclature?

5. How do you write a “scientific name?” ______________________________________________________________

6. DNA and biochemical analysis, embryology, and morphology used to classify

organisms. They try to determine a “common ______________________.”

7. To the left is a phylogenetic tree of some organisms. According to this tree,

which pairs of organisms are most closely related?

8. Which organism is most closely related to the rayfinned fish?

9. Which organisms are the mammals most closely related to?

10. Fill in the following chart with the characteristics of the various

kingdoms.

Archaea Eubacteria Protista Fungi Plantae Animalia

Eukaryotic or

prokaryotic

Multicellular or

single-celled

Sexual or

Biology EOC Review asexual

reproduction

Autotrophic or

heterotrophic

Aerobic or

anaerobic

Cell walls or no

cell walls

Use the following key to identify the tree branch to the left.

1. a. leaf is needle-like….go to 2

b. leaf is broad……… go to 5

2. a. needles are short ....go to 3

b. needles are long…...go to 4

3. a. underside of needles green…hemlock

b. underside of needles silver ..balsam 11. What am I? 4. a. 3 needles in bundle….pitch pine _____________________________

b. 5 needles in bundle….white pine

5. a. edge of leaf round…go to 6

b. edge of leaf serrated…go to 7

6. a. minty odor…… wintergreen

b. no minty odor…..laurel

4.02 Analyze the processes by which organisms representative of the following

groups accomplish essential life functions including…

12. Compare the following two types of cells.

Prokaryotic Eukaryotic

Membrane-bound organelles

Ribosomes

Types of chromosomes

Size

4.05 Analyze the broad patterns of animal behavior as adaptations to the environment.

13. What is a stimulus? What is a response?

14. Why is it important that organisms are able to respond to their environment and surroundings?

15. What are some ways that animals communicate?

5.01 Investigate and analyze the interrelationships among organisms, populations, communities, and ecosystems

(techniques of field ecology, abiotic and biotic factors, carrying capacity)

1. How do organisms, species, populations, communities, ecosystems and biomes relate to each other?

2. What is an organism’s habitat? What is its niche?

3. In the following chart, explain the symbiotic relationships.

Relationship Definition Example

Mutualism

Commensalism

Biology EOC Review

Parasitism

Predator-Prey Relationships

4. In the graph below, which organism is the prey? _________________ Which is the predator? __________________

5. Which population increases (or falls) first and why?

6. Which population increases (or falls) second and why?

7. Why are predator/prey relationships important in an ecosystem? (Consider population dynamics in your answer.)

Sampling techniques (Pages 63-65)

Assume that the diagram to the left shows populations of pine trees in an area.

The area is too large for a scientist to count every tree.

8. How can the scientist use sampling to get a good estimate of the number of

pine trees per 10,000 square meters.

9. Assume that each small plot (square) is 10 m x 10 m. Estimate the

population size of the whole area.

10. How could the same process (above) be used to estimate species diversity?

11. How could the same process be used to discover changes in the environment over time?

12. What is carrying capacity?

13. What are density dependent limiting factors? What are density independent limiting factors?

Biotic and Abiotic Factors

14. List at least 3 biotic factors in an environment.

15. List at least 3 abiotic factors in an environment.

16. Give an example of how biotic & abiotic factors act together to limit population growth and affect carrying capacity.

Biology EOC Review

Graph 1: Rabbits Over Time

17. What kind of growth curve is shown by

the graph to the right?

18. What is the carrying capacity for rabbits?

19. During what month were rabbits in

exponential growth?

5.02 Analyze the flow of energy and the cycling of matter in the ecosystem (relationship of the carbon cycle to

photosynthesis and respiration and trophic levels – direction and efficiency of energy transfer).

Carbon cycle Diagram

20. Which process(es) put carbon dioxide into the atmosphere? ___________________________________________

21. Which process(es) take carbon dioxide out of the atmosphere? _________________________________________

22. How does photosynthesis and cell respiration relate to Carbon cycle?

Biology EOC Review 23. Explain the Greenhouse Effect in relationship to carbon dioxide in the atmosphere.

24. What effect might increased atmospheric carbon dioxide have on the environment?

25. How do bacteria play a role in the Carbon Cycle?

Food Webs

26. What are the producers in this food web?

27. What are the primary consumers (herbivores)

in this food web?

28. What are the secondary consumers in this food

web?

29. What are the highest level consumers in this

food web?

30. How does energy move through a food web?

31. How does matter move through a food web?

32. What is a food chain? Give an example of one

from this food web.

33. Create an energy pyramid from the food chain:

leavesinsectsbirdsredfoxbear

34. Where is the most energy in this pyramid?

35. Where is the least energy in this pyramid?

36. What happens to energy as it moves through the food chain/web?

37. What is the ultimate source of energy for this food web? THE

______________________!

38. What is a biome? What are the two limiting factors in a biome?

Biology EOC Review

Foaming Spuds

Directions: Use the following information to answer questions 1 through 6

Mike and Kelsey were studying how hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) in cells breaks down to form water and

oxygen. When this reaction happens, bubbles of oxygen gas are released, producing foam. This reaction is

described as follows:

A protein named catalase, found in all cells including potatoes, increases the rate of this reaction. Mike and

Kelsey used potato juice as the source of catalase to do the following controlled experiment.

Question: What is the effect of the acidity of potato juice on the volume of foam produced when hydrogen

peroxide is added to potato juice?

Prediction: As the acidity of potato juice decreases (higher pH), the volume of foam will increase.

