biology exam iv for dec 9-2013 monday [self quizzes] [all lecture notes]
TRANSCRIPT
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Biology Exam IV
Final: Monday, 12/975% new material
25% old
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Self quizes
• 22 evolution• 27 Bacteria 27• 28 protist• 31 fungi• viruses
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Viruses
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Horizontal transmission of a plant viral disease could be caused by
Insects as vectors carrying virus particles between plants
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RNA viruses require their own supply of certain enzymes because
Host cells do not have enzymes available that can replicate the viral genome
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R plasmidContains genes for antibiotic resistance and for sex pili
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Transposition differs from other mechanisms of genetic recombination because itScatters genes to new loci in the genome
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An operon codes for an amino acid. If the regulation of this operon is like that of the trp operon
The amino acid acts as a corepressor
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A mutation that makes the regulatory gene of an inducible operon nonfunction would result in
Continuous transcription of the operon’s genes
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Which information transfer is catalyzed by reverse transcriptase?
RNA -> DNA
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Which characteristic is common to BOTH bacteria and viruses?Nucleic acid as genetic material
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Which of the following processes would never contribute to genetic variation within a bacterial population?
meiosis
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During conjugation between an Hfr cell and an F- cell
Genes from the Hfr cell may replace the genes of the F- cell by recombination
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Emerging viruses arrive by
All of the above
a) Mutation of existing virusesb) The spread of existing viruses to
new host speciesc) Broader dissemination of an
existing virus within the current host population
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A certain mutation in E coli makes the lac operator unable to bind to the active repressor. How would this affect the cell?The cell would wastefully produce the enzymes for lactose metabolism continuously, even in the absence of lactose
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Gram-negative
• meningococcal menintus
• Thin cell wall• outer wall (OM): toxic
to humans• sensitive to osmotic
pressure• antibiotic tolerant• thin peptidoglycan layer
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Gram-positive
• THICK peptidoglycan layer
• resistant to osmotic pressure
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Classify bacteria by habitat
1. halophile2. coliform: your
digestive tract3. thermophile4. acidophile
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Classify bacteria by metabolic pathway
1. obligate aerobe: require O2
2. anaerobe: O2 kills anaerobes
3. facultative aerobe: can live with O2 and not
4. heterotroph v photoautotroph
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Classify bacteria by metabolic pathway
• M. tuber 1. obligate aerobe: require O2
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Classify bacteria by metabolic pathway
• Cl. tetanic 2. anaerobe
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Classify bacteria by metabolic pathway
• E. coli (facultative) 1. obligate aerobe: require O2
2. anaerobe: O2 kills anaerobes
3. facultative aerobe: can live with O2 and not
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Classify bacteria by metabolic pathway
• cyanobacteria (photoautotroph)
1. obligate aerobe: require O2
2. anaerobe: O2 kills anaerobes
3. facultative aerobe: can live with O2 and not
4. heterotroph v photoautotroph
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capsule: sugar material that covers cell wall
• Strep pyroxenes, H. influenza
• protect against phagocytosis
• protect against desiccation
• allow adherence
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fimbriae & pili: attachment purpose structures
• pile: used for conjugation (sexual reproduction)
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slime layer: sticky matrix of polysaccharides that protects the bacteria
• Streptococcus mutans cause tooth decays
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taxis: movement toward or away from stimulus
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internal/genome structure of bacteria
• one chromosome (DNA)• no organelles• plasma membrane
carries out metabolic processes
• Some bacteria have additional genomes, circular DNA, plasmids
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binary fission: similar to mitosis
• one bacteria splits to two
• mitosis: split nucleus
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endospore
• anthrax (Bacillus anthracis)
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endospore
• botulism
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endospore
• tetanus
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endospore
• gas gangrene (Clostridium perfringen)
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classify bacteria via nutritional intake
1. photoautotrophy2. chemoautotrophy3. photoheterotrophy4. chemoheterotrophy
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photoautotrophy
• energy from sunlight• carob from CO2
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chemoautotrophy
• energy from inorganic molecules like sulfur
• carbon from CO2
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photoheterotrophy
• carbon from organic sources (other organisms)
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chemoheterotrophy
• energy and CO2 from organic sources
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eubacteria aka “bacteria”
• cell wall made of peptidoglycan
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Archaea
• cell wall made of pseudomurein
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methanogen
• anaerobic Archae• remove excess
hydrogen, O2
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symbiotic categories
1. mutualism2. commensalism3. parasitism
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Genus of bacterial diseases!
1. Borelia2. Treponema3. Staphylococcus4. Mycobacterium5. Yersinia6. Neisseria
1. Lyme2. syphilis3. toxic shock (MRSA)4. tuberculosis5. plague6. gonorrhea
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Lyme
• Borelia
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syphilis
• Treponema
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MRSA
• Staphylococcus
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tuberculosis
• Mycobacterium
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plague
1. Bubonic2. pneumonic
• Yersinia
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gonorrhea
• Neisseria
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exotoxin
• G positive
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botulin
• exotoxin• Gram positive
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tetanus
• exotoxin• Gram positive
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endotoxin
• Gram negative• you get more sick• bacteria has outer
membrane
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Gram-positive
• EXOtoxin
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Gram-negative
• ENDOtoxin• have outer membrane
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Gram
• exotoxin– made of G positive– botulin and tetanin are
examples– can elicit immune
response – can be vaccinated
against
• endotoxin– made of G-negative– made of outer
membrane (OM)– are released when
bacteria die– does NOT elicit an
immune response – you get more sick – vaccination is difficult
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Chlamydomonas
• eyespot• pyrenoid• protist
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Diatom
• protist
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Algae
• photosynthetic protist
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Protists
• Lecture: Thursday 11/21 • Cercozoans• Forams• Radiolarians• Amoeba– 4 clades
• Rhodophyta (red algae)• Chlorophyta (green
algae)• Lab 26: slime molds
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Cerocozoans
• Amoeba-looking cells• Clade foraminiferans
(“forams”)• Feed by pseudopodia
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Phylum: Forams
• shrimp • Porous, multi-chambered calcium carbonate shells called tests
• Pseudopodia extend through the pores
• ocean pH environmental problem: acidity dissolves tests
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Forams (importance)
• layers of foram tests in marine sediments from limestone and oil deposits– Egyptian pyramids
• act as carbon reservoir• used by geologists to
locate oil reserves (oil explorer)
• used to determine age of rocks and pas climate
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forams
• limestone cliff in Dover England
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Kingdom: radiolarians
• have silica tests fused into one piece (like diatoms)
• pseudopodia are called axopodia, which radiate from central body
• only ONE clade
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Kingdom: amoeba
• have lobe-shaped pseudopodia (false feet) rather than threadlike
• do not have tests and have no shape
• The Blob (film)
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Four Clades of Amoeba
1. Gymnanoebas2. Entaamoeba3. plasmodial slime mold4. cellular slime mold
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Gymnanoebas
1. Gymnanoebas2. Entaamoeba3. plasmodial slime mold4. cellular slime mold
• free living (not disease causing)
• found in damp, environmental conditions (in your guts, soil, bottom of lakes)
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Entaamoeba
1. Gymnanoebas2. Entaamoeba3. plasmodial slime mold4. cellular slime mold
• generally parasitic – ex. Entaamoeba histolytica:
causes dysentery and organ damage
– Naegleria: cause fatal encephalitis• found in warm fresh waters in
southern states• infections occur via nose and in
summer months• very rare: you’re more likely to
win the lottery
– E. histolyta in stool: cyst, trophozoite
– N. fowleri in brain
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plasmodial slime mold
1. Gymnanoebas2. Entaamoeba3. plasmodial slime
mold4. cellular slime mold
• spend most life cycle as a unicellular plasmodium
• made up of thousands of cells that fuse to ONE giant cell with many nuclei
• When stressed, plasmodium develop to sporangia and produce spores.
• Spores germinate into biflagellated cells, which act as gametes or as amoeboid cells.
• Syngamy of gametes produce new plasmodium.
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plasmodial slime mold
1. Gymnanoebas2. Entaamoeba3. plasmodial slime mold4. cellular slime mold
• Life cycle1. fruiting body2. spores released3. signal: cells come
together and fuse4. form plasmodium
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cellular slime mold
1. Gymnanoebas2. Entaamoeba3. plasmodial slime mold4. cellular slime mold
• cells do NOT fuse; but they act as one organism
• spends most life cycle as feeding individual protist cells
• form pseudopodia (slug) when food is depleted
• slug develops to fruiting body to produce spores
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cellular slime mold
• life cycle– fruiting bodies– amoebas– signal: cells aggregate
and form plasmodium slime mold; they do NOT fuse
– they move as one
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kingdom: Rhodophyta (red algae)
• phycoerythrin (red pigment) which allowed Rhodophyta to live in deeper waters
• Most are large and multi-cellular
• store sugar as floridean starch (glycogen) like humans
• found in tropical waters
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kingdom: Rhodophyta (red algae)
• Uses– eaten as food – agar: food, petri dish– coralline algae secrete
shells of calcium carbonate, which form coral reefs. Algae are NOT coral. They are part of the ecosystem that supports corals.
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kingdom: chlorophyta (green algae)
1. chlorophylls 2. charophyceans
• have chloroplasts– chlorophyll a and b– store sugar in the form
of starch– have accessory pigments
and stacked thylakoids
– ex. Volva– ulva (sea lettuce)– calberna (sea feather)
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Slides: slime mold
1. endamoeba histolytica2. foraminisera3. trypanosome
gambienso nasco4. paramecium5. plasmodium6. radiolarian ooze
tropical pacific
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