Materials: graduated cylinders labeled pH 6, pH 7, pH 8, and

pH 9

potato juice from the same potato,

divided and adjusted to four acidities:

pH 6, pH 7, pH 8, and pH 9

hydrogen peroxide ( H2O2)

beaker

stopwatch

stirring rods

thermometer

Procedure:

1. Label four graduated cylinders, one for each acidity.

2. Put 10 milliliters of potato juice at pH 6 in the appropriately labeled cylinder.

3. Do the same for each of the other cylinders.

4. Monitor the room temperature to make sure the temperature remains the same throughout

the investigation.

5. Add 5 milliliters of hydrogen peroxide to each graduated cylinder, stir for two seconds. Wait

three minutes.

6. Measure and record the volume of foam in each graduated cylinder as Trial 1.

7. Clean all graduated cylinders and stirring rods.

8. Repeat steps 1 through 7 two times for Trials 2 and 3.

9. Calculate and record the average volume of foam for each acidity of potato juice.

Biology EOC Review

Data: Acidity of Potato Juice vs. Volume of Foam

1. Write a

conclusion

for this

controlled

experiment.

In your

conclusion,

be sure to:

Ans

wer the experimental question.

Include supporting data from the Acidity of Potato Juice vs. Volume of Foam table.

Explain how these data support your conclusion.

Provide a scientific explanation for the trend in the data.

Question: What is the effect of the acidity of potato juice on the volume of foam

produced when hydrogen peroxide is added to potato juice?

Conclusion:

Acidity of

Potato Juice

(pH)

Volume of Foam

(Millileters)

Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3 Average

6 22 25 25 24

7 32 38 36 35

8 41 42 42 42

9 32 29 30 30

Biology EOC Review

2. How could Mike and Kelsey be more certain the results of their experiment are reliable?

a. Test the reaction with other acidities of potato juice.

b. Repeat the experiment the same way.

c. Increase the volume of potato juice.

d. Use a different type of plant juice.

3. What did Mike and Kelsey do to make the results of their experiment valid?

a. Recorded the volume of foam in milliliters.

b. Calculated the average volume of foam for each acidity.

c. Measured the volume of foam at each acidity three times.

d. Waited three minutes before measuring the volume of foam.

4. What was the responding (dependent) variable in their investigation?

5. What was the manipulated (independent) variable in their investigation?

Biology EOC Review

6. Now plan a NEW controlled experiment to answer the question in the box. You may use any materials and

equipment in your procedure.

Be sure your procedure includes:

logical steps to do the experiment

two controlled (kept the same) variables

one manipulated (independent) variable

one responding (dependent) variable

how often measurements should be taken and recorded

Question: What is the effect of the temperature of potato juice on the time for

bubbling to stop after the hydrogen peroxide is added?

Procedure:

Biology EOC Review

YSC: In complex systems, entirely new and unpredictable properties may emerge. Consequently, modeling a

complex system in sufficient detail to make reliable predictions may not be possible.

Create a simplified model of a complex system. Trace the possible consequences of a change in one part of the

system and explain how the simplified model may not be adequate to reliably predict consequences.

While helping to plant a school garden, Becky and Juan observed many

different types of plants. They drew the following diagram of a green

pepper plant growing in the garden.

Becky and Juan used a greenhouse as a model of a garden ecosystem to

predict effects of amount of sunlight on green pepper production in a

garden ecosystem.

Describe two ways the greenhouse model may lead to unreliable

predictions about the effects of amount of sunlight on green pepper

production in a garden ecosystem.

In your description, be sure to:

Describe two differences that make a garden ecosystem more

complex than the greenhouse.

Describe how each difference could cause predictions about

green pepper production in a garden ecosystem to be unreliable.

One Way:

Another Way:

APPB: The technological design process begins by defining a problem in terms of criteria and constraints,

conducting research, and generating several different solutions.

José and Tasha noticed last year the blueberry plants in their neighborhood garden had many flowers, but

produced only three kilograms of berries. They wanted to change the garden so the blueberry plants would

Biology EOC Review

produce more blueberries this summer. While making the changes to the garden, José and Tasha documented

the stages of their design process as follows.

Problem: Change the neighborhood garden so the existing blueberry plants will produce more blueberries.

Research the Problem: Research what blueberry plants need to grow, be healthy, and produce berries.

Needs of Blueberry Plants

Mineral nutrients Nitrogen

Amount of light At least 6 hours of full sunlight every day

Amount of water Regular with moderate amount

Type of pollinating

insects

Bees

Needs of the pollinators Nectar, pollen, water, nesting place

Explore Ideas:

√ Add a layer of bark to the garden so the soil can hold more water.

√Water the plants at night so the water will evaporate more slowly.

√ Add fertilizer to increase the mineral nutrients in the soil.

√ Add flowers like lavender, roses, or pansies.

√ Put a bee house near the plants.

Plan Summary: Add a bee house and some lavender plants to the neighborhood garden to attract more bees to

the blueberry plants.

Steps to Do the Plan:

1. Put a bee house in the middle of the blueberry plants.

2. Plant lavender plants around the edge of the blueberry plants.

3. Water the garden every day.

4. Remove the weeds in the garden every week.

Diagram of Solution:

Biology EOC Review

Test Solution: Measure and record the mass of all the blueberries harvested this year. Compare the mass of the

blueberries this year to the mass of the blueberries last year.

Test Results: Ten kilograms of blueberries were harvested, which is seven kilograms more than last year.

Jose and Tasha want to improve the soil in the garden by increasing the population of worms in the soil.

Describe how to begin solving this problem.

Be sure to describe the following stages in your design process:

Research the Problem: Describe any scientific information needed to solve the problem and how to

collect that information.

Explore Ideas: Describe several possible solutions to the problem, including any useful scientific

concepts.

Problem: Increase the population of worms in the soil

Research the Problem:

Explore Ideas: